我是"零"

我是"零".我是有理数,是整数,又是自然数,也是没有数的数.我是无中的有,是有中的无;我是内在的有,是特定的无;我最贫寒,贫寒的一无所有;我最富足,多少数也填不满我的心腹;我是有的循环,是无的显露.     

关于半clean群环

环$R$称为是半clean的, 是指环中的每个元素都是一个单位与一个周期元的和. clean环是半clean的. 刻画半clean群环的一般情形是不容易的. 我们的目的是考虑如下问题：若$G$ 是局部有限群或者是阶是3的循环群, 群环$RG$何时是semiclean的. clean群环上的一些已有结果被推广.     

拟亚正常、θ类以及BN类复合算子

设(X,∑,μ)是σ-有限的测度空间,C_T是L~2(X,∑,μ)到L~2(X,∑,μ)的线性有界算子,定义为C_Tf(x)=f(Tx),其中T是X到X的可测映照。本文证明了,C_T是完全亚正常算子的充要条件是h≥hoT,a.e.;C_T是θ类算子的充要条件是C_T是拟正常的。同时还证明了,如果C_T是θ类算子,则C_T是拟正常算子。     

初中数学课堂教学有效提问的探究与实践

数学教学是数学思维活动的教学,而课堂提问是实现师生互动的重要手段,是培养学生创新精神的重要途径.《义务教育数学课程标准(2011)》指出:"学生是数学学习的主人,教师是数学学习的组织者、引导者和合作者."而课堂提问是是教师组织     

对数学课堂教学的一点思考

上一堂课犹如写文章,要整体构思本课的开头、中间、结尾三部分.课堂引入是一堂课的开头,是课堂教学中的一个重要环节,是教师引导学生参与学习的过程,是教师必备的一项教学技能,是教师课程观、教育观的反映,是学生主体学习的依托,是教师主导作用的体现.俗话说:"良好的开端是成功的一半."……     

Banach空间的强凸性

在本文中,我们定义了 Banach 空间的强凸性,它是强光滑的共轭概念,即若 X~*是强光滑的,则 X 是强凸的;若 X~*是强凸的,则 X 是强光滑的。我们还证明了若 X 是强凸的,则 X 是中点局部一致凸的;和若 Banach 空间 X是自反的,则 X 是强凸的当且仅当 X 具有(G)性质。     

立体几何是非题一组

1.有两个面相互平行,而其余各面是平行四边形的多面体,则一定是棱柱。(对/错) 2.已知三棱锥底面是正三角形,侧面都是等腰三角形,则三棱锥一定是正棱锥。(对/错) 3.有两个面是三角形且互相平行,而其余三个面都是梯形的五面体,必是三棱台。(对/错) 4.直棱柱的侧面展开图是矩形,而斜棱柱的侧面展开图是平行四边形。(对/错) 5.和圆台的轴平行的截面是等腰梯形。(对/错) 6.已知圆的顶角是120°,则轴截面是过     

中英文数学名词清晰度比较及其对学生数学表现的影响

中文是世界上人口最多的国家通用的语言文字,是象形文字；英文是国际通用的语言文字,是拼音文字．语言学家在这方面已有较多的比较,特别是近几年中小学甚至幼儿园双     

BCK—代数理想（Ⅳ）

本文是作者［１］－［６］的继续，我们得到下述结果：定理４．设Ｉ是ＢＣＫ－代数Ｘ的一个理想，ａ是Ｘ的一个元素，则包含Ｉ和ａ的最小理想是对某个非负整数｝．定理１４．设Ｘ是一个Ｌｕｋａｓｉｅｗｉｃｚ代数，Ｉ是Ｘ的一个质理想．如果Ａ是Ｘ的一个真理想且，则Ａ也是质的．定理１５．Ｌｕｋａｓｉｅｗｉｃｚ代数Ｘ的零理想｛０｝是质的当且仅当＜Ｘ；≤＞是一个全序集．     

量子群上同调群的合成因子

A＝Z[v]Ω，Ω是Z[v]的由v-1和奇素数p生成的理想，U是A上的量子群，设k是特征为零的代数闭域，A→k(v|→ξ）是代数同态，ζ是p次本原根，命Uk=U与Ak的集,W是weyl群，X^ 是支配权集，本文的主要结果是如下的定理。     

二次曲面和平面位置关系的判式

在解析几何中有二次曲线与直线位置关系的讨论、二次曲面与直线位置关系的讨论,而二次曲面与平面相关位置关系的探讨较少.本文给出二次曲面a11x2+a22y2+a33z2+2a12xy+2a13xz+2a23yz+2a14x+2a24y+2a34z+a44=0(1)和平面Ax+By+Cz+D=0(2)的相对位置的判别式Δ=a11a12a13a14Aa21a22a23a24Ba31a32a33a34Ca41a42a43a44DA B C D0(aij=aji).(3)并证明了:若Δ>0,则二次曲面(1)与平面(2)相交;若Δ=0,则(1)和(2)相切;若Δ<0,则(1)和(2)相离.     

Scalarization of Henig Proper Efficient Points in a Normed Space

In a general normed space equipped with the order induced by a closed convex cone with a base, using a family of continuous monotone Minkowski functionals and a family of continuous norms, we obtain scalar characterizations of Henig proper efficient points of a general set and a bounded set, respectively. Moreover, we give a scalar characterization of a superefficient point of a set in a normed space equipped with the order induced by a closed convex cone with a bounded base.     

Toader型平均与几种经典平均的确界

给出了最佳参数α_1,α_2,α_3,β_1,β_2,β_3∈R,使得双向不等式α_1Q(a,b)+(1-α_1)G(a,b)0且a≠b成立.其中A(a,b)=(a+b)/2,H(a,b)=2ab/(a+b),G(a,b)=(ab)~(1/2),Q(a,b)=((a~2+b~2)/2)~(1/2),C(a,b)=(a~2+b~2)/(a+b),T(a,b)=2/π∫_0~(π/2)(a~2cos~2t+b~2sin~2)~(1/2)tdt分别是两个正数a和b的算术平均,调和平均,几何平均,二次平均,反调和平均和Toader平均.     

Subspaces and quotients of Banach spaces with shrinking unconditional bases

The main result is that a separable Banach space with the weak* unconditional tree property is isomorphic to a subspace as well as a quotient of a Banach space with a shrinking unconditional basis. A consequence of this is that a Banach space is isomorphic to a subspace of a space with a shrinking unconditional basis if and only if it is isomorphic to a quotient of a space with a shrinking unconditional basis, which solves a problem dating to the 1970s. The proof of the main result also yields that a uniformly convex space with the unconditional tree property is isomorphic to a subspace as well as a quotient of a uniformly convex space with an unconditional finite dimensional decomposition.     

On the intersections of circuits and cocircuits in matroids

Seymour has shown that a matroid has a triad, that is, a 3-element set which is the intersection of a circuit and a cocircuit, if and only if it is non-binary. In this paper we determine precisely when a matroidM has a quad, a 4-element set which is the intersection of a circuit and a cocircuit. We also show that this will occur ifM has a circuit and a cocircuit meeting in more than four elements. In addition, we prove that if a 3-connected matroid has a quad, then every pair of elements is in a quad. The corresponding result for triads was proved by Seymour.     

A Priori and A Posteriori: A Bootstrapping Relationship

The distinction between a priori and a posteriori knowledge has been the subject of an enormous amount of discussion, but the literature is biased against recognizing the intimate relationship between these forms of knowledge. For instance, it seems to be almost impossible to find a sample of pure a priori or a posteriori knowledge. In this paper, it will be suggested that distinguishing between a priori and a posteriori is more problematic than is often suggested, and that a priori and a posteriori resources are in fact used in parallel. We will define this relationship between a priori and a posteriori knowledge as the bootstrapping relationship. As we will see, this relationship gives us reasons to seek for an altogether novel definition of a priori and a posteriori knowledge. Specifically, we will have to analyse the relationship between a priori knowledge and a priori reasoning, and it will be suggested that the latter serves as a more promising starting point for the analysis of aprioricity. We will also analyse a number of examples from the natural sciences and consider the role of a priori reasoning in these examples. The focus of this paper is the analysis of the concepts of a priori and a posteriori knowledge rather than the epistemic domain of a posteriori and a priori justification.     

图的分数κ-因子

给定图Ｇ＝（Ｖ,Ｅ）．设ａ和ｂ是两个非负整数．是一个函数．如果对所有的均成立,称 ｆ为 Ｇ的一个分数［ａ,ｂ］－ 因子． ａ＝ ｂ＝ κ时,称ｆ为 Ｇ的一个分数 ｋ＝因子．本文给出了一个图有分数 ｋ－因子的充分必要条件．     

An algorithm for constructing star-shaped drawings of plane graphs

A straight-line planar drawing of a plane graph is called a convex drawing if every facial cycle is drawn as a convex polygon. Convex drawings of graphs is a well-established aesthetic in graph drawing, however not all planar graphs admit a convex drawing. Tutte [W.T. Tutte, Convex representations of graphs, Proc. of London Math. Soc. 10 (3) (1960) 304–320] showed that every triconnected plane graph admits a convex drawing for any given boundary drawn as a convex polygon. Thomassen [C. Thomassen, Plane representations of graphs, in: Progress in Graph Theory, Academic Press, 1984, pp. 43–69] gave a necessary and sufficient condition for a biconnected plane graph with a prescribed convex boundary to have a convex drawing.In this paper, we initiate a new notion of star-shaped drawing of a plane graph as a straight-line planar drawing such that each inner facial cycle is drawn as a star-shaped polygon, and the outer facial cycle is drawn as a convex polygon. A star-shaped drawing is a natural extension of a convex drawing, and a new aesthetic criteria for drawing planar graphs in a convex way as much as possible. We give a sufficient condition for a given set A of corners of a plane graph to admit a star-shaped drawing whose concave corners are given by the corners in A, and present a linear time algorithm for constructing such a star-shaped drawing.     

A Decomposition of Markov Processes via Group Actions

We study a decomposition of a general Markov process in a manifold invariant under a Lie group action into a radial part (transversal to orbits) and an angular part (along an orbit). We show that given a radial path, the conditioned angular part is a nonhomogeneous Lévy process in a homogeneous space, we obtain a representation of such processes and, as a consequence, we extend the well-known skew-product of Euclidean Brownian motion to a general setting.      

关于伪准素环的注记

一个有单位元的交换环Ｒ称为伪准素环，如果Ｒ的每个非零理想都是某个准素理想之幂．本文证明了环Ｒ是伪准素环当且仅当Ｒ是准素环或Ｒ是两个域的直和或Ｒ是至多具有三个素理想的一维局部环，并且每个非零理想或是某个极小素理想之幂或是某个属于极大理想的准不比理想之幂.