周期性应变调控斯格明子在纳米条带中的运动

斯格明子是一种拓扑稳定的手性自旋结构,凭借其在磁性赛道存储器和自旋电子器件方面的巨大应用潜力而受到研究人员的广泛关注.为了使斯格明子能够更好地应用于磁性赛道存储器,研究斯格明子在纳米条带中的运动行为就变得非常重要.本文主要研究了存在周期性应变的纳米条带中铁磁斯格明子和反铁磁斯格明子在电流驱动下的运动行为.研究结果表明:周期性应变使得驱动电流存在一个临界电流密度,只有当电流密度大于临界电流密度时斯格明子才能够在纳米条带中连续移动.临界电流密度随应变振幅的增加而增加,随应变周期的增加而减小.铁磁斯格明子在周期性应变的调制下会产生周期性运动,轨迹为波浪式,其横向速度受到边界的影响,而纵向速度则与应变梯度成正比.反铁磁斯格明子在周期性应变调控下运动方向不变,但其移动速度则剧烈变化.     

Skyrmion dynamics in single-hole Néel ordered doped two-dimensional antiferromagnets with arbitrary spin

We develop an effective theory to study the skyrmion dynamics in the presence of a hole (removed spins from the lattice) in Néel ordered two-dimensional antiferromagnets with arbitrary spin value S. The general equation of motion for the “mass center” of this structure is obtained. The frequency of small amplitude oscillations of pinned skyrmions around the defect center is calculated. It is proportional to the hole size and inversely proportional to the square of the skyrmion size.     

Skyrmions and their interactions using the Atiyah-Manton construction

The Atiyah-Manton (AM) construction based on instantons is used to construct skyrmions. For baryon number one, an analytic form for the skyrmion is obtained that compares well with the exact solution. For baryon number two, we study skyrmion interactions and distortion as a function of relative distance and orientation. From this we project out a nucleon-nucleon interaction. We find the principal features of the nuclear force but still no intermediate-range attraction. We compare the AM construction with the product ansatz.     

Skyrmion transport driven by pure voltage generated strain gradient

The magnetic skyrmion transport driven by pure voltage-induced strain gradient is proposed and studied via micromagnetic simulation. Through combining the skyrmion with multiferroic heterojunction, a voltage-induced uniaxial strain gradient is adjusted to move skyrmions. In the system, a pair of short-circuited trapezoidal top electrodes can generate the symmetric strain. Due to the symmetry of strain, the magnetic skyrmion can be driven with a linear motion in the middle of the nanostrip without deviation. We calculate the strain distribution generated by the trapezoidal top electrodes pair, and further investigate the influence of the strain intensity as well as the strain gradient on the skyrmion velocity. Our findings provide a stable and low-energy regulation method for skyrmion transport.     

磁斯格明子拓扑特性及其动力学微磁学模拟研究进展

具有非平庸拓扑性的新型磁结构斯格明子,由于其拓扑稳定性、尺寸小、低电流驱动等方面的显著优势,有望应用于自旋电子学储存器件.拓扑和凝聚态物理学的结合,使得斯格明子展现出很多有趣的拓扑物理现象,吸引了众多的研究兴趣,同时这些性质也是其电流驱动下动力学特点的重要影响因素.本文从斯格明子的拓扑物理学基础及其自旋电子学器件应用相关动力学两个方面介绍了相关研究进展.在拓扑物理基础方面,介绍了斯格明子的拓扑霍尔效应、斯格明子霍尔效应以及自旋轨道转矩等拓扑性质,由此讨论了斯格明子的动力学性质及其计算方法;在动力学方面,从非均匀电流驱动生成斯格明子、电流驱动下的稳定输运、产生湮灭过程的人工控制几个赛道存储应用关心的问题简要地介绍了相关微磁学模拟研究最新进展.     

斯格明子在均匀磁场中的性质（英文）

主要研究了斯格明子的质量和电荷半径在均匀磁场中的变化性质。基于系统所拥有的对称性,本研究采用一组拥有轴对称性的拟设方程式以便进行研究工作。本研究证明重子数即使在非零磁场中也是一个守恒量。本研究发现随着磁场强度的增加,斯格明子的质量和电荷半径对磁场的依赖方式不同:由于磁场的主要贡献由线性项过渡到平方项,因此随着磁场的增强,斯格明子的质量先下降然后上升;与此相对应的,随着磁场的增强,斯格明子的电荷半径先增加然后减小。最后,本研究发现磁星内部的状态方程式对磁场强度有强烈的依赖,因此在理论计算磁星的质量上限时应考虑磁场所产生的影响。The mass and shape of skyrmion in an uniform magnetic field are investigated. Base on the symmetry of the system, an axially symmetric ansatz of the soliton is proposed to perform the study. The baryon number is shown to be always conserved even in a nonzero magnetic background. It is found that with the increase of the strength of magnetic field, the static mass of skyrmion first decreases then increases, as the dominant role shift from the linear term of magnetic field to the quadratic term of magnetic field, while the soliton size first increase then decrease. Finally, in the core part of magnetar, the equation of state have strong dependence of magnetic field, which also modifies the mass limit for magnetar.     

Dynamics of Magnetic Skyrmions in Nanodots

Bloch and Neel magnetic skyrmions have been studied in systems of confined geometry (nanodots, a linear array of nanodots). The spectra of low- and high-frequency excitation modes of a skyrmion state have been calculated. It has been shown that skyrmion spectrum asymmetry, namely, the characteristic difference between the frequencies of the azimuthal modes of the azimuthal skyrmion modes rotating clockwise and counterclockwise, is associated with asymmetry in the magnetization profiles of high-frequency spin waves propagating on the background of a skyrmion state in a nanodot. The low-frequency spectrum contains the only gyrotropic mode localized near the center of a nanodot. The gyrotropic frequency depends on the material parameters of a nanodot and the size of a skyrmion. The eigenfrequency of the gyrotropic mode of an isolated skyrmion in a nanodot in ultrathin films (L ~ 1 nm) does not depend on the internal structure of a skyrmion and is the same for Bloch and Neel skyrmions. The interaction of skyrmions, in particular, in a linear chain of nanodots with the ground skyrmion state, leads to distinctions in low-frequency spectra. The structure of a skyrmion (of Bloch or Neel type) is exhibited as a shift of dispersion curves and a difference between the frequencies of ferromagnetic resonance in a system of interacting skyrmions.     

磁性斯格明子的赛道存储

磁性斯格明子是拓扑稳定的自旋结构,它的尺寸小,驱动电流阈值小,被广泛认为是下一代磁性存储的基本单元.斯格明子的主要优势在于它奇特的动力学性质,特别是它能够与传导电子相互作用,在低电流密度驱动下可以在赛道上稳定地运动.本文结合磁性斯格明子赛道存储的最新研究成果,对斯格明子在赛道上的写入、驱动和读出三个方面进行了较为详细的综述.重点介绍了注入自旋极化电流这一最常见的驱动方法,分析了斯格明子在赛道上的堵塞和湮没现象,探讨了斯格明子霍尔效应及其可能造成信号丢失的危害和相关的解决方法,并在此基础上详细介绍了几种斯格明子塞道存储的优化设计方案.最后总结了磁性斯格明子赛道存储面临的一些挑战.     

Dynamics of magnetic skyrmions

We review the recent progress on the magnetic skyrmions in chiral magnetic materials.The magnetic skyrmion is a topological spin configuration with localized spatial extent,which could be thought of as an emergent rigid particle,owing to its particular topological and chiral properties.Static skyrmionic configurations have been found in various materials with different transport and thermodynamic properties.The magnetic skyrmions respond to externally applied fields in a very unique way,and their coupling to other quasiparticles in solid-state systems gives rise to the emergent electrodynamics.Being not only theoretically important,the magnetic skyrmion is also very promising to be the information carrier in next generation spintronic devices.     

中心对称的阻挫磁体中斯格明子直径的调节

在带有垂直各向异性的二维三角晶格磁体中,当同时存在最近邻铁磁性和第三近邻反铁磁性交换作用时,垂直于膜面施加外磁场会使体系内自旋沿着非共面的方向排列,甚至出现拓扑稳定的斯格明子自旋结构.基于蒙特卡罗模拟方法,本文研究了在该二维阻挫磁体中,竞争性交换作用和外磁场对斯格明子直径的影响.与常规非中心对称的手性磁体中的斯格明子性质类似,外磁场会磁化斯格明子外围自旋而减小斯格明子直径.但是,磁体中反铁磁性交换作用的增强会整体压缩斯格明子.本文结合自旋波理论和蒙特卡罗模拟,首次量化了此类阻挫磁体中斯格明子的直径.结果表明:在弱的反铁磁性交换作用磁体中,斯格明子直径随磁场增大而快速线性减小;随着反铁磁性交换作用的增大,斯格明子直径随外磁场增大的减小变得相对平缓,但在强磁场下也会造成斯格明子直径的加速减小;随着反铁磁性交换作用的增强,斯格明子在不同外磁场下的直径的最大值和中值均从逐渐减小到渐趋稳定,而直径的最小值则从快速减小到表现出很大的涨落.这些现象都可以通过分析斯格明子在不同交换作用和外磁场下的构型和磁能变化加以解释.该项工作阐明了在中心对称的阻挫磁体中斯格明子直径的可调节性,不仅完善了我们对斯格明子本身物理机理的认识,同时也为发展基于斯格明子的新一代存储和逻辑器件提供了理论支撑.     

Topological charge analysis of dynamic process of transition to Néel-type skyrmion: Role of domain wall skyrmions

Magnetic skyrmions are intriguing topological spin textures that promise future high-density spintronic devices. The creation of magnetic skyrmions has been understood based on the energetics of skyrmions, but the detailed dynamic process of the skyrmion creation remains unclear. Here topological evolution in conversion from uneven domains to Néel-skyrmions is investigated using micromagnetic simulations. We find that, rather than the overall topological charge, annihilation of novel topological defects, i.e., recently suggested domain wall skyrmions, dominantly govern the skyrmion creation process. Also, the topological charge evolution is interpreted in terms of the number and the combination of such topological defects.     

The relation between the radii and the densities of magnetic skyrmions

Compared with the traditional magnetic bubble, a skyrmion has a smaller size, and better stability and therefore is considered as a very promising candidate for future memory devices. When skyrmions are manipulated, erased and created, the density of skyrmions can be varied, however the relationship between the radii and the densities of skyrmions needs more exploration. In this paper, we study this problem both theoretically and by using the lattice simulation. The average radius of skyrmions as a function of material parameters, the strength of the external magnetic field and the density of skyrmions is obtained and verified. With this explicit function, the skyrmion radius can be easily predicted, which is helpful for the future study of skyrmion memory devices.     

Shape and phase transitions in quantum-Hall skyrmions

The shape deformability of quantum-Hall skyrmions leads to a rich phase diagram in the –g space. We study the long-wavelength physics of a collection of interacting skyrmions using a nonlinear sigma model. At zero temperature the ground state is crystalline with generalized Nèel order. As a function of the filling factor , the skyrmion crystal undergoes a sequence of structural transitions driven by a change of shape of the individual skyrmions. Quantum effects lead to melting and orientational disordering transitions at high and low skyrmion densities, respectively. We show that moment of inertia of skyrmions also arises from the shape deformability of the skyrmions.     

纳米结构中磁斯格明子的原位电子全息研究

斯格明子(skyrmion)磁序结构与晶体微观结构的关联是新型功能磁材料和器件研发的重要问题.本文利用微纳加工技术制备了形状、尺寸均可控的磁纳米结构,通过电子全息术观察定量地分析了斯格明子磁序结构,确定了材料晶格缺陷和空间受限效应对斯格明子磁结构形成和稳定机制的影响,系统地分析了斯格明子基元的磁功能与材料微结构的关联.文中主要探讨了两个问题:1)斯格明子在磁纳米结构中的空间受限效应.重点研究斯格明子磁序随外磁场和温度变化的演变规律,探索其演变过程的拓扑属性和稳定性;2)晶格缺陷对斯格明子磁结构的影响,重点考察晶界原子结构手性反转对斯格明子磁序的影响.这些研究结果可为研发以磁斯格明子为基元的磁信息存储器及自旋电子学器件提供重要实验基础.     

Zero-field skyrmions in FeGe thin films stabilized through attaching a perpendicularly magnetized single-domain Ni layer

A numerical study reports that the zero-field skyrmions in Fe Ge thin films are stabilized when a Fe Ge layer is exchange coupled to a single-domain Ni layer, which has been magnetized perpendicularly. Due to the small thickness, an easy-plane anisotropy in the Fe Ge layer is taken into account, and the skyrmion-crystal state is favored to appear for low anisotropies and intermediate Fe Ge/Ni interlayer exchange couplings, and finally transformed from a labyrinth-like and into an out-ofplane uniform state for the large couplings or into an in-plane state for the high anisotropies. Furthermore, the maximum skyrmion charge number is bigger for the periodic and fixed boundary conditions with an out-of-plane magnetization;on the contrary, the Bloch-type skyrmions can be frozen and stabilized for the larger couplings on the fixed boundary with an in-plane magnetization, similar to the experimental results of the magnetic-field-induced skyrmions. Finally, the skyrmion charge number and diameter both decrease if the nonmagnetic defects exist, and the skyrmion centers are prone to being captured by defect sites. This work evidences that the ensembles of homochiral skyrmions stabilized in the multilayers fabricated by well-established technologies present a roadmap to design new classes of the materials that can host skyrmions.     

Quantum Hall skyrmions with higher topological charge

We have investigated quantum Hall skyrmions with more than one unit of topological, and hence electric, charge. Using a combination of analytic and numerical methods we find the counterintuitive result that when the Zeeman energy is tuned to values much smaller than the interaction energy ( ), the creation energy of a charge two skyrmion becomes less than twice the creation energy of a charge one skyrmion, i.e. skyrmions bind in pairs. The doubly charged skyrmions are stable to further accretion of charge and exhibit a larger spin per unit charge than charge one skyrmions which would, in principle, signal this pairing. 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.     

磁性斯格明子的多场调控研究

斯格明子(skyrmion)的概念最早是由英国的粒子物理学家Tony Skyrme提出,它被用来描述粒子的一个状态,是一种拓扑孤立子.磁性斯格明子是一种具有拓扑行为的新型磁结构,其空间尺寸为纳米量级,空间距离从纳米到微米量级可调;其存在温度涵盖从低温、室温到高温的宽温区;其材料体系不仅包括早期发现的低温区B20型中心对称破缺的铁磁体和螺旋磁有序的弱铁磁材料,也包括近期发现的室温及以上的中心对称六角结构磁性MnNiGa金属合金和磁性薄膜/多层膜体系.利用磁性斯格明子的拓扑磁结构可以实现类似于自旋阀或者磁性隧道结中的自旋转移矩效应,即外加电流可以驱动斯格明子,其临界电流密度比传统翻转磁性多层膜体系中磁矩的电流密度(一般为10~7A/cm~2)要低5个数量级,约为10~2A/cm~2,该临界值远低于硅基半导体技术中沟道电流密度的上限,在未来的磁信息技术中具有广泛的应用前景.本综述简单介绍了磁性斯格明子的发展历程,归纳总结了磁性斯格明子的材料体系,介绍了观察磁性斯格明子的实验手段,重点介绍了多场(磁场、电流、温度场)调控作用下中心对称MnNiGa合金和Pt/Co/Ta磁性多层膜体系中磁性斯格明子的产生、消失以及外场调控演变等动态行为.     

斯格明子电子学的研究进展

在过去的半个世纪中,微电子技术一直沿着著名的摩尔定律快速发展,当前已经达到单芯片可集成上百亿晶体管.然而随着晶体管尺寸的缩小,因量子效应所产生的漏电流及其所导致的热效应使得这一定律遇到瓶颈.自旋电子技术由于引入了电子自旋这一全新的自由度,将有望大幅度降低器件功耗,突破热效应枷锁.斯格明子是一种具有拓扑保护的类粒子自旋结构,有望成为下一代自旋电子信息载体,引起了从物理到电子领域的广泛关注.由于其特殊的拓扑性质,斯格明子具备尺寸小、结构稳定、驱动阈值电流小等诸多优点,室温下斯格明子的成核、输运及探测进一步验证了其广泛的应用潜力,由此诞生了研究相关器件及应用的斯格明子电子学.本综述从电子学角度首先介绍斯格明子的基础概念及发展现状、理论及实验研究方法,重点阐述斯格明子器件的写入、调控及读取功能,介绍了一系列具有代表性的新型信息器件;最后,结合斯格明子电子学现状分析了目前所面临的发展瓶颈以及未来的应用前景.     

Dense skyrmion crystal stabilized through interfacial exchange coupling: Role of in-plane anisotropy

A Monte Carlo simulated-annealing algorithm was used to study the magnetic state in an in-plane helimagnet layer on triangular lattice that exchange couples to an underlayer with strong out-of-plane anisotropy. In the single helimagnet layer with in-plane anisotropy (K), the formation of labyrinthlike domains with local spin spirals, instead of parallel stripes, is favored, and these domains rapidly transform into dense skyrmion crystals with increasing interfacial exchange coupling (J′), equivalent to a virtual magnetic field, and finally evolve to an out-of-plane uniform state at large enough J′. Moreover, with increasing K, the skyrmion crystal state can vary from regular 6-nearest-neighboring circular skyrmion arrangement to irregular squeezed skyrmions with less than 6 nearest neighbors when the in-plane anisotropy energy is higher than the interfacial exchange energy as the skyrmion number is maximized. Finally, we demonstrated that the antiferromagnetic underlayer cannot induce skyrmions while the chirality inversion can be achieved on top of an out-of-plane magnetization underlayer with 180◦ domain walls, supporting the experimental findings in FeGe thin film. This compelling advantage offers a fertile playground for exploring emergent phenomena that arise from interfacing magnetic skyrmions with additional functionalities.     

Multi-types of Skyrmions in SU（N） Quantum Hall System

The skyrmions in SU（N） quantum Hall （QH） system are discussed. By analyzing the gauge field structure and the topological properties of this QH system it is pointed out that in the SU（N） QH system there can exist （N-1） types of skyrmion structures, instead of only one type of skyrmions. In this paper, by means of the Abelian projections according to the （N - 1） Cartan subalgebra local bases, we obtain the （N - 1） U（1） electromagnetic field tensors in the SU（N） gauge field of the QH system, and then derive （N - 1） types of skyrmion structures from these U（1） sub-field tensors. Furthermore, in light of the C-mapping topological current method, the topological charges and the motion of these skyrmions are also discussed.