风险规避型零售商资金约束下双渠道闭环供应链的定价决策

针对单一风险中性制造商和单一风险规避零售商组成的双渠道闭环供应链,建立制造商主导的Stackelberg博弈模型,讨论零售商分别通过银行贷款和延期支付解决资金约束问题时,各参与方的最优定价,分析回收率和零售商风险规避程度对决策结果的影响,并比较两种融资方式中决策结果的差异。研究表明:在双渠道闭环供应链中,零售商的资金约束不会影响批发价格、直销价格和零售价格随回收率的变化趋势。随着零售商风险规避程度的提高,银行贷款中批发价格的变化还与利率有关,直销价格始终降低;延期支付中批发价格始终提高,直销价格与之无关。当融资利率相等时,银行贷款中的批发价格始终高于延期支付,而直销价格和零售价格的相对大小还受利率和回收率的影响。     

持股策略下随机需求低碳供应链融资决策均衡

随机市场需求且受制造商减排水平影响,考虑碳限额与交易机制,研究制造商进行单纯银行借贷和供应商投资持股的组合融资时的最优决策和利润情况,分析消费者低碳偏好、碳交易价格和供应商的投资持股比例对供应链的最优决策变量和利润的影响。研究发现:无资金约束、单纯银行借贷和组合融资下,消费者低碳偏好、碳交易价格和持股比例与制造商的减排水平和利润以及供应链系统的利润正相关,而供应商的批发价格和制造商的生产量与消费者低碳偏好正相关,与碳交易价格负相关,而持股比例与供应商的批发价格负相关,与制造商的生产量和减排水平正相关;持股策略下制造商的减排水平和生产量最大,无资金约束时次之,单纯银行借贷时最小;而无资金约束时供应商的批发价格最高,单纯银行借贷时次之,持股策略时最低;在持股比例满足一定条件下,供应商和制造商的利润优于单纯银行借贷时的利润,并且可以优于无资金约束时的利润,提高了供应链的竞争力和效率。     

竞争环境下随机产出供应商的融资策略研究

考虑由一个制造商和两个竞争性供应商组成的供应链系统,其中一个供应商存在资金短缺的问题,自有资金不足以完成正常生产任务,需要通过融资获得资金完成生产。针对供应链内部和外部两种融资模式,分别构建了供应链成员的收益模型,计算了不同融资方式下的决策结果,并在此基础上对两种融资模式进行了比较分析。结果表明,资金短缺的供应商生产不确定性较低时,供应链成员所能获得的利润较高,并且内部融资下资金短缺的供应商生产积极性高于外部融资。同时发现,对融资方式偏好的不一致将导致制造商利润损失,此时制造商可以采取一定的激励措施引导供应商选择合适的融资方式以提高整体收益。     

社会责任情境资金约束生产商的供应链融资

考虑社会责任情境下,资金短缺的生产商和零售商之间进行Stackelberg博弈,建立无资金约束、提前支付和银行贷款三种供应链融资模型,分析社会责任因子和初始资金如何影响供应链成员的最优决策和利润,以及生产商选择何种融资方式.结果表明:一旦生产商有资金约束时,其社会责任水平会降低.当供应链外部融资(银行)利率大于提前支付折扣时,生产商选择银行贷款融资策略,社会责任因子超过临界值后,生产商选择提前支付融资策略;当供应链外部融资(银行)利率小于提前支付折扣时,生产商先选择提前支付融资策略,社会责任因子超过临界值后,生产商选择银行贷款融资策略.此研究可为履行社会责任的企业提供融资参考及借鉴意义.     

资金约束制造商二级供应链混合融资订购决策

考虑了包含一个资金约束的制造商和一个零售商的两级供应链,当制造商生产资金受到约束时,可采用两种不同的混合融资方式:①股权融资与银行信贷;②股权融资与零售商提前支付.制造商先通过向外部投资者出售部分股权,进而获得部分融资,剩余部分可以采用银行信贷或零售商提前支付的方式来解决.分别对两种不同的混合融资方式进行研究,得到供应链双方的最优决策与融资均衡.研究表明,零售商提前支付与股权融资更具有优势,可为零售商与制造商以及整个供应链创造更多的融资价值,此外,在两种混合融资渠道下,资金约束制造商存在最优资本结构.     

回收商资金约束的电商闭环供应链融资策略研究

为解决电商闭环供应链中回收商的资金约束问题,运用博弈论分别构建了回收商无资金约束的基准模型、资金约束回收商向制造商及电商平台融资的决策模型,分别得到电商闭环供应链的最优回收与定价决策,探讨了制造商与电商平台的融资条件及回收商的融资策略.研究表明:制造商提供融资与否取决于单位再制造获利与自身借款利率水平,只有转移价格高于一定阈值,即单位再制造获利较低时,制造商才会考虑向回收商提供融资,且单位转移价格的高低与回收商的资金状况及融资对象相关,相比于其他情形,制造商提供融资时往往会支付更高的转移价格;无论制造商是否向回收商提供融资,电商平台总能从中获益,且始终倾向于为回收商提供融资;回收商的融资策略取决于制造商与电商平台融资的利率差,利率差较小时向制造商融资,反之则向电商平台融资;若制造商与电商平台要求的利率相同,制造商融资模式下的平台佣金、回收率更高,产品的销售价格更低,产生的社会效益及经济效益更大.     

考虑损失规避和随机需求的闭环供应链零售商融资决策

本文以一个具有损失规避行为的零售商、一个完全理性的制造商和一个完全理性的回收商所构成的三级闭环供应链为研究对象，针对零售商资金受限及市场需求不确定问题，考虑外源银行贷款和内源制造商投资两种融资模式构建Stackelberg博弈模型。基于该模型，深入探讨具有损失规避行为零售商的最优融资决策及损失规避行为对闭环供应链的最优运营决策的影响。研究发现：融资成本对回收商和零售商的运营决策影响相同，与对制造商批发价的影响相反；只有当融资成本处于一定阈值范围内，才会实现零售商和制造商的帕累托改进，且零售商的损失规避程度越高，所能接受的贷款利率区间越大，分红比例区间越小；当且仅当协商的分红比例为0.05且贷款利率相对较小时，损失规避型零售商才会和制造商达成股权融资共识，提升闭环供应链的运营效率。     

基于技术创新的资金约束供应链融资策略分析

新兴技术进入竞争市场时,供应链成员往往存在资金约束,为了尽早占据市场份额、获得更高的利润流,上下游企业有意愿进行供应链的内外部融资。文章对上游企业存在资金约束、下游核心企业资金充裕的供应链融资策略进行决策分析。研究表明:上下游的融资策略会使上游企业得到帕累托改进,且随上游企业自有资金的增大,下游企业的利率阈值逐渐减小;存在最优融资利率使得下游企业的期望利润达到最大。在上下游企业财务不透明的前提下,存在下游企业的融资利率区间使上游企业有隐藏真实资金状况以期获得更低融资利率的动机,文章基于博弈论的信息甄别模型给出了相应的激励合同对上游企业的期望利润进行修正,诱使上游企业提供真实的资金状况。     

策略性消费者影响下的双渠道供应链合同选择

研究了存在策略性消费者且零售商在原有线下渠道基础上开通线上渠道时，制造商与零售商供应链合同的选择问题。通过逆推法比较不同供应链合同下，制造商与零售商做分散决策和集中决策获得的收益以及零售商线上线下不同渠道定价决策对供应链整体收益的影响，讨论制造商和零售商的最优决策。得出主要结论为：在一般情况下数量折扣合同能更好的协调供应链，增加整体收益；然而当策略性消费者的耐心程度，对线上销售渠道接受程度增加时，批发价格合同更适用于考虑零售商开通线上销售渠道的情况。     

面向制造商资金约束的绿色供应链融资策略研究

考虑了生产绿色产品供应链中,由于制造商由于加大绿色产品投入而面临资金约束时,零售商是否应该参与融资的问题。分别研究了在分散决策和集中决策下,存在资金约束的制造商采用预付款融资策略和银行贷款融资策略对供应链中企业最优决策的影响。给出了不同融资策略下,制造商和零售商的最佳决策。研究表明,在制造商存在资金约束的绿色产品供应链中,在集中决策和分散决策的情况下,零售商都应该采取提前付款折扣为0的融资策略参与制造商融资。同时,对于生产绿色产品的供应链,零售商应对制造商采取激励措施,促使制造商进行绿色技术创新生产绿色度更高的产品,从而扩大市场提高竞争力。最后,应用数值模拟对结论进行进一步验证。     

Revenue-sharing versus wholesale price mechanisms under different channel power structures

We consider a supply chain channel with two manufacturers and one retailer. Each manufacturer can choose either a wholesale price contract or a revenue-sharing contract with the retailer. We discuss and compare the results of two different types of contracts under different channel power structures, to check whether it is beneficial for manufacturers to use revenue-sharing contracts under different scenarios. Then we consider a supply chain channel with one manufacturer and two retailers. Each retailer can choose either a wholesale price contract or a revenue-sharing contract with the manufacturer. We analyze the likely outcomes under different scenarios to discover whether it is beneficial to use revenue-sharing contracts.     

A spatiotemporal Data Envelopment Analysis (S-T DEA) approach: the need to assess evolving units

We consider a two-stage supply chain with one supplier and one manufacturer. The manufacturer faces a Poisson demand process where the arrival rate depends on the selling price, the announced delivery time, and the delivery reliability defined as the probability of satisfying the announced delivery time. Such a demand model generalizes the works in the literature by simultaneously considering the above three demand sensitivity factors. The main purpose of this paper is to study the equilibrium decisions in the supply chain with an all-unit quantity discount contract. We consider four scenarios regarding whether the leadtime standard, the delivery reliability standard, and the manufacturer’s capacity are endogenous, and whether the manufacturer’s production cost is its private information. We find that an all-unit quantity discount scheme can coordinate the supply chain for most cases. Managerial insights are observed regarding the impact of the three demand sensitivity factors. For example, the breakpoint in an optimal quantity discount contract always increases with the delivery reliability sensitivity under an exogenous delivery reliability, but may decrease under an endogenous delivery reliability; with asymmetric information, a higher variance of the manufacturer’s unit production costs leads to a lower unit wholesale price for the low-cost manufacturer.     

考虑隐性股权的电商供应链融资模式研究

摘要:研究隐性股权下,电商参与的供应链金融系统中,具有资金约束的制造商对银行和电商平台两种融资模式的选择。构建了以电商平台为核心企业,具有资金约束的上游制造商参与的两级供应链融资模型,并运用股利贴现模型(DDM)对隐性股权进行量化,结合Stackelberg博弈分别对两种融资模式下的制造商和电商平台的收益进行分析。研究表明,银行利率是影响制造商融资模式选择的主要因素;并且得出,具有资金约束的制造商选择向银行融资时,电商平台是否考虑隐性股权对其自身收益不会产生影响;具有资金约束的制造商选择向电商平台融资时,电商平台在考虑隐性股权的情形下其收益更优。     

碳交易机制下考虑竞争和信息非对称的供应链协调研究

本文在碳交易机制下,考虑制造商之间存在竞争且减排成本系数为低碳制造商私有信息的情况,分别构建信息完全对称和信息非对称情形下的供应链模型,对低碳制造商减排率和产品销售价格进行决策。通过引入由批发价和成本共担组成的联合契约,促使低碳制造商传递真实的减排成本信息,并通过算例对碳交易价格和减排成本系数等进行灵敏度分析。研究发现:引入联合契约能够使得信息非对称下的供应链利润基本达到集中决策水平;碳交易价格的增加会激励制造商积极减排、降低碳排放总量、提高供应链利润;低碳制造商减排成本系数的降低有助于减少碳排放量、增加产品市场需求、实现供应链利润增长。     

Contracting with demand uncertainty under supply chain competition

We examine supply chain contracts for two competing supply chains selling a substitutable product, each consisting of one manufacturer and one retailer. Both manufacturers are Stackelberg leaders and the retailers are followers. Manufacturers in two competing supply chains may choose different contracts, either a wholesale price contract in which the retailer??s demand forecasting information is not shared, or a revenue-sharing contract in which the retailer??s demand forecasting information is shared. Under supply chain competition and demand uncertainty, we identify which contract is more advantageous for each supply chain, and under what circumstances.     

Coordination of supply chains by option contracts: A cooperative game theory approach

Manufacturer–retailer supply chains commonly adopt a wholesale price mechanism. This mechanism, however, has often led manufacturers and retailers to situations of conflicts of interest. For example, due to uncertain market demand, retailers prefer to order flexibly from manufacturers so as to avoid incurring inventory costs and to be able to respond flexibly to market changes. Manufacturers, on the other hand, prefer retailers to place full orders as early as possible so that they can hedge against the risks of over- and under-production. Such conflicts between retailers and manufacturers can result in an inefficient supply chain. Motivated by this problem, we take a cooperative game approach in this paper to consider the coordination issue in a manufacturer–retailer supply chain using option contracts. Using the wholesale price mechanism as a benchmark, we develop an option contract model. Our study demonstrates that, compared with the benchmark based on the wholesale price mechanism, option contracts can coordinate the supply chain and achieve Pareto-improvement. We also discuss scenarios in which option contracts are selected according to individual supply chain members’ risk preferences and negotiating powers.     

“Bricks vs. Clicks”: The impact of manufacturer encroachment with a dealer leasing and selling of durable goods

In durable goods markets, many brand name manufacturers, including IBM, HP, Epson, and Lenovo, have adopted dual-channel supply chains to market their products. There is scant literature, however, addressing the product durability and its impact on players’ optimal strategies in a dual-channel supply chain. To fill this void, we consider a two-period dual-channel model in which a manufacturer sells a durable product directly through both a manufacturer-owned e-channel and an independent dealer who adopts a mix of selling and leasing to consumers. Our results show that the manufacturer begins encroaching into the market in Period 1, but the dealer starts withdrawing from the retail channel in Period 2. Moreover, as the direct selling cost decreases, the equilibrium quantities and wholesale prices become quite angular and often nonmonotonic. Among other results, we find that both the dealer and the supply chain may benefit from the manufacturer’s encroachment. Our results also indicate that both the market structure and the nature of competition have an important impact on the player’s (dealer’s) optimal choice of leasing and selling.     

Contract type and decision right of sales promotion in supply chain management with a capital constrained retailer

From the practices of Chinese consumer electronics market, we find there are two key issues in supply chain management: The first issue is the contract type of either wholesale price contracts or consignment contracts with revenue sharing, and the second issue is the decision right of sales promotion (such as advertising, on-site shopping assistance, rebates, and post-sales service) owned by either manufacturers or retailers. We model a supply chain with one manufacturer and one retailer who has limited capital and faces deterministic demand depending on retail price and sales promotion. The two issues interact with each other. We show that only the combination (called as chain business mode) of a consignment contract with the manufacturer’s right of sales promotion or a wholesale price contract with the retailer’s right of sales promotion is better for both members. Moreover, the latter chain business mode is realized only when the retailer has more power in the chain and has enough capital, otherwise the former one is realized. But which one is preferred by customers? We find that the former is preferred by customers who mainly enjoy low price, while the latter is preferred by those who enjoy high sales promotion level.     

考虑RFID应用的资金约束供应链订购决策研究

RFID技术的应用在有效降低商品库存损耗率的同时,也增加了供应链企业的运营成本,尤其是具有资金压力的供应链中小企业。在零售商具有资金约束的二级供应链下分析RFID技术的应用对资金约束供应链绩效的影响,通过构建贸易信贷下基于批发价合同的Stackelberg博弈模型,对比采用RFID前后资金约束供应链成员的均衡决策及期望收益,探讨了该供应链采用RFID的必要条件。结果显示当RFID标签成本低于某个阈值,或RFID库存损耗恢复率高于某个阈值时,供应链成员会选择采用RFID。此外,当RFID单位标签成本或零售商标签成本分摊系数较低,或RFID库存损耗恢复率较高时,制造商会提供比不采用RFID时更高的批发价;在采用RFID的条件下,零售商订购数量低于不采用RFID时的数量。通过设计收益分享契约实现了采用RFID时资金约束供应链的协调。