供需不确定条件下考虑双边努力的供应链组合契约设计

本文研究供需同时不确定条件下考虑双边努力的供应链契约设计问题,在一个供应商和一个零售商组成的二级供应链系统中,供应商的努力影响产量的不确定性,零售商的努力影响市场需求的不确定性。首先,利用Stackerberg主从博弈模型计算了分散决策时零售商、供应商的最优期望利润,并将计算结果与集中决策时供应链整体的最优期望利润进行对比。由于双重边际效应的存在,分散决策时供应链的最优期望利润小于集中决策时供应链的最优期望利润。基于此,本文设计了回购和成本分担组合契约来协调该供应链,计算了回购价格和成本分担系数的表达式,得到了回购和成本分担契约下供应商和零售商的最优期望利润。结果表明,在特定条件下,该组合契约不仅可以协调供应链,还可以实现供应链利润的任意分配。最后,通过数值计算,分析了供需双方的决策变量和期望利润随契约参数的变化情况。     

产出不确定性的三级供应链风险分担组合契约设计

研究了供应商和制造商产出随机且零售商面临随机需求的三级供应链协调模型,决策变量为供应商的原材料投入量、制造商的订购量和零售商的订购量。分析了集中决策下供应链协调基准的唯一性,论证了回购契约及其与产出风险分担组合契约的协调性。研究结果表明,对于产出和需求不确定的三级供应链,仅考虑在制造商和零售商之间采用回购契约可改善供应链绩效,但并不能实现供应链的全局最优化,而从风险分担的角度设计的回购和产出风险分担组合契约不仅能有效的协调供应链,且在一定条件下,各供应链成员的利润还能获得帕累托改进。通过算例验证了以上结论的正确性,并分析了回购价格对订购量、原材料投入量和利润的影响,以及各供应链成员对契约的偏好。     

过度自信零售商供应链得失共享回购契约模型

研究在不确定性条件下由一个理性供应商和一个过度自信零售商组成的供应链协调契约模型.考虑由Wang和Webster(2007)提出的得失共享回购契约,在该契约下得到零售商最优订货量及其性质.进一步证明在一定条件下,该契约能协调供应链.特别地,讨论三类特殊契约模型:回购契约,得失共享批发价契约和批发价契约,发现在高利润条件下回购契约可使供应链协调,而在低利润条件下得失共享批发价契约和批发价契约可使供应链协调.     

随机需求下基于商业信用的回购与收入共享联合契约协调研究

在由单个供应商和单个零售商组成的供应链中,零售商由于资金短缺或风险规避不能达到系统的最优订货量,因此需要采取一些措施使得供应链节点企业间相互合作来实现供应链的协调。本文针对需求随机且供应链节点企业存在缺货惩罚的情况,通过设计基于商业信用(即供应商允许零售商延期支付货款)的完全回购契约来促进零售商提高订购量,以实现供应链系统达到最优利润,分析给出了该契约下的最优订货量和批发价格;在此基础上,为了合理分配供应链系统的总利润,建立了回购与收入共享联合契约模型,发现通过共享系数的变动能够实现供应链系统协调和渠道成员双赢。     

基于条件风险值准则的供应链回购契约协调策略

研究了由具有风险偏好的零售商和风险中性的供应商组成的两级供应链回购契约协调问题.针对具有风险偏好的零售商,考虑了风险中性、风险厌恶和风险喜好三种态度,建立了由风险厌恶程度和悲观系数两个参数描述的基于条件风险值(CVaR)的集成目标决策函数.推导了不同风险偏好态度下的零售商最优订货决策,分析了不同风险偏好参数下的零售商订货决策变化情况.给出了能够完全协调风险偏好零售商和风险中性供应商的供应链回购契约协调机制.最后,进行了数值计算,验证了设计的供应链回购契约协调策略的有效性.结果表明,在给出的回购契约协调机制下,考虑风险偏好情况下的零售商最优订货决策能够保证整个供应链系统实现最优绩效,而供应链成员期望利润却随不同的风险偏好参数而不同.     

基于商业信用和回购契约的供应链最优化策略研究

本文考虑由单一供应商和零售商组成的供应链系统,当供应商为零售商提供回购契约,同时零售商又为下游顾客提供商业信用契约时,供应商如何设计回购契约来有效协调整个供应链,以及零售商又如何借助回购和商业信用契约来做出自身最优订货策略问题,并建立了相应的决策模型。通过模型分析,给出了供应商和零售商在四种情形下的最优契约设计参数,以及零售商的最优订货决策。研究发现,当满足一定的参数范围时,供应链中两主体同时采用协调契约能够更加有效地增加整个供应链中的订货量和利润,为各主体创造更多新的价值。最后,本文结合数值例子,分析了模型参数变化对最优订货策略和各主体利润的影响。     

随机需求下供应链回购契约设计研究

研究由一个供应商与一个零售商构成的两级供应链面对随机需求时的回购契约设计问题。对完全回购政策下的供应链契约进行研究，通过参数分析，指出通过不同的批发价格与回购价格数对（ω，b）策略可以使双方实现协调；最后通过数值算例分析，给出随机需求参数对回购契约设计的具体影响。     

基于回购契约的风险厌恶零售商的供应链协调

研究了由风险中性的供应商和风险厌恶的零售商组成的二级供应链协调问题.零售商的风险厌恶由CVaR来度量,研究表明：零售商的风险厌恶加剧了双重边际效应,恶化了供应链效益.为了实现供应链的协调,供应商提出回购契约以减轻零售商的风险顾虑引导其增加订货量,结果表明：当零售商的风险厌恶超过了一定的程度,回购契约不能实现供应链协调;当供应链可以通过回购契约实现协调时,供应链的协调利益可以在供应商和零售商之间进行任意的分配,具体的分配结果取决于他们的讨价还价能力.     

零售商资金约束下两级供应链的延期支付与协调策略研究

本文研究了随机需求下两级供应链的延期支付问题，其中供应商作为主导者将首先设置延期支付利率，而受资金约束的零售商作为追随者将根据利率来确定订货量。通过构建Newsvendor模型对供应链各成员的利润进行了分析，并基于Stackelberg博弈研究了两级供应链下的延迟支付策略，得到了零售商的最优订货量及供应商的最优利率。此外，我们还研究了延期支付条件下的供应链协调问题，分别探讨了产品回购契约和收益共享契约下的供应链协调。研究结果表明：只有当供应商设置的利率低于特定阈值时，受资金约束的零售商才会采用延期支付，否则零售商会将全部初始资金用于采购而不采用延期支付；在延期支付条件下，提高利率将导致零售商订货量减少，并且供应商设置的利率不会随零售商的初始资金增大；延期支付只能部分协调供应链，同时在延期支付条件下，通过产品回购契约无法实现供应链的完全协调；在延期支付条件下，存在关于收益占比的帕累托改进区间，使得收益共享契约在该区间内能够实现供应链协调。最后，我们通过数值实验对研究结论进行了验证。     

存货质押融资模式下的供应链协调

针对供应商、零售商和银行组成的供应链金融系统,研究了存货质押融资模式下的供应链协调。零售商作为中小企业,资金有限,需要向银行申请贷款,然而零售商信用较低难以获得融资。供应商作为供应链的核心企业,采用含有回购价格和回购比例的回购契约为零售商提供担保,使得零售商融资得以实现。分析了不确定需求下供应链金融系统,供应链以及零售商的最优决策,给出了融资情况下供应链协调的条件,指出了在供应链协调情况下批发价格和回购策略对供应链收益分配的影响,说明了回购的作用:一方面使零售商易于获得银行融资,另一方面使供应链协调得以实现,指出了质押率、贷款利率和零售商自有资金等参数对最优决策的影响。数值算例验证了理论分析结果。     

Coordinating a three-echelon fresh agricultural products supply chain considering freshness-keeping effort with asymmetric information

This paper studies the coordination problem of a three-echelon supply chain system consisting of one supplier, third-party logistics service providers (TPLSP) and one retailer that provides seasonal fresh agricultural products to customers. The market demand for the retailer is assumed to be influenced by the retail price, the product's freshness and other random variables. Both quantity and quality losses are viewed as endogenous variables of the freshness-keeping effort, which is decided by the TPLSP. Dynamic game models for both the decentralized decision mode and the centralized decision mode are developed, and asymmetric demand information is considered in the decentralized decision mode. The analysis shows that decentralized decision making could result in the distortion of the order quantity and selling price and could ultimately result in a loss of supply chain profit. The TPLSP is motivated to exaggerate the demand, which could seriously damage the supplier's interests. Based on an analysis of the major influencing factors in the supply chain system, a coordination contract based on cost and revenue sharing (RS) is designed for the two transaction processes in the three-echelon supply chain system. We illustrate the proposed models with a numerical study and conduct a sensitivity analysis of some of the key parameters in the models. It is proven that with the designed contract, the sales volume can be significantly expanded, all the supply chain members can benefit from Pareto improvement, and both the retailer and the TPLSP have no incentive to exaggerate the market demand.     

需求依赖努力水平的农产品供应链期权契约优化

针对供应商和零售商组成的农产品供应链,研究市场需求受到努力水平影响的农产品供应链协调问题.由于双重边际效应,分散式供应链中的最优生产数量低于集中式供应链的情况,零售商努力水平也相对较低.引入期权契约时,在零售商主导期权契约的供应链中,研究得到零售商的最优初始订货量和最优期权价格,以及供应商的最优生产数量,实现供应链协调.数值分析证实了期权契约有助于提高零售商的努力水平以及整个供应链的利润.     

Coordination mechanism for the supply chain with leadtime consideration and price-dependent demand

We study a coordination contract for a supplier–retailer channel producing and selling a fashionable product exhibiting a stochastic price-dependent demand. The product’s selling season is short, and the supply chain faces great demand uncertainty. We consider a scenario where the supplier reserves production capacity for the retailer in advance, and permits the retailer to place an order not exceeding the reserved capacity after a demand information update during a leadtime. We formulate a two-stage optimization problem in which the supplier decides the amount of capacity reservation in the first stage, and the retailer determines the order quantity and the retail price after observing the demand information in the second stage. We propose a three-parameter risk and profit sharing contract that coordinates the supply chain. The proposed contract permits any agreed-upon division of the supply-chain profit between the channel members.     

多因素扰动下同价双渠道供应链协调应对突发事件

一条双渠道供应链存在一个传统零售商和一个拥有电子渠道的制造商,制造商采用了跟随零售商线上线下同价的定价策略。通过建立市场需求模型,求出供应链的最优价格、生产数量,利用博弈论和合同理论的原理设计收益共享契约。研究表明,当供应链处于稳定状态时,收益共享契约可以用来实现同价双渠道供应链的协调。当突发事件导致市场规模和制造成本发生扰动时,同价双渠道供应链存在鲁棒性,而收益共享契约也能够很好地协调同价机制下的双渠道分权供应链,最后给出一个算例验证了结论。     

突发事件下需求信息不对称时的供应链协调应对

协调供应链系统使其具有抗突发事件性的研究是供应链管理的核心议题之一。为了分析突发事件下需求信息不对称时的供应链协调问题,考虑由一个制造商和一个零售商组成的供应链,在随机市场需求下,首先分析了数量折扣契约对供应链的协调作用;然后探讨了突发事件导致市场需求发生变化且变化后的需求信息是不对称信息时数量折扣契约对供应链的协调作用,研究表明:基准的数量折扣契约对突发事件下的供应链不再发挥协调作用,为此,给出了供应链应对突发事件的最优应对策略,并调整了原来的数量折扣契约使其具有抗突发事件性。最后,应用一个算例对比加以说明。     

Coordination of a socially responsible two-stage supply chain under price-dependent random demand

This paper investigates the coordination problem of a supply chain (SC) composed of a manufacturer exhibiting corporate social responsibility (CSR) and a retailer faced with random demand. The random demand is made up of the multiplication of price-dependent demand and random demand factor (RDF), plus the CSR-dependent demand. The centralized decision problem of the SC is an extension of the existing price setting newsvendor problem (PSNP). It is found that the sufficient condition for the quasi-concavity of expected profit (EP) on PSNP can not ensure the quasi-concavity of EP of the SC. Then, the concavity condition of EP related to the CSR effect factor is presented in the case of uniformly distributed RDF and linear demand in price, and the concavity of EP is proven under centralized decision. For decentralized decision under manufacturer’s Stackelberg game, the manufacturer determines wholesale price and its CSR investment, and then the retailer decides the order quantity and the retail price. The standard revenue-sharing (RS) contract is found not able to coordinate the SC, so a modified RS (MRS) contract is proposed to coordinate the SC. Finally, numerical examples illustrate the validity of the theoretical analysis and the coordination effectiveness of the MRS contract via Matlab.     

Coordinating order quantity decisions in the supply chain contract under random demand

In this paper, we are concerned with the coordinating quantity decision problem in a supply chain contract. The supply chain contract is composed of one manufacturer and one retailer to meet the random demand of a single product with a short lifecycle. Our analysis show that the retailer expects to obtain higher profit under proper ordering policies, which can also maximize the expected profit of the supply chain. The manufacturer may induce the retailer to order the coordinated quantity by adjusting the unit return price. As a result, the supply chain is expected to achieve the optimal expected profit.     

Channel coordination under two-level trade credits and demand uncertainty

This study considers a decentralized supply chain where a retailer has an opportunity to order a product from a supplier prior to the sales season to satisfy uncertain demand. The retailer provides trade credit to end customers and makes credit period and order quantity decisions to maximize profits. The end demand is both random and credit period-dependent. On the basis of the newsvendor model, this paper focuses on channel coordination when a retailer provides trade credit to end customers. When the supplier also provides trade credit to the retailer, we show that the traditional trade credit contract cannot coordinate the channel. Four composite contracts based on trade credit (trade credit cost sharing with buy back or quantity flexibility; modified trade credit with buy back or quantity flexibility) are provided to induce the retailer to make decisions while optimizing the channel profit. This paper shows that the retailer provides a longer credit period to its customers and orders a larger quantity from the supplier under the composite contracts. With these contracts, the profit sharing between both parties depends on the wholesale price (Pareto improvement) for the fixed retail price and the purchasing cost.     

需求受价格影响的三层供应链协调模型

针对由一个制造商、一个批发商和一个零售商构成的三层供应链系统,在随机市场需求且需求受商品零售价格影响的情况下,研究了零售商如何定价和确定订货量.在此基础上给出了一个能使供应链系统达到完美协调的收益分享合约策略,最后给出了数值例子.     

三层供应链上需求信息不对称下Newsboy型协作问题

本文主要研究单产品在单周期内由供应商、制造商、零售商组成的三层供应链上的协作订购问题,即在随机需求下供应商、制造商、零售商以利润最大化为目的的最优协作订购问题。在需求信息不对称下,零售商充分了解需求信息。在协作订购时面临四种策略,给出了在这四种策略下的四种利润模型及零售商在这四种策略下的最优订购量并比较它们的大小,最后通过需求服从正态分布的实例验证了供应商一制造商一零售商在采用数量折扣和返回措施三者完全合作时供应链上的利润最大。