全球性环境污染物多氯联苯的结构-活性相关性研究进展*

本文对全球性典型污染物--多氯联苯(PCBs) 的结构-活性相关性研究的最新成果进行了综述。给出了该类环境污染物的分组归类、结构特征与活性、毒性当量因子的应用和利用有关结构模型阐述毒性机理的研究进展, 并对将来的有关研究方向做了展望。     

砷的代谢机制、毒性和生物监测

砷化合物是备受关注的一类污染物,特别是饮用水中的砷污染引发了全球性的健康问题.本文综述了近年来人们对砷的代谢机制、毒性和生物监测的研究进展.砷在生物体内的代谢过程十分复杂,在氧化还原酶和甲基转移酶的参与下,产生一系列的代谢产物和中间产物.其中,砷的原始摄入形态、代谢产物及中间产物由于不同的物理化学性质,体现了不同的毒性.人类和不同的动物由于不同的砷代谢机理和甲基化能力,也表现了对砷毒性抵抗能力的差异.在生物体内,一些砷化合物与生物蛋白相互作用,影响它们的存在形式、分布和传输,是砷的生物代谢和毒理研究中不可或缺的内容.生物监测是一种直接有效的污染物健康风险评估方法.在尿液、血液、唾液、头发和指甲中砷化合物直接反映了暴露主体的砷暴露程度,这5种生物介质作为砷暴露的生物标志物各有优缺点.在砷的研究中,代谢机制和毒性的研究可以帮助选择合适的生物监测方法,做出合理准确的健康风险评估.生物监测也可促进对砷的代谢机制和毒性的理解,推断可能的代谢途径,定量毒性剂量效应,两者相互依赖相互促进.     

多溴二苯醚的生物代谢机制研究进展

作为一种广泛使用的阻燃剂,多溴二苯醚(PBDEs)及其衍生物羟基化多溴二苯醚(OH-PBDEs)和甲氧基化多溴二苯醚(MeO-PBDEs)等已从环境介质、各种生物体甚至人体内检测出来.但是对于生物体内低溴代PBDEs及其羟基化和甲氧基化衍生物的来源及其是否由PBDEs在生物体内代谢形成等问题,目前仍存在较多争论.由于PBDEs进入生物体后的生物转化、代谢途径与其对生物体的毒性有密切关系,因此是研究者们关注的焦点.本文在对生物体内PBDEs及其代谢物的来源和分布进行分析的基础上,综述了PBDEs在生物体内发生脱溴还原代谢和氧化代谢的研究进展,从体内原位代谢和体外模拟代谢研究两方面探讨了PBDEs的生物代谢机制、代谢途径及还原和氧化代谢中可能涉及的代谢酶,指出进一步深入开展PBDEs的生物积累和代谢研究的方向.     

基于分子对接技术及CoMSIA/HQSAR辅助的二羟基多氯联苯衍生物分子修饰

利用类二噁英类多氯联苯(PCBs)大气氧化降解产物二羟基多氯联苯与2,3-二羟基联苯双加氧酶(Bphc,PDB ID:1KW6)进行分子对接,构建以分子结构参数为自变量,对接打分函数(K_d,代表对接活性)为因变量的分子相似性指数分析(Co MSIA)与分子全息定量结构-活性相关关系(HQSAR)模型,并对二羟基多氯联苯进行分子修饰,研究结果表明,Bphc酶对二羟基多氯联苯均有不同程度的降解能力,影响Bphc酶对接活性的氨基酸残基为His145,Val147,Ile174,His194,His208,His209,His240,Asn242,Tyr249及Thr280,且二羟基多氯联苯与氨基酸残基对接形成的氢键越多对接活性越高.建立了CoMSIA和HQSAR模型耦合的二羟基多氯联苯分子取代活性精确定位方法,以打分函数较低的二羟基多氯联苯5,6-2OH-CB60为目标分子,设计出8种打分函数显著提升的新型分子,其对接活性提高65%~185%,分子毒性(IC_(50))下降10%~83%,生物富集性(BCF)下降4%~27%,迁移性(K_(OA))与半衰期(t_(1/2))增降幅基本不变.所设计新型分子反应路径的推断可以验证二羟基多氯联苯5,6-2OH-CB60在环境中与活性自由基或与活性分子反应生成所设计的新型5,6-2OH-CB60分子,即类二噁英类PCBs可通过大气氧化降解最终生成酶降解性显著提高的新型二羟基多氯联苯,达到进一步控制类二噁英类PCBs环境行为的目的.     

持久性有机污染物(POPs)生殖毒理研究进展——从实验动物生殖毒性到人类生殖健康风险

与常规污染物不同,持久性有机污染物(Persistent Organic Pollutants,POPs)在环境中滞留时间长,极难降解,毒性强,可在食物链中富集放大,能通过各种环境介质进行全球性迁移,对人类健康带来巨大危害.POPs对健康的影响是多方面的、复杂的,不仅具有"三致"效应(致癌、致畸、致突变性),而且有内分泌干扰作用,对生殖系统、免疫系统、神经系统等产生毒性.生殖健康不仅关乎人类繁衍,更能对人口素质乃至社会的发展产生深远影响,因此,POPs的生殖毒性以及对人类生殖健康的影响一直备受关注.本文在回顾我国POPs环境污染与人类暴露的研究基础上,结合近年来国内外的研究情况,着重讨论几类典型POPs的生殖毒性和致毒机制以及对人类生殖健康的影响,并对存在的问题和今后的关注点进行总结.     

硅烷化衍生／气相色谱／电子捕获检测水产品中羟基多氯联苯的研究

以贻贝为实验样品,采用正己烷-乙酸乙酯(体积比1:1)为萃取溶剂,超声提取,硫酸、活性硅胶柱净化去除脂质及蛋白干扰物质,以双(三甲基硅烷基)三氟乙酰胺-三甲基氯硅烷(BSTFA-TMCS,体积比 99:1)为衍生试剂对羟基多氯联苯进行硅烷化衍生,确定了最佳衍生参数,并研究了气相色谱/电子捕获检测水产品中羟基多氯联苯的分析条件.研究得出,硅烷化衍生最佳衍生温度为60 ℃,最佳衍生时间为40 min;阴性空白贻贝样品在1、2、4 μg/kg的添加水平下,3-OH-PCB101、4-OH-PCB112、4-OH-PCB106的平均回收率为72% ～84%,RSD为0.4% ～10.6%,检出限为1.0 μg/kg.该方法可用于水产品中羟基多氯联苯的检测.     

气相色谱/质谱法检测小鼠肌肉组织和血液中羟基多氯联苯

建立了测定小鼠肌肉和血液中3种羟基多氯联苯的气相色谱/质谱联用(GC-MS)方法.经正己烷-乙酸乙酯(1∶ 1, V/V)提取目标化合物后,结合H2SO4去脂,KOH反萃法对提取液进行净化,以双(三甲基硅烷基)三氟乙酰胺-三甲基氯硅烷(BSTFA-TMCS, 99∶ 1, V/V,)为衍生试剂对羟基多氯联苯进行硅烷化衍生后,在SIM模式下进行GC/MS分析.本方法检出限为2μg/kg.在3种添加水平2.0,5.0和20.0 μg/kg下,小鼠肌肉和血液中3种羟基多氯联苯的回收率范围为73.2%～113.2%;相对标准偏差为1.53%～10.4%.本方法可用于小鼠腹腔注射多氯联苯后,体内多氯联苯羟基代谢物的检测.     

气相色谱串联质谱法用于水产品中多氯联苯二代污染物鉴别

建立了气相色谱串联质谱法鉴别多氯联苯二代污染物羟基多氯联苯的方法,并用于水产品中羟基多氯联苯的分析。在60℃下,羟基多氯联苯经硅烷化衍生40 min,在气相色谱三重四级杆串联质谱仪全扫描模式(Full scan mode)下进行扫描,得到一级质谱全扫描图谱,确定3-羟基-多氯联苯101(3-OH-PCB101)、4-羟基-多氯联苯106(4-OH-PCB106)、4-羟基-多氯联苯112(4-OH-PCB112)等7种衍生化合物丰度最高的碎片离子,以此碎片离子为母离子,在二级质谱多反应监测模式( MRM)下进行扫描,得到二级质谱全扫描图谱,确定母离子产生的丰度最高的特征子离子,以此对应的离子对及其比例对化合物进行定性分析,分别得到7种羟基多氯联苯衍生物的一级、二级质谱图,通过串联质谱法对每种目标化合物进行定量分析,仪器检出限范围为0.02~0.14μg/L,定量检出限为0.09~0.48μg/L。将本方法用于水产品中羟基多氯联苯的鉴别,结果满意。     

多氯联苯鸡胚肝细胞生物活性非单调剂量-响应关系的QSARs研究

毒理学研究发现,环境内分泌干扰物（EDCs）在低于无可见效应浓度（NOAEL）时可诱发更强的生物学效应,导致剂量效应曲线背离了经典毒理学理论而呈现U型或倒U型．在此种情况下,毒理研究中普遍采用的半数效应质量,浓度等活性指标不再唯一,给定量结构活性相关（QSARs）方法的应用造成困难．多氯联苯（PCBs）作为典型环境内分泌干扰物,在诱导鸡胚肝细胞EROD酶活性中呈现特殊非单调剂量一响应关系,在高低剂量范围内毒理机制存在差异,因此如何应用QSARs方法研究不同剂量段的毒性效应是本文主要解决的问题．为探索其可能的生化机制,本文利用Chemoffice软件内置的AM1半经验量子化学方法对多氯联苯化合物进行能量优化,建立结构描述符库;并在DELL Precision370工作站上,采用SYBYL 7．0（Tripos,Inc．Co）中的Flexx模块分别对39种PCBs和芳烃受体相似蛋白FixL进行分子对接,成功模拟不同结构类型PCBs的结合模式并获得PCBs和芳烃受体相互作用结合能．基于多元线性回归分析分别建立了高低剂量下PCBs对鸡胚肝细胞EROD活性影响的QSAR模型,在此基础上推测低剂量下11种PCBs主要通过芳烃受体介导发挥其对鸡胚肝细胞细胞色素P4501A正常生理功能的干扰效应,而高剂量下PCBs对鸡胚肝细胞产生急性毒性．究其可能的原因是处于低剂量的PCBs与特定受体结合作用起到主导地位;随剂量增加,细胞内的反馈调节作用使得EROD趋势减缓;而在剂量升高到一定程度,表现出一定反应性急性毒性机制,从而对鸡胚肝细胞的结构与功能产生损伤．     

多氯联苯的污染与防治

随着多氯联苯的广泛使用,越来越多的多氯联苯进入环境,并在环境中积蓄下来。由于多氯联苯的难降解性和毒性,所以防治多氯联苯的污染尤为重要     

固相萃取-气相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定武汉市普通人群血清中35种有机氯农药与多氯联苯

有机氯农药(OCPs)和多氯联苯(PCBs)是两类重要的持久性有机污染物,可在环境介质中长期存在,并通过多种途径进入人体,导致人体的高暴露风险。OCPs和PCBs对人体存在诸多健康危害,精准定量人体内OCPs和PCBs的暴露水平是健康效应评价的关键。该研究基于固相萃取-气相色谱-串联质谱联用技术(SPE-GC-MS/MS)建立了同时检测100 μL血清中35种OCPs和PCBs的分析方法。血清样品经尿素沉淀蛋白后,采用Oasis^® HLB小柱净化,正己烷-二氯甲烷混合溶液(1∶1, v/v)洗脱,氮吹近干,正己烷定容,多反应监测(MRM)模式检测,内标法定量分析。结果表明,OCPs和PCBs在0.05~50.0 ng/mL范围内线性关系良好,检出限在1.2~71.4 ng/L之间。35种目标分析物的加标回收率在72.6%~142%之间,相对标准偏差小于25%。利用所建立的方法检测了武汉市普通人群血清样本中OCPs和PCBs的浓度水平,结果表明武汉市普通人群广泛暴露于OCPs和PCBs,且以OCPs为主。有8种OCPs和7种PCBs检出率高于50%,其中p,p'-滴滴伊、p,p'-滴滴滴和甲氧滴滴涕检出率达100%,非类二噁英PCBs是PCBs的主要成分。血清中OCPs浓度随年龄增长呈升高趋势,在60岁以上存在性别差异;不同性别、年龄人群血清中PCBs浓度无统计学差异。该方法样本用量少,操作简便,具有较高的准确度和精密度,适用于环境健康研究中大量人群血清样本中痕量OCPs和PCBs的生物监测。     

Exposure to persistent organic pollutants as potential risk factors for developing diabetes

Persistent organic pollutants(POPs),such as dioxins,polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs) ,and organochlorine pesticides(OCPs),which are synthetic chemicals or by-products with an intrinsic resistance to natural degradation processes,are released into the environment,resulting in the widespread dispersal and accumulation in the environment,as well as in human and ecological food chains.Due to their ubiquity in the environment and lipophilic properties,there is emerging concern over the potential risks of human ex...     

Fast determination of hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls in human plasma by online solid phase extraction coupled to liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

Hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls (OH-PCBs) have been shown to be strongly retained in human blood causing endocrine-related toxicity, particularly on the thyroid system. Traditionally, analytical methods for the determination of OH-PCBs require labor-intensive and long-time consuming sample preparation with several extraction, evaporation and cleanup procedures steps and, in some cases, derivatization prior to the analysis by gas or liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS or LC-MS). The present study developed and validated a novel, sensitive and high throughput online solid phase extraction (SPE) method coupled to LC-tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) for the separation and quantitation of relevant congeners of OH-PCBs in human plasma. The developed method presented limits of quantification (LOQ) ranging from 0.02 to 0.5 ng mL⁻¹ and extraction recoveries from 71 to 134% for all congeners, requiring small amount of sample (only 100 μL) and minimal sample preparation. In order to evaluate the applicability of the method, preliminary tests (N = 93) were conducted in plasma from individuals occupationally exposed to very high levels of PCBs in a German cohort. Penta-through hepta-chlorinated OH-PCBs were the predominant congeners in human plasma with concentrations up to 44.5 ng mL⁻¹, while lower chlorinated OH-PCBs were occasionally detected. In addition, a new PCB 28 metabolite has been synthesized and identified for the first time in human plasma and associations between OH-PCBs and their parent compounds in the studied cohort were also assessed.     

多氯联苯的正辛醇-空气分配系数与气相色谱保留参数的关联

通过对19种多氯联苯（PCBs）在DB-1,DB-5和DB-1701等3种色谱柱上的气相色谱（GC）保留参数A,B值与正辛醇-空气分配系数(Koa)的相关分析,发现GC保留参数A,B与Koa存在明显的线性关系。采用了逐步回归的方法,建立了保留参数A,B与Koa的二元回归方程,相关系数的平方达到了0.99以上,标准偏差小于0.11。此外,根据实验测定的153个PCBs的GC保留参数以及定量构效关系（QSAR）研究中的56个预测值,对剩余190种PCBs的Koa值进行了预测。     

Characterization and optimization by experimental design of a liquid chromatographic method for the separation of hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls on a polar-embedded stationary phase

Traditionally, the determination of hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls (OH-PCBs) has been carried out by gas chromatography (GC). However, the gas chromatographic behavior and sensitivity of this type of hydroxylated compounds are not always satisfactory, hence a prior derivatization of the OH-PCBs must be performed. Therefore, the development of liquid chromatographic methods should prove to be a very interesting task aimed at dealing with the instrumental determination of OH-PCBs. Taking into account that octadecylsilane stationary phases are not the most adequate for the separation of isobaric compounds, an amide-type column has been tested. For the development of the method, the Response Surface Methodology was used, based on a Box-Wilson Central Composite experimental design. The initial content of methanol in the mobile phase, the gradient time, and the concentration and the pH value of the buffer were chosen as relevant experimental parameters. A global optimum was obtained by selecting the elution time, the sensitivity and the overall resolution as responses to optimize. The developed method for liquid chromatography presented a very good resolution and sensitivity, and a reasonably short analysis time. In addition, a retention study was conducted in order to survey the different interactions that take place in the separation process, showing that hydrogen bonding is the main interaction between OH-PCBs and the amide-type stationary phase. However, a substantial contribution of dispersion forces was present in methanol contents in the mobile phase below 65%. Besides, the pH value of the mobile phase was found to be the most important parameter to control the hydrogen bond forces and therefore, to regulate the OH-PCBs separation.     

气相色谱-离子阱质谱法测定海洋贝类中多残留有机氯农药、多氯联苯和多环芳烃

本研究建立了凝胶渗透色谱和铝硅胶柱前处理,气相色谱-离子阱质谱法测定海洋贝类体内20种有机氯农药、28种多氯联苯和16种多环芳烃的多残留分析方法。通过对凝胶渗透色谱的组分收集时间和铝硅胶柱的正戊烷淋洗体积的实验条件优化,实现了样品索氏提取液的凝胶渗透色谱初步净化、铝硅胶柱色谱的组分分离和进一步去除干扰物质。结果表明,多氯联苯、有机氯农药和多环芳烃各化合物的方法检出限分别为0.01~0.14,0.02~0.17和0.52~0.81ng/g(湿重),样品的加标回收率和相对标准偏差分别为:多氯联苯84.1%~120.2%、5.6%~15.9%;多环芳烃62.3%~123.1%、8.7%~20.5%;有机氯农药77.3%~127.5%、3.1%~18.7%。本方法降低了样品的前处理成本,缩短了样品处理时间,可应用于海洋贝类体内持久性有机污染物的实际监测。     

Quantum Chemical Investigation of Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins,Dibenzofurans and Biphenyls: Relative Stability and Planarity Analysis

All the possible polychlorinated aromatic compounds in the classes of dibenzodioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and biphenyls (PCBs) were studied by the quantum chemical methods of HF/6-311++G(d,p), B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p), and MP2/cc-pVTZ. The calculated stabilities and structures of these compounds were compared with the available data on their abundance and toxicity. Prediction models for trends in energy and planarity among these congeners were proposed. The results discussed here can help contribute to the understanding of the role of dioxin-like compounds (DLCs) in the environment.     

Rapid and simultaneous determination of polychlorinated biphenyls and their main metabolites (hydroxylated and methyl sulfonyl) by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry: Comparison of different ionisation modes

Instrumental methods based on gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC–MS) have been developed and compared using two different MS ionisation modes, electron impact (EI) and electron capture negative ionisation (ECNI), for the fast, quantitative and simultaneous determination of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and their main metabolites (hydroxylated PCBs, OH-PCBs, and methyl sulfone PCBs, MeSO₂-PCBs). Parameters affecting chromatographic separation and MS detection were evaluated in order to achieve the highest selectivity and sensitivity for both operation modes. The analytical characteristics of the developed methods were studied and compared in terms of linear range, limits of detection (LODs), limits of quantification (LOQs), and instrumental precision (repeatability and intermediate precision). Both ionisation methods showed similar precision, being relative standard deviations (RSD, %) lower than 9% and 14% for repeatability and intermediate precision, respectively. However, better LODs (from 0.01 to 0.14 pg injected for the three families of congeners studied) were achieved using ECNI-MS as ionisation mode. The suitability of the developed method was demonstrated through their application to fish liver oil samples.     

母乳中多种含卤持久性有机污染物的联合检测方法

建立了母乳中多种含卤持久性有机污染物(POPs)的联合检测方法,目标化合物主要包括六溴环十二烷(HBCDs)、多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)、多氯联苯(PCBs)和有机氯农药(OCPs)等.样品的前处理采用液液萃取、凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)净化和固相萃取(SPE)等技术,目标化合物经气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)、液相色谱-三重四极杆串联质谱联用仪(LC-MS/MS)和气相色谱-三重四极杆串联质谱联用仪(GC-MS/MS)等进行检测.样品通过GPC除去脂肪,然后经SPE柱进一步净化并进行多组分分离,极大程度地减小了生物样品中复杂基质的干扰,适合样品量相对较小的人体样本中多种超痕量POPs的分析.应用灵敏度高、选择性更好的GC-MS/MS对样品中的PCBs和OCPs等进行分析,进一步降低基质的干扰.方法经过小牛血清加标实验验证,稳定可靠.POPs的加标回收率分别为88.7％～98.8％(PBDEs), 88.5％～92.5％(HBCDs), 67.9％～82.3％(PCBs)和81.7％～116.1％(OCPs),方法检出限分别为0.13～1.8 pg/mL(PBDEs), 0.31～1.2 pg/mL(HBCDs), 0.22～1.4 pg/mL(PCBs)和0.20～1.5 pg/mL(OCPs).采用本方法对潍坊地区20例母乳样品进行分析,结果显示,潍坊市母乳中HBCDs, PBDEs, PCBs、HCHs和DDTs的中值浓度分别为2.86, 7.76, 8.84、140和503 ng/g 脂重,此浓度水平与国内其它地区人群相当.