再制造系统中新件与再制件间最优关系研究

再制造企业里，在决策购买新零件或修复旧零件时，经常面对有限的拆卸修复信息和不确定的订货提前期。为了得到科学的决策，人们试图尽早地掌握拆卸修复零件的确切信息，与有能力的供应商建立良好的关系，或在企业建立管理信息系统来统计分析废旧品的状态和数量等。本文根据市场需求和产品批发价，以满足市场需求要购买新零件数和拆卸修复机器数为决策变量，并考虑拆卸修复成功的概率，建立企业期望利润的数学模型，求得可能情况下的最优鹪或现实满意解。洞察再制造企业取得最大利润的主要影响因数及这些因数间的关系，为制作生产计划提供理论依据。最后指出进一步的研究问题。     

"一带一路"背景下中国企业跨国 再制造决策研究

以"一带一路"倡议为背景,考虑了出口国原始设备制造商(OEM)自行生产新产品和再制造品、OEM生产新产品并授权进口国第三方制造商(TPR)生产再制造品两种跨国再制造模式,对比分析了两种模式下,再制造品价格、数量、决策主体利润等变量值的变化.结果表明:TPR生产的再制造品数量主要基于进口国消费者对其的认可程度;出于再制造生产过程更环保的角度考虑,政府会基于产品节能程度对产品市场需求的影响系数的大小选择OEM或TPR再制造;在不同的产品节能程度对产品市场需求的影响系数和投入的节能成本系数影响下,OEM和TPR对新产品和再制造品的价格、数量、利润等变量有不同的决策偏好.     

两阶段再制造企业的产品定价研究

二手产品的回收再处理是众多制造商和再制造商不得不面对的问题.企业根据实际情况,考虑到顾客对再制造产品的认知差异,一般都是先翻新产品然后再升级再制造产品,因此,顾客对再制造产品的接受程度影响着再制造企业的定价决策,针对该问题构建了一个两阶段模型,其中第一阶段再制造企业将回收的产品进行简单翻新并投放市场;第二阶段,则会将产品拆卸加工再升级.以两阶段的价格作为决策变量分析再制造企业的最优生产策略.通过仿真得出结论,为再制造企业的生产决策提供一些依据.     

技术许可下信息分享和政府补贴对闭环供应链的影响分析——基于经销商再制造模式

研究了信息分享对制造商许可经销商从事再制造模式下闭环供应链的影响。分别建立了无信息分享和信息分享下经销商再制造和制造商再制造两种模式下的闭环供应链模型并分析了政府补贴对废旧产品回收量和渠道成员决策的影响。研究发现,当经销商对制造商进行信息分享时,经销商的利润减少,而制造商的利润增加。渠道领导者制造商总是能从再制造活动中抽取利润,在经销商再制造模式下,制造商通过收取许可费分享再制造的利润;在制造商再制造模式下,制造商设定适当的批发价格及回收价格协调正向流和逆向流,从而实现利润最大化。同时表明了政府补贴的刺激会显著地提高废旧产品的回收量。     

基于历史强度法的闭环供应链差别定价与协调

针对由一个制造商与一个零售商组成的闭环供应链,基于历史强度法分配企业碳排放配额,分别构建分散决策与集中决策下成员及系统利润最大化模型,得到新品与再制造品的定价、碳减排投资等决策,分析了行业控排系数对产品碳减排量、定价及市场需求的影响,并对两种决策结构进行比较和收益共享契约设计.研究表明,提高行业控排系数有助于增加碳减排投资、降低单位产品碳排放量、扩大新品与再制造品需求、推动废旧品回收再制造和供应链总利润提升;从最大化系统利润和降低单位产品碳排放角度,集中决策比分散决策要好;但从决策效果看,采用协调机制下的收益共享契约最好.     

股权投资型碳基金下考虑碳减排的工程机械再制造生产决策研究

股权投资型碳基金是一种投资节能减排方向的股权类投资基金。在碳限额与交易政策下，分别建立了资金约束的工程机械再制造企业不融资不减排和通过股权投资型碳基金融资减排的优化模型，利用Kuhn-Tucker条件进行求解，并通过数值仿真探究了股权投资额/减排率、初始资金、规模不经济系数及消费者对工程机械再制造接受程度等对其生产决策的影响。结果表明，与不融资减排情形相比，通过股权投资型碳基金融资减排后企业新品产量和总产量都提高，再制造品产量降低；利润并不总提高，但存在唯一最优的减排率使得企业利润最大，并且减排率不同会导致企业生产结构改变；此外工程机械规模不经济系数升高会降低企业总产量和消费者剩余，但并不总降低利润。     

需求波动及预测信息量对企业定价的影响研究

为了让双寡头企业在市场需求及预测信息不确定情况下更好地作出科学定价决策,建立了两阶段双寡头企业需求-价格模型,通过动态规划方法以及博弈均衡解的运算,得到了在双寡头企业对耐用品市场需求总量的预测结果与市场需求期望值不对称状况下,双寡头企业两阶段最优定价的差异性变化等结论.     

“以旧换新”模式下零售商回收电子废弃物定价模型研究

随着电子产品的不断更新换代,废旧电子产品的回收问题已经迫在眉睫以废旧手机为例,研究在"以旧换新"模式下以零售商为主体的回收定价模型;探讨零售商在分散决策下的Stackelberg均衡解和集中决策下最优解,并且在两种不同决策下对新产品和再造产品的市场需求及利润变化进行比较;得出集中决策下的新产品和再造产品的市场需求及整体利润,都优于分散决策的结论最后,通过数值验证证明结论不仅正确而且更与现实相吻合.     

单周期替代性产品价格与存量的联合决策

研究了需求为加性且随机项服从正态分布的单周期替代性产品价格和存量的联合决策问题,证明了最优解的存在性和唯一性,给出了最优解在给定价格区间上的一维搜索算法;以高科技产品更新期新老产品价格与存量的联合决策为例,通过数值实验说明了该优化模型能够显著提高企业利润水平,同时对市场需求波动大小、产量和价格的既定值等参数进行了灵敏度分析.     

竞争市场下考虑再制造产品售后服务的供应链运营策略

在同时生产新产品和再制造产品的原始制造企业(企业1)与生产具有替代性产品的企业(企业2)构成竞争关系下的供应链系统中,探讨供应链在不同售后服务策略下供应链的运营策略,分析在竞争市场下供应链定价策略和再制造产品的售后服务对定价策略及供应链中各企业利润的影响。揭示再制造产品售后服务对定价策略和供应链各企业最优利润的影响。得到如下主要研究结论:(1)当制造企业为再制造产品提供售后服务时,再制造产品销售量增加,新产品和竞争替代产品销售量降低;有趣的是新产品和再制造产品的市场零售价格同时增加,竞争替代产品的市场零售价格降低。(2)制造企业为再制造产品提供售后服务时的利润总是大于没有售后服务时的利润,且不受单位产品生产成本影响。同时当单位产品生产成本较高时,制造企业为再制造产品提供售后服务策略会带来竞争对手企业利润增加。这些结论对具有再制造产品供应链如何提供再制造产品售后服务具有一定指导作用和管理启示。     

Don’t forget your supplier when remanufacturing

A popular assumption in the current literature on remanufacturing is that the whole new product is produced by an integrated manufacturer, which is inconsistent with most industries. In this paper, we model a decentralised closed-loop supply chain consisting of a key component supplier and a non-integrated manufacturer, and demonstrate that the interaction between these players significantly impacts the economic and environmental implications of remanufacturing. In our model, the non-integrated manufacturer can purchase new components from the supplier to produce new products, and remanufacture used components to produce remanufactured products. Thus, the non-integrated manufacturer is not only a buyer but also a rival to the supplier. In a steady state period, we analyse the performances of an integrated manufacturer and the decentralised supply chain. We find that, although the integrated manufacturer always benefits from remanufacturing, the remanufacturing opportunity may constitute a lose–lose situation to the supplier and the non-integrated manufacturer, making their profits be lower than in an identical supply chain without remanufacturing. In addition, the non-integrated manufacturer may be worse off with a lower remanufacturing cost or a larger return rate of used products due to the interaction with the supplier. We further demonstrate that the government-subsidised remanufacturing in the non-integrated (integrated) manufacturer is detrimental (beneficial) to the environment.     

服务关系对供应链信息分享和信任决策的影响研究

由于信息不对称,供应商和制造商之间的信息分享和信任决策是供应链协调的关键。为了获得充足供给,制造商分享其私有需求信息,但同时存在欺骗动机;鉴于制造商的信息分享,供应商进行信任决策和产能投资。本文通过构建服务价值模型,分析了供应商与制造商之间的服务关系对信息分享和信任决策的影响。研究结果表明如果供应商的服务价值足够高,制造商会选择真实分享信息,此时供应商可以充分信任制造商的信息;如果服务价值低,制造商会采取放大需求信息的欺骗行为,此时供应商应怀疑制造商所分享信息的真实性。     

Design of contract parameters in a closed-loop supply chain

We study an extended joint economic lot size problem which incorporates the return flow of remanufacturable used products. The supply chain under consideration consists of a single supplier and a single buyer. The buyer orders a single product from the supplier, uses it for her own needs, and collects the remanufacturable items after use. The ordered items are shipped from the supplier to the buyer in the lot-for-lot fashion by a vehicle which also returns the collected used items from the buyer to the supplier for remanufacturing and subsequent service of the buyer’s demand in the next order cycle. For satisfying the total demand, the supplier manufactures new items or remanufactures used ones received from the buyer. For given demand, productivity, collection rate, disposal cost, setup cost, order cost, holding cost for serviceable and nonserviceable products at the supplier as well as the buyer the lot size (order size) for the supplier (buyer) has to be found which minimizes the total cost. Furthermore, we address a decentralised decision making of the parties under a two-part tariff and determine their equilibrium strategies within the Nash framework.     

Heuristics for sourcing from multiple suppliers with alternative quantity discounts

In this paper, we analyze the impact of supplier pricing schemes and supplier capacity limitations on the optimal sourcing policy for a single firm. We consider the situation where the total quantity to be procured for a single period is known by the firm and communicated to the supplier set. In response to this communication, each supplier quotes a price and a capacity limit in terms of a maximum quantity that can be supplied to the buyer. Based on this information, the buyer makes a quantity allocation decision among the suppliers and corresponding to this decision is the choice of a subset of suppliers who will receive an order. Based on industry observations, a variety of supplier pricing schemes from the constituent group of suppliers are analyzed, including linear discounts, incremental units discounts, and all units discounts. Given the complexity of the optimization problem for certain types of pricing schemes, heuristic solution methodologies are developed to identify a quantity allocation decision for the firm. Through an extensive computational comparison, we find that these heuristics generate near-optimal solutions very quickly. Data from a major office products retailer is used to illustrate the resulting sourcing strategies given different pricing schemes and capacity limitations of suppliers in this industry. We find for the case of capacity constrained suppliers, the optimal quantity allocations for two complex pricing schemes (linear discount, and incremental units discount) are such that at most one selected supplier will receive an order quantity that is less than its capacity.     

Optimal promotion planning—depth and frequency—for a two-stage supply chain under Markov switching demand

In considering the retailer–supplier supply chain, this paper analyzes how a retailer reasonably decides both the depth and frequency of the price discount promotion including or excluding a supplier’s inventory decision. Assuming that the promotion frequency used by the retailer is probabilistic, we model a promotion-inventory decision under an AR(1) demand with a Markov switching promotion regime. After obtaining the optimal promotion plan, our analysis also considers the behavior of the optimal promotion decision; the retailer’s price format selection, either an Every-Day-Low-Price policy (EDLP) or a Promotion policy (HiLo); and the impact of information sharing of promotion status on the system’s performance. Our results suggest that a retailer tends to overpromote if inventory cost is excluded in its promotion decision, that increasing the market share is a preferable action for both the retailer and the supplier, that total margin and price-elasticity play an important role in selecting the price format, and that the profitability for a supplier of sharing promotion information depends on the transition probabilities of the Markov switching regime.     

不确定环境下再制造生产调度研究

针对再制造过程中存在的再制造件质量状况和加工时间不确定性调度问题,分别采用随机数和三角模糊数表示质量状况和加工时间的不确定性。在满足工序顺序、机器等限制下,将各自带有权重系数的最大完工时间和总成本之和最小值当做目标函数,构造不确定环境下再制造生产调度模糊模型且转换成确定的单目标非线性规划模型。应用多层编码遗传算法求解某个再制造子系统算例得到,决策者对于最大完工时间和总成本的重视程度不同,调度方案不同,其需要根据自身关注的重点做出决策,选择合适的调度方案。并且调度结果会受到决策者消极或积极态度的影响,态度越积极,结果越好,反之,态度越消极,结果越差,从而检验了再制造生产调度模型的正确性。希望为再制造实现产业化,规模化提供相关参考意见。     

Optimal transfer pricing schemes for work averse division managers with private information

This paper models a decentralized firm under information asymmetry and effort disutility on the part of managers. We assume that managers choose efforts before observing some private information. However, after the effort choice managers receive private information on their cost parameters which they report to the headquarters. There exist many situations in which managers need to take efforts before obtaining private information; for example, the regular maintenance effort on the machine, the effort on R&D for reducing costs and the effort taken to build relationships with the supplier. Two models are considered in this paper based on the timing of acquisition of private information by the managers. We derive optimal coordination mechanisms to facilitate internal transactions for the models. The equilibrium outcome of this paper suggests that: 1) regardless of the timing of managers' information acquisition, the optimal output level under asymmetric information can have overproduction or underproduction when compared with the full information optimal output; 2) under certain demand conditions managers cannot receive any information rent benefit for their private information even if they have the option to renege on the contract after obtaining their private information.     

A QFD-based fuzzy MCDM approach for supplier selection

Supplier selection is a highly important multi-criteria group decision making problem, which requires a trade-off between multiple criteria exhibiting vagueness and imprecision with the involvement of a group of experts. In this paper, a fuzzy multi-criteria group decision making approach that makes use of the quality function deployment (QFD) concept is developed for supplier selection process. The proposed methodology initially identifies the features that the purchased product should possess in order to satisfy the company’s needs, and then it seeks to establish the relevant supplier assessment criteria. Moreover, the proposed algorithm enables to consider the impacts of inner dependence among supplier assessment criteria. The upper and the lower bounds of the weights of supplier assessment criteria and ratings of suppliers are computed by using the fuzzy weighted average (FWA) method. The FWA method allows for the fusion of imprecise and subjective information expressed as linguistic variables or fuzzy numbers. The method produces less imprecise and more realistic overall desirability levels, and thus it rectifies the problem of loss of information. A fuzzy number ranking method that is based on area measurement is used to obtain the final ranking of suppliers. The computational procedure of the proposed framework is illustrated through a supplier selection problem reported in an earlier study.     

Optimal selection of obsolescence mitigation strategies using a restless bandit model

Obsolescence of embedded parts is a serious concern for managers of complex systems where the design life of the system typically exceeds 20 years. Capital asset management teams have been exploring several strategies to mitigate risks associated with Diminishing Manufacturing Sources (DMS) and repeated life extensions of complex systems. Asset management cost and the performance of a system depend heavily on the obsolescence mitigation strategy chosen by the decision maker. We have developed mathematical models that can be used to calculate the impact of various obsolescence mitigation strategies on the Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) of a system. We have used classical multi-arm bandit (MAB) and restless bandit models to identify the best strategy for managing obsolescence in such instances wherein organizations have to deal with continuous technological evolution under uncertainty. The results of dynamic programming and greedy heuristic are compared with Gittins index solution.