用X射线衍射图研究柴油低温流动改进剂的作用

通常,柴油中含有15%～30%的正构烷烃。在低温下,柴油中大分子量的蜡以晶体形式析出,可堵塞导管和滤清器,导致了柴油机供油的困难[1]。柴油在低温下的流动性能不仅关系到柴油机燃料供油系统在低温下能否正常供油,而且与柴油在低温下的储存和运输等作业能否进行有密切的关系。加入低温流动改进剂改善柴油的低温流动性能,以其成本低,操作简便而成为解决柴油低温流动性能的首选方法,并在工业上得到广泛应用[2]。柴油在低温下蜡的析出直至影响其流动性能的过程是一个蜡结晶的过程,由于蜡的组成复杂,其结晶过程也很复杂[3]。用X射线衍射法分…     

EVA流动改进剂的分子量及分子量分布对大庆原油流变性的影响

研究了两类醋酸乙烯酯（ＶＡ）含量不同的乙烯－醋酸乙烯酯共聚物（ＥＶＡ）流动改进剂的分子量（Ｍｎ：１０３００～２５８０Ｎ和分子量分布（ｄ：１．４５～３．９）对大庆高蜡原油低温流动行为的影响。实验结果表明，在８０克原油中含有２００ＰＰｍ分子量或分子量分布不同的各种ＥＶＡ流动改进剂都不同程度改善了大庆原油的低温流变性。当改进剂分子量分布相近时，改进剂的改进效果存在某一最佳分子量；当改进剂分子量相近并处于最佳分子量范围内时，则窄分布改进剂的效果比宽分布的改进剂为佳。反之，以宽分布改进剂为宜。     

使用流动改进剂柴油的低温流变性研究

研究了柴油在加入柴油低温流动改进剂前后的低温流变性能。结果表明：柴油的浊点与冷滤点之间的温度区间是柴油表观粘度的突跃范围,是解决柴油低温流动性的重点;自制的WW－1型柴油低温流动改进剂的加入降低了低温下柴油的表观粘度的改善了柴油的低温流变性能。     

柴油低温流动性改进剂的研制及性能评价 Ⅰ. 低温流动性改进剂对柴油的感受性

在分析胜利石化总厂 0 #柴油和齐鲁石化 0 #柴油的烃族组成、蜡碳分布的基础上 ,进行分子设计 ,研制出一种柴油低温流动性改进剂。它主要由具有一定粘度的三元共聚物组成。实验结果表明 ,这种柴油低温流动性改进剂能十分有效地提高胜利石化总厂 0 #柴油的低温使用性能 ,而胜利石化 0 #柴油对目前国内外其它低温流动性改进剂的感受性较差。     

柴油中正构烷烃的高温气相色谱分析

利用高温气相色谱法对柴油中正构烷烃的碳数分布及含量进行了分析。同时根据所得数据计算出正构烷烃的平均相对分子质量及平均碳原子数。试验表明，气相色谱的最佳测定条件为：柱初温60℃，柱终温330℃，升温速率6℃／min，汽化室温度350℃。分析出吐哈两种柴油中C11～C19的正构烷烃均占分析总量的75％以上，吐哈0^#与-10^#柴油正构烷烃的平均相对分子质量、平均碳原子数分别为214．57、15．18和203．34、14．38。所得数据为设计研究针对吐哈原油有效降凝剂提供了参考数据。     

柴油低温流动性改进剂的研制及性能评价：Ⅰ. 低温流动性改进？…

在分析胜利石化总厂０＃柴油和齐鲁石化０＃柴油的烃族组成、蜡碳分布的基础上,进行分子设计,研制出一种柴油低温流动性改进剂。它主要由具有一定粘度的三元共聚物组成,实验表明,这种柴油低温流动性改进剂能十分有效地提高胜利石化总厂０＃柴油的低温使用性能,而胜利石化０＃柴油对目前国内外其它低温流动性改进剂的感受性较差。     

应用溶解度参数理论筛选柴油萃取脱蜡的溶剂

采用基团贡献法分别计算了酮类、氯代烃类、酯类、醇类和醚类溶剂的色散溶解度参数(δd)、极性溶解度参数(δp)和氢键溶解度参数（δh）,并分析了柴油组分中正构烷烃和芳烃的三维溶解度参数的特点。研究了溶剂溶解度参数与其萃取柴油脱蜡效果的关系。结果表明,除了醇类溶剂之外,在参数贡献图中距离正构烷烃距离越远的溶剂,正构烷烃得率越大,萃取效果越好;色散力贡献比大于2/3的溶剂萃取时蜡膏的含油量明显低于色散力贡献比小于2/3的溶剂。     

不同链长正构烷烃在Pt/SAPO-11催化剂上的临氢转化规律研究

采用SAPO-11分子筛制备的双功能催化剂,以碳链长度为10-14的正构烷烃为模型化合物,探索了不同碳数的长链正构烷烃临氢转化反应规律。结果表明,低温下不同碳数的正构烃都表现出较高的异构化选择性,改变反应温度使反应转化率控制在85%以下时,正构烷烃的异构化选择性可以达到90%左右;随着碳数和温度升高,正构烷烃由于发生明显的裂化反应导致转化率提高和异构化选择性降低。采用SAPO-11分子筛催化材料的双功能催化剂具有明显的产物择形异构效应,异构化产物以甲基位于端位和碳链中心的单侧链异构体为主,双(多)支链产物较少。长链正构烷烃在Pt/SAPO-11催化剂上的裂化反应在低转化率以加氢裂化为主,裂化产物的碳数呈均匀分布;在高转化率下以酸催化裂化为主,裂化产物的碳数分布呈现明显的不对称分布特征。     

基于碳数分布和族组成分析的脱沥青油加氢异构反应产物分析及优化利用

在连续固定床小试装置中氢压9.0MPa、380℃和体积空速0.8h－1考察了脱沥青油(DAO)的加氢异构性能，采用高温GC-MS方法对DAO加氢异构实沸点蒸馏产物的碳数分布和族组成分布进行了表征。结果表明，轻组分随切割温度的上升黏度和收率增加，单环环烷烃含量急剧下降。重组分随切割温度的上升产品的碳数分布变宽变平，异构直链烷烃质量分数基本保持不变，单环环烷烃质量分数的变化对产品的黏度指数(VI)值和倾点产生显著影响。380℃以上重组分产物的VI和低温性质可满足生产不同牌号的API II类高档润滑油基础油标准。     

生物柴油调合对其低温流动性能的改善

为了了解生物柴油中脂肪酸甲酯组成对其低温流动性能的影响,探索改善其流动性能的方法,以大豆油、花生油和牛油为原料合成了大豆油甲酯、花生油甲酯和牛油甲酯,测定了它们的脂肪酸甲酯组成和低温流动性能.结果表明,长碳链饱和脂肪酸甲酯的含量是影响生物柴油低温流动性能的主要因素.通过对混合生物柴油流动性能的测定,发现可以通过不同来源...     

富马酸十六醇酯-苯乙烯二元共聚物柴油低温流动改进剂的合成、表征及性能评价(英文)

以富马酸和十六醇为原料、对甲苯磺酸为催化剂、对苯二酚为阻聚剂、甲苯为溶剂,采用直接酯化法制备了富马酸十六醇酯单体（DHF）;以富马酸十六醇酯和苯乙烯为聚合单体、过氧化苯甲酰为引发剂,通过自由基聚合制备了富马酸十六醇酯-苯乙烯二元共聚物（FOS）。用IR、¹H-NMR对DHF单体及FOS共聚物进行了表征,分析了张家港0# 柴油和胜利海科5# 柴油的正构烷烃分布,考察了共聚物的降滤效果,讨论了降滤作用机理。结果表明,当添加剂量为0.1%时,FOS能使张家港0# 柴油冷滤点降低6℃,胜利海科柴油5# 柴油冷滤点降低3℃;FOS对不同柴油表现出了不同的感受性;与2种商业降凝剂复配后,表现出良好的协同效应,作为商业降凝剂的优良助剂,FOS具有一定的应用前景。     

爪形大分子CTC-NO对柴油蜡晶结构和形态的影响

考察了爪形大分子CTC-NO(柠檬酸-1,4-丁二醇-柠檬酸-环烷酸-十八醇)对不同柴油的降滤效果,对蜡晶的形态进行了显微观察,利用XRD研究了蜡晶结构.结果表明:CTC-NO对不同柴油降滤效果不同,0#-3柴油降滤效果最好.加爪形大分子后蜡晶形态由规则片状转变为不规则的长形立体状、枝状、球状.XRD结果显示,加CTC-NO后晶粒尺寸变小、蜡晶结构改变.     

全二维气相色谱-飞行时间质谱分析焦化柴油中饱和烃的分子组成

建立了全二维气相色谱-飞行时间质谱(GC×GC-TOF MS)分析柴油馏分中饱和烃的分子组成的方法。结合谱库检索、质谱图解析、沸点与分子结构关系和全二维谱图特征,定性(或归类)了焦化柴油饱和烃组分中1057个化合物单体,其中正构烷烃排列规律性最强,一环~三环环烷烃按照极性和沸点的差异呈瓦片状分布在其上方。另外,还准确区分了在一维气相色谱上共流出的正构烷基环己烷和正构烷基环戊烷,以及正构 α 单烯烃。根据质谱采集的总离子流色谱图,采用峰面积归一化法得到了饱和烃组分的碳数分布结果,并将该方法应用于研究不同类型柴油馏分饱和烃的分子组成特点。结果表明,催化裂化和焦化柴油馏分饱和烃组分的化合物类型和分布各不相同。分子组成分析能为油品加工工艺机理的研究提供方法支持。     

Poly-Acrylic Acid Derivatives as Diesel Flow Improver for Paraffin-Based Daqing Diesel

Since the diesel products from paraffin-based Daqing crude oil showed low sensitivity to certain commercial diesel pour point depressant (PPDs) that resulted from the high content of paraffin, certain poly-acrylic acid derivatives (PADE) with -COOR, -COOH, -CONHR, and -COO-NH3 R groups by molecular design on the mechanics of diesel; PPDs were synthesized and evaluated as cold flow improver for Daqing 0# diesel in this paper. The pure PADE was superior to the commercial PPDs and displayed a substantial ability of wax crystals dispersion. There was a synergistic effect among the PADE and T1804 and secondary amine. The synergism clearly improved the low temperature performance of Daqing diesel products and could reduce the cold filter plugging point of 0# diesel by 6-7℃.     

Determination of Fatty Acid Based Lubricity Improver in Diesel by GC

GC/FID has been used for the determination of a fatty acid based lubricity improver in diesel fuel. The method makes use of phase transfer catalysis for the enrichment of the lubricity improver from the diesel matrix. The use of phase transfer catalysis for the simultaneous extraction, preconcentration and derivatisation of the fatty acids enables determination of concentrations of 20 mg L^?1. The method has been successfully applied to the analysis of diesel streams from various sources. The effect of the diesel matrix has also been investigated and it does not affect the recovery of the additive.     

Characterization of lubricity improver additive in diesel by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

The characterization of lubricity improver additives by GC-MS-SIM is an important tool for the development and monitoring of new formulations as well as for quality control of additives in diesel. A simple method for the quantification of a linoleic oil additive derivative in diesel has been developed. Calibration is performed by analysis of standard solutions containing 2-hydroxy-ethyl linoleate with pentadecanoyl propanoate as the internal standard. The proposed method permitted the quantification of the linoleate ester at a concentration of 300 microg/mL in the additived diesel. The recovery of additive and the repeatability of the quantitative results are evaluated.     

Selective inhibition of paraffin deposition under high flow rate as a function of the crude oil paraffin type and content by fluorescence depolarization: polypropylene and high-density polyethylene

High-density polyethylene (HDPE) and polypropylene (PP) were studied to identify tailor-made materials for walls of pipelines and ducts for crude paraffinic oil that inhibit paraffin depositions. The interfacial interaction was investigated from 50 to 70 degrees C and as a function of the n-C(36)H(74) paraffin concentration added to the paraffinic crude oil. The static and the dynamic interfacial tensions were observed, respectively, by traditional contact angle measurements and by fluorescence depolarization of the natural fluorescent probes of the crude oil, flowing at a high rate. The static interaction showed a low dependence on the n-paraffin content for both surfaces. For PP, it decreased slightly as the n-paraffin concentration increased, evidencing an increase in the liquid-liquid interaction. The dynamic interfacial tension with PP clearly decreased as temperature and n-paraffin concentration increased, the latter effect being attributed to the PP methyl groups hindering the interaction between the n-paraffin and the PP main chain. For the flow on HDPE, the interaction proved to be highly dependent on the n-paraffin concentration and temperature. It increased as n-paraffin was added and temperature decreased. The former effect is attributed to the alignment of the n-paraffin chains within the high rate flowing liquid and the similar molecular geometry of the n-paraffin and the linear polymer surface (almost without branches), which increases the number of sites available for interaction. PP proved to be more suitable for transportation of crude oil rich in paraffins with more than 36 carbon atoms, while HDPE was more suitable for those with smaller paraffinic chains.     

Effect of modified nano-silica/EVA on flow behavior and wax crystallization of model oils with different wax contents

The nano-hybrid pour-point depressant (PPD) was prepared with organically modified nano-silica covering in EVA. The effects of modified nano-silica/EVA on the flow behavior and wax crystallization of model oils with different wax contents were evaluated. Compared with pure EVA and nano-silica/EVA, modified nano-silica/EVA exhibited a better effect, when doped with 500?ppm, the pour point of the model oil containing 20?wt% wax was reduced from 33°C to 0°C. However, it is noteworthy that pour point cannot accurately reflect the effect of YSiO2/EVA as cold flow improver for a high wax content. The crystal morphology and crystallization behavior of the model oils at low temperature were also observed using polarizing optical microscopy (POM). The results indicated that modified nano-silica/EVA can reduce the size of the wax crystals and disperse the wax crystals by heterogeneous nucleation.