特殊化数学思想及其应用

特殊化思想是重要的数学思想之一．应用特殊化思想解决数学问题，遵循了由特殊到一般的认识规律，是数学发现的重要途径．特别地，运用特殊化思想解某些数学选择题，可以快捷地得到问题的答案．但是，如果对特殊化数学思想缺乏正确理解，有可能对正确的选择产生怀疑或可能犯“特殊代替一般”的逻辑错误，导致错误的选择.     

零指数

零指数２２５００２江苏省扬州中学张乃达零指数的教学蕴含着极其丰富的数学思想，它是对学生渗透数学审美意识教育的极好载体．教学设计的关键在于要让学生真正地感受到引进零指数的必要性，感受到简单性的美．这就要求教师设计出系列化的“好问句”．让这一切都在解决一...     

在立几习题教学中应强化数学思想方法的训练

文体几何的教学目标是培养逻辑思维能力和空间想象能力．但是这一目标的实施多年来在全国并不理想．主要标志是，在多年来的“高考”题中，虽然立体几何大题的难度未超过中档题，但得分率却不高．原因是多方面的，我认为关键是没有把数学思想方法的训练与现行教材中具体的内容紧密结合起来，使学生真正领悟并逐渐掌握蕴含在知识发生过程与发现问题、解决问题全过程中的数学思想方法，并逐步内化为自己的经验；只是抽象单一地讲授有关数学思想方法，或用贴“标签”的方式去解决一两个数学问题．多年来已严重阻碍学生创造力的发展与培养．数学…     

从解题“误区”谈含参数不等式的恒成立

1．学生解题的误区 案例1 在一次高中数学教师优质课评比中，有位选手在讲授“分类讨论思想在最值问题中的应用”课题时，先从实际问题引出分类在解决数学问题的必要性，并辩明什么是分类思想，分类思想的核心意义，分类的标准以及分类思想应用的几种数学类型．最后，为了说明可以简化分类或者是避免分类时应尽量简化或避免，选用了如下的例子．     

恰当控制范围，避免解题失误

许多数学问题的解决在于“转化”,“转化”是解决数学问题的主要思想之一．由于学生在转化问题的过程中,对变量的取值范围的控制重视不够或方法不当,导致解题失误．因此我们在教学中必须注意这一问题,在注重一定的数学思想和方法的教学的同时,让学生重视变量的取值范围的控制．本文对此做一初步探讨．     

由"经世致用"的思想谈培养中学生的数学应用意识

中国古代数学绵延几千年，都是以解决现实中提出的各色各样需要计算和计量的问题为已任的，“经世致用”是中国古代数学思想的典型特点之一，从《九章算术》到《数书九章》都一再表现出这种思想，这就要求我们必须注意从小培养学生的应用意识．[第一段]     

数学解题中培养学生的回归意识

在数学解题中我们经常会陷入“困境”，一时难以“自拔”．此时需要我们冷静思考，变换问题的角度，其中一条重要的思路就是退一步看问题，退到原始的定义、基本的原理、基本的图形等等，这样也许能够“豁然开朗”．这就是数学解题中的回归，回归是一种战略退却，回归是一种迂回战术．在解题中我们若能合理地运用回归的思想，它能做到“柳暗花明又一春”．     

中学数学应用题解决的心理过程分析及启示

一、数学“问题解决”与中学数学应用题 80年代,国际数学界提出了“问题解决”的教育口号,但对于什么是数学中的“问题解决”,观点不尽相同,较为一致的看法是：认为数学“问题解决”就是综合地、创造地应用已经学过的数学知识和方法去解决非常规问题,或者是将原有概念和原理加以综合,在新情境中应用并得到新的认知成果的学习过程．中学数学应用题往往具有复杂、真实的问题情境,多数属于非常规问题,在解答应用题的过程中需要综合运用各种数学知识,并能够习得解决应用题的高级规则和方法．据此断言,中学数学应用题的解决实质上是一种“问题解决”学习．     

分类讨论的数学思想及其应用（1）

自从数学思想方法被列入高中数学内容以来,“分类讨论”就受到普遍关注．这一数学思想不仅是解决数学问题的一种对策,也是培养学生掌握逻辑划分,学会分门别类地处理研究对象的思维方式的主要途径．与分类讨论直接相关的内容大量地分布在教材的各个部分．从高中数学教学大纲的修订到课程标准的实施,分类讨论的内容和要求多次得到加强．例如概率中的“互斥事件”与“对立事件”,就可以用集合的分类做出解释;算法中的分支结构（选择结构）与条件语句,以及流程图中与之对应的判断框,则是逻辑划分在算法中的体现;     

用数形结合思想解高考题

数形结合就是根据数与形之间的对应关系，通过抽象思维与形象思维的结合来解决数学问题的一种重要思想方法．数形结合思想从“数”“形”两个方面对数学问题进行分析，既注重“数”的严谨性，又充分发挥“形”的直观性．     

Comments on “A note on minimizing maximum lateness in an m-machine scheduling problem with a learning effect”

The purpose of this paper is to point out that if there are some machines that do not process any job then the mathematical programming model provided by Eren [T. Eren, A note on minimizing maximum lateness in an m-machine scheduling problem with a learning effect, Applied Mathematics and Computation 209 (2009) 186-190] may not be a valid one. A simple way to fix this problem is given. Furthermore, based on the idea of Eren’s model, a general mathematical programming model is proposed.     

Developing mathematical modelling skills: The role of CAS

Mathematical modelling as one component of problem solving is an important part of the mathematics curriculum and problem solving skills are often the most quoted generic skills that should be developed as an outcome of a programme of mathematics in school, college and university. Often there is a tension between mathematics seen at all levels as ‘a body of knowledge’ to be delivered at all costs and mathematics seen as a set of critical thinking and questioning skills. In this era of powerful software on hand-held and computer technologies there is an opportunity to review the procedures and rules that form the ‘body of knowledge’ that have been the central focus of the mathematics curriculum for over one hundred years. With technology we can spend less time on the traditional skills and create time for problem solving skills. We propose that mathematics software in general and CAS in particular provides opportunities for students to focus on the formulation and interpretation phases of the mathematical modelling process. Exploring the effect of parameters in a mathematical model is an important skill in mathematics and students often have difficulties in identifying the different role of variables and parameters This is an important part of validating a mathematical model formulated to describe, a real world situation. We illustrate how learning these skills can be enhanced by presenting and analysing the solution of two optimisation problems.     

Learning to prove: The idea of heuristic examples

Proof is an important topic in the area of mathematics curriculum and an essential aspect of mathematical competence. However, recent studies have revealed wide gaps in student's understanding of proof. Furthermore, effective teaching to prove, for example, by Schoenfeld's approach, is a real challenge for teachers. A very powerful and empirically well founded method of learning mathematics, which is also relatively easy to implement in the classroom, is learning through worked-out examples. It is, however, primarily suited for algorithmic content areas. We propose the concept of using heuristic worked-out examples, which do not provide an algorithmic problem solution but offer instead heuristic steps that lead towards finding a proof. We rely on Boero's model of proving in designing the single sub-steps of a heuristic example. We illustrate our instructional idea by presenting an heuristic example for proving that the interior angles in any triangle add up to 180°.     

Digital technologies and the challenge of constructing an inclusive school mathematics

This article addresses research related to the use of digital technologies in the teaching and learning of mathematics in Brazil. Its scope is limited to the context of school mathematics and, more specifically, to an ongoing research programme which involves the development of collaborative research partnerships with teachers of mathematics. The paper begins with a brief presentation of the introduction of computers into the Brazilian educational scenario in the 1980s, highlighting how computer technology was heralded as a key to permitting new pedagogical approaches appropriate to the constructivist philosophy of that time. It goes on to consider recent developments in the theoretical frameworks used to interpret mathematics learning in the presence of digital technologies and the importance of focusing on the learning system as a whole, considering epistemological, cognitive and pedagogic dimensions concomitantly. In this vein, it is argued that for any real integration to take place, the mathematical practices afforded by digital tools must be considered legitimate by all the actors in this process and, perhaps most notably, by teachers. The rest of the paper focuses on our approaches to involve teachers in making decisions about technology use in their own classrooms. The strategy used was based on the realisation of research activities underpinned by the idea of the collaborative design of learning situations and the goal of including the wide diversity of learners that characterises Brazilian mathematics classrooms.     

Mathematics Education & Digital Technologies: Facing the Challenge of Networking European Research Teams

This paper introduces the IJCML Special Issue dedicated to digital technologies and mathematics education and, in particular, to the work performed by the European Research Team TELMA (Technology Enhanced Learning in Mathematics). TELMA was one of the initiatives of the Kaleidoscope Network of Excellence established by the European Community (IST-507838—2003–2007) to promote the joint elaboration of concepts and methods for exploring the future of learning with digital technologies. TELMA addressed the problem of fragmentation of theoretical frameworks in the research field of mathematics education with digital technologies and developed a methodology based on the in field cross-experimentation of educational digital environments for maths. Six European research teams engaged in cross-experimentation in classrooms as a means to begin to develop a common language and to analyse the intertwined influence played, both explicitly and implicitly, by different contextual characteristics and theoretical frames assumed as reference by the diverse teams participating in the initiative.     

Airy's stress function in general orthogonal coordinates

The paper discusses the role of mathematics in industry from the perspective of the Swedish Institute of Applied Mathematics. The view is expressed that the new ‘generation’ of problems arising from both changes in computer technology and the increased volume of applications should be a matter of concern to mathematics educators.     

THE 8~(th) INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS ON INDUSTRIAL AND APPLIED MATHEMATICS

<正>August 10-14,2015Beijing,China The International Congress on Industrial and Applied Mathematics(ICIAM)is the premier international congress in the field of applied mathematics held everyfour years under the auspices of the International Council for Industrial and Applied Mathematics.From August 10 to14,2015,mathematicians,scientists     

问题驱动 多元表征的概念教学探究——对偶线性规划教学案例设计

数学与应用数学(师范)专业中的《运筹学》具有跨学科、实践性的课程特点,目标在于培养职前教师用数学方法解决实际问题的能力.结合义务教育阶段新课程标准中"四基"的提出这一背景,本文将以线性规划部分(运筹数学)对偶线性规划概念的引入这一知识模块为例,探讨通过问题串形式进行问题驱动、多元表征的概念教学过程.即遵循问题驱动—兴趣驱动—问题意识发展—提出和解决新问题,依据数学与外部联系、数学内部联系两条主线设计教学和学习,探索如何通过问题驱动、多元表征的结构化教学过程引导学生的学习方式发生改变,增强探究学习的动机,发展问题解决能力.课堂教学实践证明效果优于以往单一的讲授式教学法,一定程度上提高了学生的学业成绩、应用问题的兴趣和问题解决意识.     

限制情况下装卸工问题的最优解

装卸工问题是从现代物流技术中提出的一个实际问题,这个问题的雏形早在上个世纪60年代中国科学院数学研究所就提出和研究过.现代物流技术迅速发展,促成和推动装卸工问题的提出和研究.装卸工问题是一个新的NP困难的组合优化问题,首先介绍装卸工问题及限制情况下装卸工问题的数学模型,然后分析限制情况下的装卸工问题的性质,最后给出该问题的所有最优解.     

地方应用型本科院校数学与应用数学专业课程体系的改革与实践——以太原工业学院为例

以太原工业学院为例,分析了数学与应用数学专业培养应用型人才所面临的挑战.结合该校地方性和应用型的特点,基于岗位需求为导向,围绕"毕业生未来就业岗位—培养目标—能力与素质要求—课程设置"这条主线完成了金融数学和软件开发两个方向的课程设置,以此建立"模块化教学,分流培养"的培养体系,为应用型本科院校数学与应用数学专业课程体系设置提供参考.