HZSM-5在线提质生物油及催化剂失活机理分析

对不同使用时间的HZSM-5分子筛在线催化提质制取的生物油进行理化特性和成分分析,从生物油品质角度对HZSM-5的催化性能进行评价;并采用TG、BET、XRD、SEM和TEM等方法对失活的HZSM-5催化剂进行表征分析,探讨了HZSM-5催化提质生物油的失活机理,并进行再生研究。研究表明,HZSM-5分子筛可转化生物油中的酸类、醛类和酮类等"非期望"有机物,生成较多"期望"有机物,如酚类和芳烃类物质,降低生物油的氧含量及酸性,提高生物油的热值;HZSM-5使用80 min后,生物油品质明显变差,催化剂活性明显降低;失活催化剂上沉积的焦炭主要呈纤维状,同时,还存在少量石墨状焦炭,焦炭总量达14.12%,且使用过程中催化剂的比表面积和孔容均下降,晶粒的团聚现象加剧,结晶度下降;在催化提质过程中,在孔道内生成的石墨状焦炭及在表面形成的纤维状焦炭大量覆盖活性位点,使得催化剂失活。经550℃再生后,催化剂可恢复催化性能。     

Catalytic cracking of polyethylene over nanocrystalline HZSM-5: Catalyst deactivation and regeneration study

In this work, catalytic cracking of low density polyethylene (LDPE) over nanocrystalline HZSM-5 zeolite in a batch reactor at 340 °C was carried out with the aim of study both the catalyst resistance to deactivation and the catalyst regeneration process. For looking into the catalyst deactivation, consecutive polyethylene cracking experiments were carried out. Subsequently, the same reactions has been also performed but by regenerating the zeolite after each experiment by promoting coke combustion at 550 °C under air flow. Zeolites used were two samples of nanocrystalline HZSM-5 with very different textural properties (sample A, with most of its surface corresponding to zeolitic micropores and sample B with a considerable amount of external surface, mesopores and super-micropores) in order to study the effect of their textural properties in the deactivation and regeneration experiments. Although conversion and activity values reached over both samples are quite high taking into account the mild conditions used, sample B shows a very much higher initial activity than A due to its improved textural properties. In both samples two different deactivation mechanisms occur: a reversible deactivation by coke deposition removable by the regeneration procedure, and an irreversible or permanent deactivation by other factors. Deactivation of sample B occurs faster due to the higher amount of coke deposited on this material. However, the improved textural properties of this catalyst supposes an advantage for the regeneration process, since coke deposited either on the external surface or on the super-micropores and mesopores, makes easier the regeneration procedure.     

多酸基深度加氢脱硫催化剂的原位表征和反应性能

采用浸渍法合成了镍盐复合的磷钨酸(HPW)/纳米晶HZSM-5固体酸催化剂,其在催化裂化(FCC)汽油加氢改质反应中显示出了良好地深度加氢脱硫活性。 原位电子自旋共振和原位吡啶吸附红外光谱表征手段的研究结果表明,纳米晶HZSM-5沸石上Ni(Ⅱ)结合3电子还原态的HPW(Ⅲ)是FCC汽油深度加氢脱硫反应的活性中心。 探讨了多酸基催化剂在FCC汽油深度加氢脱硫反应中活性改善的原因。     

一步法合成二甲醚整体式催化剂的制备及反应性能研究

以蜂窝陶瓷为载体、γ-Al₂O₃为惰性涂层、C301/HZSM-5为活性组分制备出一种整体式合成二甲醚催化剂。BET、XRD和SEM分析结果表明,活性组分均匀负载在载体表面上,催化剂具有良好的结构和织构特点。在固定床反应器中考察了整体式催化剂上CO加氢一步法合成二甲醚的反应性能,并与C301/HZSM-5颗粒（粉末）催化剂进行了比较。在温度260℃、压力4.0MPa、合成气空速1500mL/(g·h)的条件下,整体式催化剂上CO转化率达到79.62%,二甲醚选择性为70.58%,分别比C301/HZSM-5颗粒催化剂高出7.78%和9.44%。100h的稳定性实验结果表明,整体式催化剂可以保持较高的活性和选择性,而颗粒状催化剂的活性有明显的下降。
     

甲烷在Mo/HZSM-5催化剂上的脱氢聚合反应

对不同Mo含量的Mo／HZSM－5催化剂的结构进行了表征，并对这些催化剂的甲烷非氧气氛下的转化反应进行了考察．催化剂的BET比表面积及酸性随Mo含量的增加而降低，当Mo含量大于5％时，Mo对ZSM－5分子筛的晶型有影响，并出现MoO3物相．甲烷在700℃时可高选择性地生成苯和乙烯，最佳Mo含量大约为2％．纯的MoO3或HZSM－5上该反应几乎不进行，因此，可能是分散的钼氧离子和分子筛的酸中心是甲烷转化的活性中心，只有二者的协同作用才能促进甲烷的转化．反应后催化剂中的钼物种被还原了．催化剂上的积炭可能是催化剂失活的主要原因之一，烧炭后催化剂活性基本恢复．     

甲烷在Mo/HZSM-5催化剂上的脱氢聚合反应

对不同Mo含量的Mo／HZSM－5催化剂的结构进行了表征，并对这些催化剂的甲烷非氧气氛下的转化反应进行了考察．催化剂的BET比表面积及酸性随Mo含量的增加而降低，当Mo含量大于5％时，Mo对ZSM－5分子筛的晶型有影响，并出现MoO3物相．甲烷在700℃时可高选择性地生成苯和乙烯，最佳Mo含量大约为2％．纯的MoO3或HZSM－5上该反应几乎不进行，因此，可能是分散的钼氧离子和分子筛的酸中心是甲烷转化的活性中心，只有二者的协同作用才能促进甲烷的转化．反应后催化剂中的钼物种被还原了．催化剂上的积炭可能是催化剂失活的主要原因之一，烧炭后催化剂活性基本恢复．     

A study on the production and engine analysis of organic liquid fuel from jatropha and castor oil by catalytic cracking over solid acid catalysts

Catalytic cracking of non-edible oils such as jatropha and castor was done in fixed bed catalytic reactor. The microporous catalysts such as Hβ, HY and HZSM-5 and mesoporous catalyst like AlMCM-41 were synthesised and characterised by XRD and BET surface area analyzer. The reaction parameters such as temperature of reaction, WHSV (Weight hourly space velocity) and reaction time were optimised over Hβ catalyst using jatropha oil. Organic liquid products (OLP) comprising of green gasoline (GG), green kerosene (GK) and green diesel (GD) and gaseous products were found to be major products. The liquid products were analysed using gas chromatograph (Shimadzu GC-9A) fitted with Apeizon-L packed column and gaseous products were analysed using Poropak Q column. The % conversion, yield of OLP and selectivity towards GG, GK and GD were found to be higher at temperature of 400 °C, WHSV of 4.8 h^?1 and reaction time of 1 h. The cracking of jatropha oil was done over HY, HZSM-5 and AlMCM-41 at this optimised condition. Among the microporous materials HZSM-5 produced more OLP with more selectivity towards GG fraction (50%) but yielded higher % of gaseous products. While AlMCM-41 (Si/Al = 25) was selective towards middle distillates fraction like GK (45%) & GD (35%) and yielded low gaseous products. The mechanism of reaction proceeds via carbocation formation. The activity of HZSM-5 and AlMCM-41 were examined with castor oil. The OLP viability as a replacement fuel in a single-cylinder diesel engine under various loads was evaluated in an IC engine test. Here, we look at how different engine operating conditions affect fuel efficiency, Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE), and emissions of Carbon Monoxide (CO), Carbon-di-oxide (CO2) and Nitrogen Oxide (NOx). Overall analysis indicates that OLP cracked from Jatropha oil serves as a best fuel in comparison with OLP obtained from Castor oil.     

Chemical catalysed recycling of polypropylene over a spent FCC catalyst and various commercial cracking catalysts using TGA

Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) has been used as a tool to characterise the activity, regenerability and deactivation behaviour of spent FCC commercial catalyst (FCC-s1) in the degradation of polypropylene. The FCC-s1 catalysts and amorphous silica–alumina (SAHA) significantly reduced the activation energy as compared with thermal process, and zeolites (ZSM-5 and HUSY) further reduced the activation energy. However, silicalite catalysts gave very minimal effect on PP degradation at a temperature similar to that of thermal cracking. Analysis of the TGA results allowed a relationship between catalyst activity and coke content to be derived. The activity of FCC-s1 catalysts was found to fall exponentially with coke content, and it could be recover most its initial value. The results represent an interesting alternative to have significant impact on the economics of a catalytic polymer degradation process employing post-use FCC commercial catalysts of zero market value.     

W掺杂对Mo/HZSM-5催化甲烷无氧芳构化性能的影响

采用浸渍法制备了Mo/HZSM-5、Mo-W/HZSM-5和W/HZSM-5三种催化剂。通过XRD、BET、Py-FTIR、H2-TPR、XPS、TEM、NH3-TPD、TPO、TG和Raman等技术对催化剂的物化性质进行表征,并考察其在甲烷无氧芳构化反应中的催化性能。结果表明,相比于Mo/HZSM-5,Mo-W/HZSM-5催化剂表现出更高的CH_4转化率、芳烃收率以及催化稳定性。H_2-TPR和XPS结果表明,Mo-W/HZSM-5中存在更易被还原为W~(4+)的正八面体(WO_6)~(n-)前驱体,反应过程中W4+的形成有助于提高CH_4转化率。同时,积炭表征结果表明,石墨型积炭是导致Mo/HZSM-5催化剂快速失活的主要原因,W掺杂可以抑制MoW/HZSM-5催化剂上石墨型积炭的形成,进而提高催化剂的稳定性。     

改性HZSM-5分子筛上噻吩烷基化反应和失活再生性能的研究

采用不同碱单独处理和两种碱不同方式联合处理HZSM-5分子筛,制备微孔-介孔多级孔HZSM-5分子筛催化剂并应用于噻吩烷基化反应中。结果表明,不同碱单独处理和两种碱不同方式联合处理HZSM-5分子筛后,均能够在分子筛上造出介孔孔道且能够调变分子筛的酸性,其中,采用Na₂CO₃溶液和TPAOH溶液分开处理得到的分子筛催化剂织结构最适合噻吩烷基化反应;其次考察具有最佳织结构分子筛催化剂的噻吩烷基化反应稳定性,并分析催化剂失活的原因和再生条件。结果表明,当噻吩烷基化反应进行到1050 h后,催化剂已基本失活,催化剂失活的主要原因是,在反应过程中原料中反应组分间发生烯烃齐聚、环化、脱氢和芳烃烷基化等副反应生成的大分子化合物沉积在催化剂上,堵塞催化剂的孔道和遮盖催化剂的活性中心所致;对失活催化剂进行高温再生,从高温再生的能耗较大以及多次高温再生对催化剂酸性和骨架结构不利的角度考虑,选定催化剂的再生温度为550 ℃。     

Thermal and catalytic degradation of pyrolytic oil from pyrolysis of municipal plastic wastes

Thermal and catalytic degradation of pyrolytic oil obtained from the commercial rotary kiln pyrolysis plant for municipal plastic waste was studied by using fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalyst in a bench scale reactor. The characteristics of raw pyrolytic oil and also thermal and catalytic degradation of pyrolytic oil using FCC catalyst (fresh and spent FCC catalyst) under rising temperature programming was examined. The experiments were conducted by temperature programming with 10 °C/min of heating rate up to 420 °C and then holding time of 5 h. During this programming, the sampling of product oil was conducted at a different degradation temperature and also different holding time. The raw pyrolytic oil showed a wide retention time distribution in GC analysis, from 5 of carbon number to about 25, and also different product characteristics with a comparison of those of commercial oils (gasoline, kerosene and diesel). In thermal degradation, the characteristics of product oils obtained were influenced by reaction temperature under temperature programming and holding time in the reactor at 420 °C. The addition of FCC catalyst in degradation process showed the improvement of liquid and gas yield, and also high fraction of heavy hydrocarbons in oil product due to more cracking of residue. Moreover, the characteristic of oil product in catalytic degradation using both spent and fresh FCC catalysts were similar, but a relatively good effect of spent FCC catalyst was observed.     

甲烷无氧芳构化反应中Co助剂对Mo／HZSM-5

 甲烷在Co－Mo／HZSM－5催化剂上进行无氧芳构化反应的评价结果表明，Co的添加大大提高了Mo／HZSM－5催化剂在反应过程中的稳定性．BET实验证明，反应后的积炭对Co－Mo／HZSM－5催化剂孔道堵塞的程度较小．对积炭催化剂进行的一系列程序升温表面反应（如TPH，TPCO2和TPO）结果表明，TPO谱上有两个峰温明显不同的烧炭峰，Co的添加明显抑制了高温积炭的生成．H2主要与高温积炭发生反应，这部分积炭是催化剂失活的主要原因；CO2对低温积炭的影响则尤为明显．TEM结果表明，积炭催化剂上存在丝状积炭物种．碳丝不能与H2反应，但能被CO2除去．Co的添加促进了丝状积炭物种的生成，碳丝并不是导致催化剂失活的因素．     

磷改性纳米HZSM-5沸石水热稳定性及其对全馏分FCC汽油烯烃组分催化裂解反应的性能

水热稳定性是决定沸石分子筛工业应用价值的重要影响因素.众所周知,沸石材料的水热稳定性主要受其拓扑机构及骨架硅铝组成的影响,但同时也受其晶粒尺寸的影响.纳米级HZSM-5沸石虽然具有优异的催化性能及抗积碳失活性能,但由于晶粒尺寸较小,导致其水热稳定性较差.如何提高纳米HZSM-5沸石的水热稳定性,使其能够在高苛刻度的水热环境下(如催化裂化过程,催化剂再生需在高于700℃的水热条件下进行)得到应用,是十分有意义的课题.已有研究表明,磷改性可以提高ZSM-5沸石的水热稳定性,但多集中于采用磷酸、磷酸氢二铵、磷酸二氢铵等无机磷化物进行改性,水热稳定性提高效果不能令人满意.我们研究组采用有机磷化合物磷酸三甲酯改性纳米HZSM-5沸石,在提高纳米HZSM-5沸石水热稳定性方面取得了较好的效果.采用X射线衍射(XRD)、氨气程序升温脱附(NH3-TPD)、氮气物理吸附、氨气吸附红外光谱等手段对改性沸石进行了表征.结果表明,采用磷酸三甲酯改性的纳米HZSM-5沸石水热稳定性得到明显提高,沸石经苛刻的高温水蒸气处理(800℃,4 h)后,在相对结晶度、孔结构、酸度的保留度方面具有较大提高,提高幅度明显高于无机磷化合物磷酸氢二铵改性的纳米HZSM-5沸石.在上述研究基础上,我们采用固定床微反模拟流化床反应条件对磷改性纳米HZSM-5沸石上全馏分FCC汽油烯烃组分催化裂解反应进行了研究.结果表明,在反应温度540℃,剂/油比等于4,油剂接触时间约为4 s的条件下,全馏分FCC汽油在磷改性纳米HZSM-5沸石上经烯烃组分催化裂解反应后,油品烯烃含量(尤其是重烯烃)明显降低,生成了大量高附加值的C2–C4烯烃,同时油品中芳烃含量增加.与此同时,经烯烃组分裂解后的油品还呈现出辛烷值升高,硫含量降低的有利变化.可以看出,磷改性纳米HZSM-5沸石上全馏分FCC汽油烯烃组分催化裂解是解决FCC汽油烯烃含量高的一条有效途径,充分克服了现有FCC汽油加工工艺存在的一些缺陷,如S-zorb工艺功能单一、成本高;加氢脱硫工艺油品辛烷值损失大、氢耗高;以及OTA技术(本研究组之前的工作)烯烃转化率低、催化剂积碳失活快等缺陷.值得注意的是,磷酸三甲酯改性的纳米HZSM-5沸石在全馏分FCC汽油烯烃组分催化裂解反应性能方面,明显比磷酸二氢铵改性的纳米HZSM-5沸石表现优异.通过我们的研究可以认为,磷酸三甲酯改性将会为纳米HZSM-5沸石在高苛刻度水热条件下的应用提供更多的机会.     

汽油芳构化改质催化剂的覆硅改性研究

采用外表面覆硅改性,内表面金属锌改性制备了ZnS i/HZSM-5芳构化催化剂,以全馏分FCC汽油为原料,在实验室固定床反应装置上进行催化剂的抗积炭及芳构化性能评价,并探讨了催化剂改性机理。采用XRD、BET、Py-IR及元素分析等方法对催化剂晶相、孔结构、酸性及抗积炭性能进行了表征。结果表明,在500℃、1.5MPa及空速为3.0 h-1的条件下,液相产品中烯烃及芳烃质量分数分别为21.75%和27.32%,锌硅改性催化剂具有较高的活性、稳定性及芳构化降烯烃性能。     

ZSM-5催化乙醇制低碳烯烃*

生物乙醇近年来得到蓬勃发展,由乙醇制备低碳烯烃得到广泛关注。本文综述了近年来在乙醇制低碳烯烃领域ZSM-5催化剂的研究进展,介绍了经过金属或磷改性后的催化剂能够改善催化剂的性能,表现为降低催化剂表面酸量,调节酸强度,抑制芳构化和氢转移反应的发生。与未改性分子筛催化剂相比,改性后的催化剂能够显著提高催化剂的活性和乙醇转化产物中低碳烯烃的选择性,同时延长了催化剂的使用寿命。讨论了影响反应的一些因素和该反应的可能机理;展望了催化剂在乙醇制低碳烯烃中的发展方向,指出由乙醇制低碳烯烃是传统石脑油裂解的一条可替代途径。     

Microparticle HZSM-5 zeolite as highly active catalyst for the hydration of cyclohexene to cyclohexanol

Microparticle HZSM-5 zeolite (MPZ) has been prepared without employing any organic templates, and used as a catalyst for the hydration of cyclohexene to synthesize cyclohexanol. MPZ exhibits better catalytic performance and superior settlement separation property than those of commercial HZSM-5 prepared by the traditional method using an organic template. The stability of MPZ has been investigated for a 1200-h test, and the regenerated performance of MPZ has also been investigated. The results show that although MPZ was reused for five recycles, the high cyclohexene conversion of 9.6 % and the high cyclohexanol selectivity of 96.8 % are still attained after the fifth regeneration. FT-IR, XRD and N₂ adsorption–desorption characterizations show that coke deposit on the surface and in the channels of MPZ is the main reason for the deactivation. ICP-AES, SEM–EDS and NH₃-TPD characterizations indicate that hydrothermal dealumination reduces the strong acidity and accelerates the catalyst deactivation. The spent catalyst by regeneration with H₂O₂ could be recovered to its initial high catalytic activity, due to the restored appropriate channels and exposed active sites.

     

用于乙烯芳构化反应的Zn/HZSM-5催化剂失活机制研究

采用浸渍法制备了Zn负载量（质量分数）分别为1%、2%、3%的Zn/HZSM-5分子筛催化剂,通过XRD、N₂吸附-脱附、NH₃-TPD、Py-FTIR、XPS、TG-DTA等技术,系统考察Zn/HZSM-5分子筛在乙烯芳构化反应的失活机制。结果表明,积炭是催化剂失活的主要原因,HZSM-5中Zn的添加在较大程度上抑制了催化剂的积炭行为;低Zn含量时催化剂失活缓慢,但Zn含量较高时,由于催化剂比表面积和孔体积极剧下降,催化剂失活加剧。反应过程中,分子筛上Zn物种存在迁移和流失行为,迁移行为体现为催化剂表面Zn的富集和相对比例的变化;Zn流失速率在不同反应阶段保持恒定,但受到Zn含量的影响,Zn含量越高、流失速率越大。外表面ZnO是分子筛催化剂Zn流失的主要物种,且随Zn负载量升高变化趋势愈加明显,其含量与积炭速率存在一定关联。     

生物油酸酮类模化物与乙醇在HZSM-5上共裂化制备生物汽油

生物油酸类和酮类化合物具有较高的裂化活性,而使用分子蒸馏技术能将这些组分富集到蒸出馏分中,因此蒸出馏分相比原始生物油具有更好的裂化特性.为了模拟实际蒸出馏分的组成,本文将生物油模化物(羟基丙酮(HPO)、环戊酮和乙酸)进行配比混合,在固定床反应器上对其与乙醇的共裂化行为进行了研究,考察了不同反应温度和压力对混合反应物的转化率、粗汽油相的选择性和组成的影响.研究发现,当反应温度在340℃时,乙酸和乙醇的转化率分别仅为67.9%和74.4%,同时得到的油相产物中烃类含量仅为59.8%,并含有大量的含氧副产物.常压裂化同样生成了低品质的油相产物,同时油相选择性仅为10.8%.提高反应温度能促进反应物的转化,提高裂化过程中的脱氧效率,而提高反应压力对液体烃类的生成有明显的促进作用.在400℃和2MPa时,酸类和酮类都有良好的裂化表现,反应物接近完全转化,粗汽油相选择性达到31.5%,且全部由烃类组成,其中芳香烃含量高达91.5%.此外,反应后催化剂表征和稳定性测试结果表明,催化剂在较长时间反应后会失活,但通过催化剂再生能够很好地恢复催化剂活性.     

Single Particle Assays to Determine Heterogeneities within Fluid Catalytic Cracking Catalysts

Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) is an important process in oil refinery industry to produce gasoline and propylene. Due to harsh reaction conditions, FCC catalysts are subject to deactivation through for example, metal accumulation and zeolite framework collapse. Here, we perform a screening of the influence of metal poisons on the acidity and accessibility of an industrial FCC catalyst material using laboratory-based single particle characterization that is, μ-XRF and fluorescence microscopy in combination with probe molecules. These methods have been performed on density-separated FCC catalyst fractions, allowing to determine interparticle heterogeneities in the catalyst under study. It was found that with increasing catalyst density and metal content, the acidity and accessibility of the catalyst particles decreased, while their distribution narrowed with catalyst age. For example, particles containing high Ni level possessed very low acidity and were hardly accessible by a Nile Blue dye. Single catalyst particle mapping identifies minority species like the presence of a phosphated zeolite ZSM-5-containing FCC additive for selective propylene formation, catalyst particles without any zeolite phase and catalyst particles, which act as a trap for SO_x.     

HZSM-5分子筛在甲醇制丙烯反应中的失活与再生

研究了甲醇制丙烯(MTP)催化剂经过多周期反应后失活的本质原因,据此提出了一种简便易行的催化剂再生方法,即二次晶化法,并将其应用到失活MTP催化剂的再生中。采用X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线荧光光谱(XRF)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、N₂吸附、²⁷Al魔角旋转固体核磁共振(²⁷Al MAS NMR)、NH₃程序升温脱附(NH₃-TPD)、吡啶吸附红外(Py-IR)光谱等测试技术对再生前后HZSM-5分子筛催化剂的晶体结构、硅铝比、织构性质、酸性质等进行了表征。并在常压(甲醇分压为30 kPa)、反应温度为470 ℃、甲醇质量空速(WHSV)为1 h^-1的条件下,研究了再生前后HZSM-5分子筛催化剂的催化性能。结果表明,分子筛晶体结构被破坏、活性位流失是多周期反应后HZSM-5分子筛催化剂活性下降的主要原因。经过二次晶化再生后,催化剂的相对结晶度、比表面积、孔容和酸量都明显提高,晶体结构和活性位得到了有效修复,再生催化剂在MTP反应中重新表现出优异的甲醇转化能力和丙烯选择性。