考虑碳排放的回收再制造决策研究

在强制减排和碳税政策下研究考虑旧产品回收碳排放的制造商生产再制造决策.分别在强制减排和碳税政策下建立两周期生产再制造决策模型,并获得两种减排政策下的最优决策.结果表明,在强制减排和碳税政策下,当旧产品回收充足时,为获取最大利润和降低碳排放量,制造商会选择单位碳排放量较低的回收方式;当旧产品回收不足时,制造商会选择单位碳排放量较高的回收方式.     

基于风险厌恶零售商的双渠道闭环供应链运作策略

在对称信息框架下,针对零售商存在风险厌恶特性的双渠道闭环供应链,基于Stackelberg博弈理论探讨了不同的回收再制造模式下(制造商不回收再制造、制造商独立回收再制造、制造商依托零售商回收再制造)供应链各主体的运作决策。研究发现,在不同回收再制造模式下,制造商与风险厌恶的零售商合作能够获得更多收益。市场波动的增大对供应链各主体并非始终是有害的,随着市场波动的增大,带有风险厌恶的零售商收益不断减小,而风险中性的双渠道制造商收益逐步增大,零售商风险厌恶特性为制造商带来了更多的收益。制造商独立回收再制造以及通过零售商进行回收再制造时,双渠道产品定价均低于不进行任何回收再制造模式下的定价,双渠道需求和利润均高于不进行任何回收再制造模式下的渠道需求和利润,即回收再制造模式不仅为下游顾客带来了更多的消费实惠,同时也为供应链各主体带来了更多的收益。     

基于回收质量差异化的回收努力程度决策与额外再制造率投资策略研究

构建一个由制造商和第三方回收商组成的再制造闭环供应链,制造商是领导者,决定是否投资额外再制造率,第三方回收商作为追随者付出回收努力程度及其成本从消费者手里回收废旧产品.在制造商不投资情境下,废旧产品的回收质量呈现差异化且基准再制造率与回收质量成正比,而在投资情境下额外再制造率由制造商制定并能够进一步降低再制造成本.在此基础上,研究制造商投资额外再制造率的动机和相关参数的影响机理.研究发现:1)消费者无偿参与回收的初始回收量越多,废旧产品的回收质量越高,第三方回收商越受益;2)制造商选择不投资再制造率的动机是废旧产品的回收质量高于一定阈值;3)当基准再制造率较低或内生后带来的单位产品节省较高且投资额外再制造成本不是很高时,制造商投资额外再制造率是有利可图的.     

模糊环境下基于再制造闭环供应链的博弈问题研究

研究了模糊环境下基于再制造闭环供应链的博弈问题,通过考虑存在于回收过程,制造(再制造)过程及需求过程中的模糊不确定性,建立了三种不同的再制造闭环供应链博弈模型,给出了制造商和回收商(零售商)的最优均衡决策,分析了制造商和回收商(零售商)博弈能力对废旧产品的回收,制造(再制造)产品的销售及系统成员利润的影响.利用数值算例对所得结果和关键参数进行了分析.     

随机环境下考虑回收定价和销售定价的逆向供应链优化与协调研究

由再制造商和分销商组成的逆向供应链中,再制造商回收的废旧产品数量是与回收价格相关的随机变量,分销商面临的再制造产品需求是与销售价格相关的随机变量.再制造商决策回收价格并向分销商提供合同,分销商基于合同作出反应来决策订购数量和销售价格,目标是在随机回收和随机需求下最大化各自的期望利润.利用博弈论和优化理论,分别得到了分散式和集中式供应链系统下的最优决策,证明了分散式系统中的回收价格和再制造数量偏低而销售价格偏高,并提出了综合三种基本合同的供应链协调机制.最后通过数值仿真得到了系统参数对供应链决策和利润的影响.     

考虑低碳偏好及碳减排的闭环供应链回收及专利授权策略

研究考虑消费者低碳偏好的闭环供应链回收、碳减排与专利授权决策问题。分别构建制造商回收再制造、零售商回收再制造支付固定专利费、零售商回收再制造支付单位专利费的闭环供应链模型,分析低碳消费者比例、普通消费者对再制品的接受程度及碳权交易价格,对企业回收、碳减排及定价决策的影响,并比较了三种模式下企业及供应链的利润。研究表明:随着市场中低碳消费者比例及普通消费者对再制品接受程度的提高,总会使得回收率及碳减排率增加;碳权交易价格的提高,也会促使制造商提高碳减排率;对制造商来说,其利润在零售商回收再制造且支付固定专利费用下实现最优。从自身利润最优的角度出发,作为领导者的制造商将总是选择零售商回收再制造且支付固定专利费用模式。     

考虑专利许可的制造商与再制造商竞争策略

研究了在专利完善市场受专利保护的原制造商面对再制造商竞争所采取得两种策略:无许可再制造与许可再制造。在再制造成本差异及消费者异质的情况下,分别建立了无回收数量限制的单周期模型和受回收数量限制的两周期模型,利用博弈理论求解原制造商和再制造商竞争情况下的最优决策。通过比较分析和数值仿真,讨论了不同参数对新产品和再制造品定价策略及双方利润的影响,并给出了相关结论。结果表明,原制造商倾向于采用许可再制造策略,这是在于原制造商可以通过收取专利许可费来分享再制造所带来的收益;而对再制造商而言,只有许可再制造所带来的节省成本足够高时,才有意愿接受原制造商的专利技术支持。     

技术许可下信息分享和政府补贴对闭环供应链的影响分析——基于经销商再制造模式

研究了信息分享对制造商许可经销商从事再制造模式下闭环供应链的影响。分别建立了无信息分享和信息分享下经销商再制造和制造商再制造两种模式下的闭环供应链模型并分析了政府补贴对废旧产品回收量和渠道成员决策的影响。研究发现,当经销商对制造商进行信息分享时,经销商的利润减少,而制造商的利润增加。渠道领导者制造商总是能从再制造活动中抽取利润,在经销商再制造模式下,制造商通过收取许可费分享再制造的利润;在制造商再制造模式下,制造商设定适当的批发价格及回收价格协调正向流和逆向流,从而实现利润最大化。同时表明了政府补贴的刺激会显著地提高废旧产品的回收量。     

双公平关切下第三方回收再制造闭环供应链的动态演进

第三方回收再制造闭环供应链中的零售商通常认为制造商销售利润的实现依赖于其产品销售努力,第三方回收商则认为制造商再制造利润的实现与其废旧产品回收直接相关,因而两者都会十分关注收益分配的公平性.利用博弈理论对双公平关切下再制造闭环供应链定价决策、效率及公平度的动态演进问题进行了研究,揭示了公平关切强度对定价决策、效率及公平度的影响规律,并基于影响规律给出了相应的管理建议.     

基于政府驱动与市场驱动的押金返还制度研究——考虑闭环供应链竞争的回收决策分析

在一个原制造商、一个再制造商和一个回收商组成的闭环供应链中,考虑制造商竞争,基于押金返还制度,分别构建四种押金模式,研究押金返还制度对闭环供应链定价和回收决策的影响。研究发现：(1)在由政府向制造商收取押金和由政府向回收商收取押金的模式下,回收率随着单位押金的增加而提高,政府驱动的押金返还制度能有效促进废旧产品的回收再制造;(2)在由再制造商对消费者收取押金的模式下,再制造商的利润随着单位押金的增加而增加,市场驱动的押金返还制度会对再制造商的利润产生积极作用;(3)与无押金模式相比,对原制造商而言,在政府向制造商收取押金模式下,产品售价提高,在再制造商向消费者及政府向回收商收取押金模式下,产品售价下降;而对再制造商而言,存在押金返还制度时,其产品售价均下降。研究结论基于押金返还制度的视角,对制造商的回收策略选择和政府选择合理的激励政策具有一定的参考价值。     

Managing new and differentiated remanufactured products

We study a firm that makes new products in the first period and uses returned cores to make remanufactured products (along with new products) in future periods. The remanufactured product is differentiated from the new product, so the firm needs to choose differentiated prices. We analyze the monopoly environment in two-period, multi-period (three, four and five) and infinite planning horizons, and characterize the optimal remanufacturing and pricing strategy for the firm. In the process, we identify remanufacturing savings thresholds that determine the production and pricing strategy for the firm. Among other results, we find—counter to intuition—that in a finite-horizon, multi-period setting, the optimal policy is not necessarily monotone in remanufacturing savings.     

Product-design and pricing strategies with remanufacturing

In this paper, we consider a supply chain that consists of an original equipment manufacturer (OEM) producing new products and a remanufacturer recovering the used items. The OEM often faces a strategic dilemma when determining the degree of disassemblability of its product design, as high disassemblability decreases the OEM’s production costs as well as the remanufacturer’s recovery costs. However, high disassemblability may be harmful to the OEM in a market in which the remanufacturer is encouraged to intensify price competition with the OEM because design for high disassemblability leads to larger cost savings in remanufacturing. We first formulate a two-period model to investigate the OEM’s product-design strategy and the remanufacturer’s pricing strategy in an extensive-form game, in which the equilibrium decisions of the resulting scenarios are derived. Next, we show the thresholds that determine whether remanufacturing is constrained by collection, the thresholds for the remanufacturer’s choice of a profitable pricing strategy, and the thresholds for determining the OEM’s product-design strategy. Finally, we expand the model for a multiple-period problem to show that the main insights obtained from the two-period model can be applied.     

Competition for cores in remanufacturing

We study competition between an original equipment manufacturer (OEM) and an independently operating remanufacturer (IO). Different from the existing literature, the OEM and IO compete not only for selling their products but also for collecting returned products (cores) through their acquisition prices. We consider a two-period model with manufacturing by the OEM in the first period, and manufacturing as well as remanufacturing in the second period. We find the optimal policies for both players by establishing a Nash equilibrium in the second period, and then determine the optimal manufacturing decision for the OEM in the first period. This leads to a number of managerial insights. One interesting result is that the acquisition price of the OEM only depends on its own cost structure, and not on the acquisition price of the IO. Further insights are obtained from a numerical investigation. We find that when the cost benefits of remanufacturing diminishes and the IO has more chance to collect the available cores, the OEM manufactures less in the first period as the market in the second period gets larger to protect its market share. Finally, we consider the case where consumers have lower willingness to pay for the remanufactured products and find that in that case remanufacturing becomes less profitable overall.     

短视型创新企业最优定价研究

率先创新使企业拥有时间和产品竞争力上的优势,获得先动优势;而模仿创新减少企业的研发成本,更能满足顾客的需求,从而可以获得更高的成功率,使模仿创新企业获得后进优势.针对短视型创新企业行为,研究以原始创新产品进入市场、模仿创新产品进入市场、原始创新产品的升级换代产品进入市场为分隔点的产品生命周期不同阶段下率先创新企业对产品的最优定价,以及模仿创新企业采用不同价格策略下的产品均衡定价.结论表明:无论企业采用什么价格策略,升级换代产品进入市场的最优时间都应满足升级换代产品进入市场前创新企业的阶段末瞬时利润率与进入市场后的初始瞬时利润率相等.     

差异化竞争下考虑再制造专利许可的闭环供应链生产决策

针对高端产品和低端产品的差异化竞争,构建高端制造商将再制造专利许可作为外部竞争要素情形的闭环供应链竞合决策模型,研究消费者异质需求下再制造专利许可对闭环供应链生产决策、利润和环境效益的影响。研究结果表明:再制造专利许可是高端制造商的有效产品差异化竞争策略,可提高高端制造商利润,降低低端制造商利润;再制造专利许可策略对环境并不总是有利的,但消费者对再制造品的支付意愿越强,其环境效益越高。     

Transnational remanufacturing decisions under carbon taxes and tariffs

Considering the influence of carbon taxes and tariffs on transnational closed-loop supply chains, this paper establishes three remanufacturing modes of an original equipment manufacturer (OEM) in an exporting country. In one remanufacturing mode, the OEM conducts remanufacturing itself, and in the other two modes, the OEM authorizes a retailer in the importing country to engage in remanufacturing. Next, we analyse the optimal pricing and carbon emissions reduction decisions of the OEM and retailer in the different modes and further study how different levels of carbon tax and tariff combinations impact OEM remanufacturing decisions, the social welfare of importing countries and the environment. The results show the following. (1) When the carbon tariff is high, the optimal sales of remanufactured products increase. However, this does not contribute to the continuation of the product system; thus, it is short sighted for the government to hastily set high carbon tariffs to discourage the import of new products to protect domestic enterprises. (2) Carbon tariffs cannot effectively encourage the OEM to invest in emission reduction because carbon tariffs are passed on to consumers in importing countries through price adjustment. However, carbon tax may be an indirect factor affecting the OEM's willingness to invest in emission reduction. (3) The OEM favours allowing the retailer to remanufacture when the carbon emissions of the remanufactured products are similar to those of new products. Co-investment in emission reduction has the potential to align the profit maximization of the OEM with the social welfare maximization of the importing country. (4) It is not profitable for the importing government to set high carbon tariffs to protect its own enterprises.     

Don’t forget your supplier when remanufacturing

A popular assumption in the current literature on remanufacturing is that the whole new product is produced by an integrated manufacturer, which is inconsistent with most industries. In this paper, we model a decentralised closed-loop supply chain consisting of a key component supplier and a non-integrated manufacturer, and demonstrate that the interaction between these players significantly impacts the economic and environmental implications of remanufacturing. In our model, the non-integrated manufacturer can purchase new components from the supplier to produce new products, and remanufacture used components to produce remanufactured products. Thus, the non-integrated manufacturer is not only a buyer but also a rival to the supplier. In a steady state period, we analyse the performances of an integrated manufacturer and the decentralised supply chain. We find that, although the integrated manufacturer always benefits from remanufacturing, the remanufacturing opportunity may constitute a lose–lose situation to the supplier and the non-integrated manufacturer, making their profits be lower than in an identical supply chain without remanufacturing. In addition, the non-integrated manufacturer may be worse off with a lower remanufacturing cost or a larger return rate of used products due to the interaction with the supplier. We further demonstrate that the government-subsidised remanufacturing in the non-integrated (integrated) manufacturer is detrimental (beneficial) to the environment.     

再制造能力有限的多产品混合系统库存决策

为确定各产品的制造与再制造策略,对再制造能力有限的多产品混合系统进行研究.在系统中,对多种产品进行制造和再制造.每种产品在顾客使用后都会以恒定速率返回,但因再制造能力有限,有些产品无法用于再制造而被处置.每种产品需求恒定且由服务性产品来满足,服务性产品由制造品和再制造品组成,不允许缺货.在一次制造准备和至少一次再制造准备策略下构建了库存决策模型,利用拉格朗日乘数法和贪婪算法分别确定了各产品的再制造顺序和再制造比率.并当再制造比率一定时,给出了再制造准备次数为正整数时各产品制造与再制造策略的求解程序,得到了各产品制造和再制造批量、再制造准备次数等求解公式.最后,应用算例对模型及求解方法进行了验证.     

基于经销商再制造的闭环供应链政府补贴策略及效果分析

针对制造商负责再制造设计,经销商负责再制造的闭环供应链系统,建立政府无补贴、补贴经销商再制造和补贴制造商再制造设计3种策略下的Stackelberg博弈模型,分析不同补贴策略对供应链成员企业决策的影响。同时,应用数值仿真方法研究相同补贴支出下两种补贴策略的优劣。结果表明:相对于无补贴策略,两种补贴策略均会降低再制品和新产品的销售价格,提高再制品销售量,提升再制造设计水平,并且在再制品需求量小于新产品需求量时均会降低新产品销售量,在再制品和新产品的需求量相等时均会提高新产品销售量;另外,在相同的补贴支出下,当新产品需求量大于再制品需求量时,补贴经销商更能降低两种产品的销售价格和新产品的销售量,提高再制品销售量和制造商与经销商的利润,补贴制造商则更能提升再制造设计水平。