A Novel Sul ded Mo/C Catalyst for Direct Vapor Phase Carbonylation of Methanol at Atmospheric Pressure

The direct carbonylation of methanol, without any halide in the feed as a promoter, is presented. A series of Mo catalysts supported on activated carbon, y-Al2O3 and SiO2 were prepared. The results show that the support greatly affects the Mo catalyst in the direct vapor-phase carbonylation of methanol, and activated carbon is the best supports of the investigated supports. In addition, the relationships between adsorptions of NH3 and CO and carbonylation of methanol were investigated. A novel sulfided Mo/C catalyst had high activity and selectivity for the vapor phase carbonylation of methanol to methyl acetate without the addition of a CH3I promoter to the feed. The reaction conditions were optimized at a reaction temperature of 573 K, a methanol concentration of 23 mol% and a carbon monoxide space velocity of 3,000 L/(kg-h). Under these optimal conditions a methanol conversion of 50%, carbonylation selectivity of 80 mol%, and space-time yield of 8.0 mol/(kg-h) were obtained. The active phase of this     

甲醇直接气相羰基化Mo／C催化剂

为了“优化燃料资源，创建能源化工体系”，开展甲醇下游产品的研究是当今燃料化工的重要内容之一。７０年代初美国Ｍｏｎｓａｎｔｏ开发的Ｒｈ－Ⅰ催化体系使甲醇液相羰基化制醋酸大规模工业化，由于该体系采用昂贵紧缺的金属铑，催化剂需精心回收；并且由于需要大量碘化...     

KINETIC STUDY OF CARBONYLATION OF METHANOL TO ACETIC ACID AND ACETIC ANHYDRIDE OVER A NOVEL COPOLYMER-BOUND CIS-DICARBONYLRHODIUM COMPLEX

The kinetic study of carbonylation of methanol-acetic acid mixture to acetic acid and acetic anhydride over a cis-dicarbonylrhodium complex (MVM' Rh) coordinated with the ethylene diacrylate (M') crosslinked copolymer of methyl acrylate (M) and 2-vinylpyddine (V)shows that the rate of reaction is zero order with respect to both reactants methanol and carbon monoxide, but first order in the concentrations of promoter methyl iodide and rhodium in the complex. Polar solvents can accelerate the reaction. Activation parameters were calculated from the experimental results, being comparable to that of the homogeneous system. A mechanism similar to that of soluble rhodium catalyst was proposed.     

甲醇气相羰基化Ni/AC催化剂的失活行为

采用连续流动固定床反应装置,Ni/AC作为催化剂,在533 K、1.5 MPa、CO/CH3OH/CH3I摩尔比20/19/1、7.5 gcat·h·mol－1下考察了催化剂的稳定性,并通过XPS、ICP和XRD等技术对甲醇气相羰基化反应前后Ni/AC催化剂进行了表征。结果表明,长时间运转催化剂表面形成NiI2,使具有催化活性的Ni0活性中心数量减少,活性降低。XPS结果显示羰基化活性中心Ni不断迁移并在催化剂表面富集,导致积炭效应,堵塞催化剂孔道,使催化剂失活。进一步对积炭类型研究,发现形成的碳物种主要是石墨型碳。Ni向催化剂表面迁移富集,并与CO形成可挥发的Ni(CO)4,造成金属镍的大量流失由ICP所证实。     

高分子铑配合物（PYBRh）催化甲醇羰基化为乙酸和乙酸酐的动力学研究

采用２－乙烯吡啶－丁烯酮共聚物为配体，与四羰基二氯二铑形成顺二羰基铑（Ｉ）配合物（ＰＹＢＲｈ），用于催化甲醇羰基化制备乙酸和乙酸酐的反应动力学研究。结果表明，其对反应物甲醇和一氧化碳均为零级反应，在一定范围内，对高分子铑催化剂及助催化剂碘甲烷均为一级反应，极性溶剂的加入可以提高甲醇羰基化速度。通过实验结果计算了其反应活化能，活化熵和热焓研究证明其反应机理与小分子铑催化剂相似。     

乙醇直接气相羰基化新催化剂

醇的羰基化合成是极有工业价值的过程 ,也是绿色化学中提倡的原子经济性反应 [1] .甲醇均相羰基化合成醋酸是 Monsanto公司成功开发应用的典范 [2 ] ,而乙醇羰基化合成丙酸或丙酸乙酯的研究尤其重要 .前文对一种性能优良的负载型 Ni系催化剂用于乙醇常压气相羰基化合成丙酸及其酯作了报道 [3,4] ,与均相羰基化相比 ,该反应具有条件温和 ,不使用贵金属铑 ,催化剂与产物不存在分离上的困难等优点 ,但反应体系仍需使用卤化物作促进剂 .由于碘乙烷的存在 ,反应系统设备腐蚀严重 (有 HI生成 ) ,产物分离精制复杂 .目前 ,醇的均相羰基化及多相羰…     

新型Ni－La催化剂催化甲醇气相羰基化反应

 制备和测试一种全新的甲醇气相羰基化催化剂。催化剂的活性金属为Ni, La为第二组分，本身无催化羰基化活性，采用一种我们自行开发的新型碳分子筛为载体。在制备过程中，采用了一种全新的负载路线，即：以Ni-La双核配合物为金属微晶的前体，使得Ni-La按确定的原子比混合，由此得到全新Ni-La羰基化催化剂。La有很强的助催化作用，与未添加La的Ni催化剂相比，Ni-La催化剂表现出更高的催化活性和选择性。     

甲醇羰基化制醋酸镍基双金属催化剂的研究

在ＮｉＣ催化剂中分别添加了九种不同的金属组分,在加压和碘甲烷助剂的存在下考察了第二金属组分及含量对甲醇羰基化反应性能的影响。结果表明：分别添加Ｐｄ、Ｍｏ、Ｌａ三种组分可不同程度地提高ＮｉＣ催化剂的羰基化活性,其中以Ｐｄ的效果最佳,Ｎｉ和Ｐｄ之间存在着明显的相互作用。Ｐｄ含量为１％时,羰基化活性达到最高,甲醇转化率和醋酸收率分别为９２４０％和４９７３％。Ｎｉ－ＰｄＣ双金属催化剂的活性中心主要为Ｎｉ０,还有少量Ｐｄ０存在,Ｐｄ能够显著促进ＮｉＯ的还原,这可能是氢溢流现象所致     

甲醇直接气相羰基化反应动力学

甲醇直接气相羰基化研究 ,是在无任何促进剂下 ,ＣＯ与甲醇直接进行羰基化反应 ,这与目前公认的甲醇必须有碘化物作用下构成催化循环的间接羰化不同 ,在催化理论上有可能提出新的羰基化机理。彭峰等在甲醇直接气相羰基化方面 ,对具有高活性与选择性的非铑非卤素Ｍｏ Ｃ催化剂体系进行了系列研究 ,并取得了较好的实验结果[1～ 5] 。有碘甲烷参与的甲醇羰基化液相或者气相反应 ,大多数文献认为控制步骤是碘化物中Ｃ -Ｉ键的解离及ＣＯ的插入 ,羰基化反应是由一系列平行和连串反应组成的[6～ 8] 。催化剂类型不同得到的动力学参数也不相同 ,难…     

Palladium‐catalyzed unstrained C(sp3)―N bond activation: the synthesis of N,N‐dimethylacetamide by carbonylation of trimethylamine

This work describes a highly efficient unstrained C(sp³)―N bond activation approach for synthesis of N,N‐dimethylacetamide (DMAc) via catalytic carbonylation of trimethylamine using a PdCl₂/bipy (bipy = 2,2′‐bipyridine)/Me₄NI catalyst system. A low Pd catalyst dosage (1.0 mol%) is sufficient for high selectivity (98.1%) and yield (90.8%), with a turnover number (TON) of 90.0 mmol of DMAc obtained per mmol of PdCl₂ employed under mild reaction conditions. The influence of reaction parameters such as catalyst precursor dosage, ligand type and promoter on activity is investigated. This work also discusses in detail the halide promoter's role in the reaction, and provides a plausible mechanism based on the intermediates methyl iodide and acetyl iodide. Analyses indicate that the carbonylation of trimethylamine may proceed through an active intermediate acetyl iodide formed by carbonylation of methyl iodide generated from the decomposition of the promoter Me₄NI under reaction conditions. The formation of acetyl iodide favors the cleaving efficiency of the inert unstrained C(sp³)―N bond of trimethylamine. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

添加稀土氯化物对甲醇低压气相羰基化制备醋酸的影响

将适量稀土添加到镍基催化剂中，并用BET、XRD和TPR对催化剂进行了表征， Ni-La/AC系列催化剂用于甲醇低压气相羰基化的结果表明，稀土（主要成分为LaCl3）对羰基化反应的诱导期、甲醇转化率和羰基化产物的收率产生了有利的影响，Ni（5%）-La （3.8%）/AC表现出较好的催化活性，比单金属负载Ni/AC催化剂在相同条件下，转化率提高了11.52%，羰基化主产物总收率提高了12.16%。     

Promotion of iridium-catalyzed methanol carbonylation: mechanistic studies of the cativa process

The iridium/iodide-catalyzed carbonylation of methanol to acetic acid is promoted by carbonyl complexes of W, Re, Ru, and Os and simple iodides of Zn, Cd, Hg, Ga, and In. Iodide salts (LiI and Bu(4)NI) are catalyst poisons. In situ IR spectroscopy shows that the catalyst resting state (at H(2)O levels > or = 5% w/w) is fac,cis-[Ir(CO)(2)I(3)Me](-), 2. The stoichiometric carbonylation of 2 into [Ir(CO)(2)I(3)(COMe)](-), 6, is accelerated by substoichiometric amounts of neutral promoter species (e.g., [Ru(CO)(3)I(2)](2), [Ru(CO)(2)I(2)](n), InI(3), GaI(3), and ZnI(2)). The rate increase is approximately proportional to promoter concentration for promoter:Ir ratios of 0-0.2. By contrast anionic Ru complexes (e.g., [Ru(CO)(3)I(3)](-), [Ru(CO)(2)I(4)](2)(-)) do not promote carbonylation of 2 and Bu(4)NI is an inhibitor. Mechanistic studies indicate that the promoters accelerate carbonylation of 2 by abstracting an iodide ligand from the Ir center, allowing coordination of CO to give [Ir(CO)(3)I(2)Me], 4, identified by high-pressure IR and NMR spectroscopy. Migratory CO insertion is ca. 700 times faster for 4 than for 2 (85 degrees C, PhCl), representing a lowering of Delta G(++) by 20 kJ mol(-1). Ab initio calculations support a more facile methyl migration in 4, the principal factor being decreased pi-back-donation to the carbonyl ligands compared to 2. The fac,cis isomer of [Ir(CO)(2)I(3)(COMe)](-), 6a (as its Ph(4)As(+) salt), was characterized by X-ray crystallography. A catalytic mechanism is proposed in which the promoter [M(CO)(m)I(n)] (M = Ru, In; m = 3, 0; n = 2, 3) binds I(-) to form [M(CO)(m)I(n+1)](-)H(3)O(+) and catalyzes the reaction HI(aq) + MeOAc --> MeI + HOAc. This moderates the concentration of HI(aq) and so facilitates catalytic turnover via neutral 4.     

甲醇气相法羰基化合成乙酸的镍催化剂(YhNi)的研究

本文报导了一种新型的甲醇羰基化生产乙酸的镍催化剂.由于选用了由聚偏二氯乙烯热裂解制得的特殊碳化物为载体,所以该催化剂有大比表面积,孔径分布均匀,并有优良的热稳定性和机械强度,其催化甲醇羰基化的速率在相对温和的条件下达到582克乙酸/克镍/时,高于文献报导的镍金属催化剂.     

丙二酸锂-铑配合物的结构及催化性能研究

本文采用丙二酸锂为配体，与四羰基二氯二铑形成双齿配位的顺二羰基铑配合物，研究表明，在催化甲醇羰基化制乙酸的反应中，该配合物显示出高的活性和选择性。     

Carbodeoxygenation of Biomass: The Carbonylation of Glycerol and Higher Polyols to Monocarboxylic Acids

Glycerol is converted to a mixture of butyric and isobutyric acid by rhodium‐ or iridium‐catalysed carbonylation using HI as the co‐catalyst. The initial reaction of glycerol with HI results in several intermediates that lead to isopropyl iodide, which upon carbonylation forms butyric and isobutyric acid. At low HI concentration, the intermediate allyl iodide undergoes carbonylation to give vinyl acetic acid and crotonic acid. Higher polyols C_nH_n+2(OH)_n are carbonylated to the corresponding C_n+1 mono‐carboxylic acids.     

Kinetics of Methanol Carbonylation to Methyl Formate Catalyzed by Sodium Methoxide

Kinetics of synthesis of methyl formate from carbon monoxide and methanol, using sodium methoxide as the catalyst and pyridine as the promoter in a batch reactor, was studied. Kinetic parameters such as the apparent reaction orders, the rate constant and the apparent activation energies were obtained. The experimental results showed that both the reaction orders with respect to CO and methanol equal to 1, the general reaction kinetic equation is (-r)=-dp(CO)/dt=k, p(CO).[MeOH], and the rate constant is k=8.82×10~6exp [-61.19×10~3/(R·T)] in the presence of pyridine. The apparent activation energies had decreased 6.44 kJ/mol and the rate constant had increased more than 1.5 times when pyridine was used as the promoter in the catalyst system.     

钼催化剂上甲醇直接气相羰基化活性与吸附的关系

 制备了一系列非负载的钼催化剂，考察了催化剂上甲醇直接气相\r\n羰化活性与反应物及产物吸附的关系．结果发现，催化剂的制备方法对\r\n甲醇直接气相羰化活性的影响很明显，以纯二硫化钼试剂制备的催化剂\r\n，甲醇转化率与羰化产物乙酸甲酯的选择性最低；以三氧化钼气相还原\r\n硫化制备的催化剂，其羰化活性较低；以钼酸铵溶液经硫化铵溶液或硫\r\n化氢气体硫化制得的催化剂，其性能明显优于前两种，尤以钼酸铵经硫\r\n化铵溶液硫化制得的催化剂的性能最佳．催化剂的羰化活性明显依赖于\r\n催化剂的吸附性能，羰化活性高的催化剂不仅吸附CO的量大，而且对甲\r\n醇和乙酸甲酯的吸附量也明显较大．     

聚4-乙烯吡啶类高分子铑(I)化合物对甲醇羰化合成乙酸的催化性能

本文将聚4-乙烯吡啶(PVPy)、聚1-甲基-4-乙烯吡啶季铵碘(PVPyMe^+I^-)和4-乙烯吡啶/1-甲基-4-乙烯吡啶季铵碘共聚物[P(VPy-VPyMe^+I^-)]分别与四羰基二氯二铑反应制备成高分子铑(I)催化剂, 并考察了它们各自在甲醇羰化反应中的催化行为。结合IR光谱对这些催化剂结构的分析研究表明, 以上4-乙烯吡啶类高分子链上所含的功能基各自与铑(I)配合物离子之间以不同的链联方式所产生的不同结构的活性物种对催化反应性能有着显著的影响, 具有双配位的螯合型稳定结构的Rh(I)/PVPy催化剂, 表现出较差的催化反应活性, 而离子键合型的Rh(I)/PVPyMe^+I^-和杂键合型的Rh(I)/P(VPy-VPyMe^+I^-)催化剂均表现较佳的反应性能, 特别是Rh(I)/P(VPy-VPyMe^+I^-),由于其形成具有更强亲核性的五配位中间过渡态参与反应过程, 从而在较大程度上提高了催化反应速率。     

Study on Ni/C catalysts for vapor phase carbonylation of ethanol

Activated carbon-supported Ni catalysts for vapor phase carbonylation of ethanol to propionic acid in the presence of ethyl iodide as promoter were investigated. Under optimum reaction conditions, the conversions of carbon monoxide and ethanol were measured to be 81.4% and 98.4%, respectively, while the selectivity for propionic acid was found to be 98.65%. The catalyst was stable within 48 h on stream. XRD and XPS methods were used to characterize the structures and surface properties of the fresh and tested catalysts. The characterization results indicated that aggregation of nickel particles and formation of nickel iodide on the catalyst surface should be responsible for the deactivation of the catalysts.     

甲醇羰基化制醋酸铱基催化剂的研究

摘要 醋酸是一种重要的化工原料，甲醇羰基化是目前生产醋酸的主要方法， 铱基催化剂是最有发展前景的甲醇羰基化反应制备醋酸的催化剂。介绍了铱基催化 剂体系的催化机理、速度影响因素，并与铑基催化剂进行了比较．