Ni催化的碳(sp2)-碳和碳(sp2)-杂交叉偶联反应

综述了Ni催化的碳(sp²)-碳和碳(sp²)-杂交叉偶联反应. 主要反应类型有: Heck反应、Sonogashira反应、Kumada-Corriu反应、Negishi反应、Stille反应、Suzuki反应、Ullmann反应、C—N偶联反应、C—O偶联反应、C—P偶联反应和C—S偶联反应. 详细地介绍了各个反应的底物要求、反应条件、反应选择性和产率. 最后, 我们对Ni催化的反应机理研究也作了总结.     

用变分过渡态理论研究H和Si2H6反应的动力学

理论研究了氢和乙硅烷的反应. 该反应包含着2种类型的反应通道：抽提反应和取代反应; 对其机理研究结果表明抽提反应是主要反应通道; 用变分过渡态理论加小曲率隧道效应对该反应进行了动力学研究, 所得结果与实验值符合得很好. 比较该反应与氢和硅烷的反应, 结果表明乙硅烷中Si-H键的反应活性比硅烷中Si-H键的活性高.     

苯胺和乙二醇生成吲哚反应机理的DFT理论研究

利用传统过渡态理论研究了苯胺和乙二醇生成吲哚反应的机理,设计了四种可能的反应通道.优化计算了反应物、产物和每个通道中可能的中间体和过渡态的几何构型,找出并确认了每个反应通道中各基元反应的可能过渡态和活化能.经分析对比给出该反应可能的主反应通道.同时初步探讨了在经过渡态TS1的基元反应中加入催化剂Ag后的反应机理.加入催化剂后,反应的活化能降低.     

氯取代丙烷伯氢反应的准经典轨线研究

用准经典轨线方法研究了氯取代丙烷伯氢的反应.采用三体LEPS势能函数构筑势能面.结果表明, 氯取代丙烷伯氢的反应呈现出与氯取代丙烷仲氢反应不同的微观反应进程.对于氯取代丙烷仲氢的反应,只有一种反应通道,反应过程中有碰撞复合物产生.对于氯取代丙烷伯氢的反应,有两种反应通道,一种有碰撞复合物生成,另一种则没有.     

新型仿生光催化剂HMS-FePcS催化降解孔雀绿的反应因素及动力学

在可见光照射下,应用合成的新型仿生光催化剂HMS-FePcS,催化降解孔雀绿模拟废水.考察了温度、光源强度、催化剂用量、过氧化氢用量以及金属活性中心(Fe,Cu和Co)等一系列因素对降解反应的影响,得到了优化的反应条件.在此基础上推导出孔雀绿光催化降解的反应级数及反应速率常数.该降解反应分两个阶段,初始反应的速率与反应物的浓度无关,呈现出零级反应的特征;而后一阶段的反应呈现一级反应的特征.两段反应均可用经典的Langmuir-Hinshelwood多相催化动力学模型进行合理的解释.     

胺作为配体在钯催化偶联反应中应用

对近期我们研究小组及其它研究小组在利用胺作为钯催化偶联反应的配体研究进展进行了总结. 钯/胺作为催化体系主要应用的偶联反应包括: Suzuki-Miyaura交叉反应, Sonogashira交叉反应, Stille交叉反应, Hiyama交叉反应和Heck反应. 研究结果表明胺可以作为价廉和高效的配体促进钯催化交叉偶联反应.     

化学反应的内禀反应坐标法I:甲硫醛脱氢反应的IRC解析

本文用内禀反应坐标法讨论了甲硫醛分子的脱氢反应机理. 在4-31G基组上对此反应做了量子化学从头计算和反应路解析, 得出过渡态结构, 反应势能曲线, 活化能, 反应热以及沿反应坐标反应系的一些物理量的变化, 并对过渡态做了振动分析. 所得结果与甲醛,甲硫醇和甲醇等分子的脱氢反应结果做了对比. 还给出沿反应坐标分子间弹性碰撞阶段和最佳碰撞角等信息. 同时, 计算了反应的频率因子A,讨论了反应速率常数k值与温度的关系.     

烷氧基重排反应

本文综述了烷氧基重排反应.根据不同的反应机制,可将烷氧基重排反应分为三类:通过碳正离子重排的烷氧重排反应,分子内烷氧基亲核取代反应和烷氧O-迁移反应.     

冷等离子体协同催化反应

冷等离子体与催化协同反应是一个新的化学研究方向.本文总结了利用协同反应研究脱硝反应和几类化学反应取得的成果.包括NO分解反应、CH4选择性催化还原反应、NH3选择性催化还原反应、同时脱硝和脱除PM2.5过程、VOCs脱除、CO2分解以及丙烷二氧化碳重整等反应.协同作用使这些反应实现了低温或室温下的高活性.     

NO-2离子的光催化反应研究(Ⅱ)

研究了NO2-离子在TiO2表面的光催化反应.结果表明,体系pH值升高及Cr(Ⅵ),Cl-,SO42-离子的加入均对NO2-离子在TiO2表面的暗态吸附产生抑制作用,而NO2-在TiO2表面的光照反应转化率则随pH值的升高出现先减小后增大的总体变化趋势.SO42-对反应具有明显的协同作用.Cr(Ⅵ)在强酸性条件下促进反应,pH＞5时则抑制反应进行.Cl-对反应具有一定的抑制作用,但与Cr(Ⅵ)共存时,二者对反应的抑制作用明显减弱.该反应具有比较特别的动力学规律,反应为零级反应,但反应速率却与NO2-的初始浓度相关.     

Cun、Agn和Aun(n≤9)团簇的静电极化率

The static polarizabilities and polarizability anisotropies of Cun,Agn and Aun (n≤9)clusters have been calculated by the B3LYP density functional method,which is a three parameter mixture of density functional and"exact" Hartree Fock exchange. The calculated results are compared with experimental polarizabilities of sodium clusters. It is shown that the size dependency of the static polarizabilities per atom of Cun,and Agn clusters possesses the same trend as that observed in sodium clusters exception of the Aunclusters while the polarizability of Au atom is much smaller than these of Cu and Ag.The(α-)of Au atom is the smallest and the(α-)per atom of Au approach to the values of Cu from the dimmer to the hexamer. It indicates that in Au clusters the electrons are more strongly attracted by the nuclei because of the more electrons. However,the absolute polarizabilities of the noble mental clusters are considerably smaller than those of the sodium clusters and the electronic structures of the noblemental are much more compact.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

Thermodynamics of dissolving and solvation processes for benzoic acid and the toluic acids in aqueous solution

Experimental data are presented for the solubility in water of benzoic and toluic acids from 5° to 65°C. From the solubility the molality of the monomeric form of the acid is calculated using literature data for both ionization and dimerization of the acid. These data for the monomer combined with data from the literature for vaporization of the solid and ionization in both the gas phase and the aqueous phase yield entropy and enthalpy changes for the solvation of molecular and anionic forms of the acid. A similar procedure is also applied to literature data for the solubility of benzene in water. It is shown that the hydration entropies of the monomeric forms are a linear function of their partial molar volumes. It is concluded that hydration of the undissociated o-toluic acid may be crucial to the increased acidity of that acid compared to benzoic acid.     

New aspects of migration and flame retardancy in polymer nanocomposites

Annealing of pristine polypropylene blended with the organomontmorillonite (OMMT) at temperatures of 180-340 °C under a stream of nitrogen and of nitrogen-air mixtures is investigated. The oxidative annealing brings about the dispersion of the OMMT in the polypropylene and the formation of a nanocomposite structure. This is evidenced by the increase in the interlayer distance ‘d’ as measured by small angle XRD, with time of annealing and with the weight percent of air. This indicates progressive intercalation of the polymeric matrix into the clay gallery and subsequently exfoliation. The degree of exfoliation is estimated by the extent of migration determined spectroscopically on the surface of the annealed sample. The accumulated clay on the surface due to migration hinders the penetration of the oxygen into the annealing melt as expressed by the decrease in the rate of migration with the increase in the air concentration. This indicates the increase in ageing and storage stability of nanocomposites with increase in the extent of migration. The extent of migration is proportional to the polar carbonyl groups formed on the matrix. The energy of activation of the migration was found to be 37.82 kJ/mol indicating that the rate-determining step of migration is diffusion controlled reaction. The penetration of oxygen into the melt is the first of five steps, followed by oxidation, intercalation, exfoliation and migration. Monitoring the migration with increase in the temperature enables the observation at 275 °C of the transition of the nanocomposite structure to noncolloidal microcomposite. Increasing the annealing temperature above 300 °C brings about a slow, low-temperature combustion and formation of a new kind of char on the surface of the sample.     

TiO2膜光催化剂的改进及表征

提出用粉末-溶胶法制备TiO2薄膜型光催化剂,介绍了粉溶法的制备工艺及改变pH值对催化活性的影响.研究结果表明, 利用粉溶法或添加浓HNO3后制备的TiO2薄膜光催化剂表现出了较高的光催化活性.结合结构表征详细分析了其中的原因.认为粉溶法制备的催化剂表面更粗糙,比表面积增大,膜厚度减小,这些都可能是其催化活性提高的原因.而加酸后膜催化活性提高主要是因为酸性条件下表面几乎没有Ti3+表面态,利于光生电子与光生空穴的分离.     

A study of the ageing of the gel structure in a nonionic O/W cream by X-ray diffraction,differential scanning calorimetry and spin-lattice relaxation measurements

The time dependent changes of the lamellar gel structure in a nonionic O/W cream were studied. It appeared that the changes were connected with alterations in the hydrophilic layers of this lamellar gel structure. The structure of the hydrocarbon layers did not change. The alterations were induced by an increasing hydration of the surfactant molecules on cooling from the preparation temperature to room temperature. Ageing of the cream involves a decrease of the thickness of the hydrophilic layers and a change of the distribution of the surfactant molecules, resulting in, among other things, a decrease of the release rate of a hydrophilic drug. Ageing of the cream can be prevented by using the appropriate amount of starting materials or by the use of polymerizable surfactants. In the former case a cream, from which a drug is slowly released, is obtained. On the other hand, creams containing polymerized surfactants can release drugs at a relatively high rate.     

锌试剂与壳聚糖的结合反应机理的研究

为从分子水平认识多糖分子与小分子之间相互作用的机理,应用光谱法研究了壳聚糖(CTS)与锌试剂(ZCN)的相互作用机理;测得ZCN-CTS复合物吸收光谱出现新的吸收峰所需的临界ZCN/CTS摩尔比为2.67×103, CTS对ZCN的最大结合数为6.93×103,实验值与理论值相吻合,证明了多糖与生物探针相互作用理论模型的可靠性;探讨了ZCN与CTS相互作用产生变色反应的机理,认为其是在ZCN与CTS大分子间发生静电相互作用的基础上,主要由ZCN与CTS大分子间的疏水相互作用所引起.     

反相微乳液模板原位聚合制备纳米氯化银/聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯及其结构表征

用甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)作油相,反相胶束微乳液作为模板,制备了纳米氯化银(AgCl)粒子,再进行原位聚合制备了纳米氯化银/聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(AgCl/PMMA)复合材料.透射电镜(TEM)分析表明,纳米AgCl的尺寸为20～80 nm.扫描电镜(SEM)测试表明纳米AgCl粒子均匀地存在于PMMA基材中.红外分析证明,胶束中水和表面活性剂AOT的羰基在MMA聚合后微观环境发生变化,纳米粒子同聚合物之间有吸附行为.动态力学(DMTA)分析复合材料,发现纳米AgCl粒子与聚合物之间存在强烈相互作用,形成了中间相层(interphase layer),改变了聚合物的动态力学性能.     

Thermophysical Properties of Granules of Instant Drinks in the Process of Structuring

In this article the research of the thermophysical properties of the material depending on its moisture content been represented. The interrelation of various physical properties with the content of moisture in the mass were detected. In addition, their dependence on the quantitative ratio and the properties of structural carcass and pore spaces were proved. The need to consider the volume phase composition of the mixture was justified. A formula to calculate the thermal conductivity coefficient of the product molded from disperse materials was obtained on the basis of Lykov criterion defining the property of drying material and volume phase concentrations. It is proved that the use of volume phase characteristics of disperse systems opens new possibilities for improving the methodologies for determining the those thermophysical properties of dry and wet dispersion materials, allows increasing the reliability results of these definitions, revealing the mechanism of anomalous heat conductivity of wet material.     

Polymorphism and Conformational Equilibrium of Nitro-Acetophenone in Solid State and under Matrix Conditions

Conformational and polymorphic states in the nitro-derivative of o-hydroxy acetophenone have been studied by experimental and theoretical methods. The potential energy curves for the rotation of the nitro group and isomerization of the hydroxyl group have been calculated by density functional theory (DFT) to estimate the barriers of the conformational changes. Two polymorphic forms of the studied compound were obtained by the slow and fast evaporation of polar and non-polar solutions, respectively. Both of the polymorphs were investigated by Infrared-Red (IR) and Raman spectroscopy, Incoherent Inelastic Neutron Scattering (IINS), X-ray diffraction, nuclear quadrupole resonance spectroscopy (NQR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and density functional theory (DFT) methods. In one of the polymorphs, the existence of a phase transition was shown. The position of the nitro group and its impact on the crystal cell of the studied compound were analyzed. The conformational equilibrium determined by the reorientation of the hydroxyl group was observed under argon matrix isolation. An analysis of vibrational spectra was achieved for the interpretation of conformational equilibrium. The infrared spectra were measured in a wide temperature range to reveal the spectral bands that were the most sensitive to the phase transition and conformational equilibrium. The results showed the interrelations between intramolecular processes and macroscopic phenomena in the studied compound.