荧光探针8-(3’,4’-二氨基苯)-二氟化硼-二吡咯甲烷用于光度法 灵敏测定食品中亚硝酸根和硝酸根

新型荧光探针8-(3’,4’-二氨基苯)-二氟化硼-二吡咯甲烷本体荧光很弱, 在酸性条件下, 和亚硝酸盐于30 ℃下反应15min后生成强荧光的三氮唑产物. 硝酸根可通过锌粉和氯化镉还原成亚硝酸根. 由此建立了一种新的荧光光谱法灵敏测定食品中的亚硝酸根和硝酸根. 其线性范围为0.06～6 μmol•L－1. 当信噪比等于3时, 方法的检出限为2 nmol• L－1. 将该方法首次用于多种食品中亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐的测定, 加标回收率为98.16%～103.20%.     

Optimum conditions for effective use of the terminating ion in transient isotachophoresis for capillary zone electrophoretic determination of nitrite and nitrate in seawater,with artificial seawater as background electrolyte

We have examined transient isotachophoresis (ITP) conditions, e.g. the nature of the terminating ion, its concentration, and the injection procedure, to improve the limit of detection (LOD) for determination of nitrite and nitrate in seawater by capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE). Artificial seawater containing 3.0 mmol L(-1) cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTAC) was used as background electrolyte (BGE). After sample injection 600 mmol L(-1) acetate was separately injected into the capillary as the terminating ion for transient ITP. The LOD for nitrite and nitrate, obtained at a signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) of 3, were 15 and 7.0 microg L(-1) (as nitrogen), respectively. Relative standard deviations (RSD) of peak area for nitrite and nitrate were 7.3 and 0.8%, respectively, and the RSD of peak height were 5.7 and 1.2%, respectively, when the concentrations of nitrite and nitrate were 0.05 and 0.25 mg L(-1). The RSD of migration time for these ions was 0.2%. The proposed method was applied to the determination of nitrite and nitrate in seawater samples. The results for nitrite were nearly in agreement with those obtained by naphthylethylenediamine spectrophotometric analysis (SPA; correlation coefficient 0.9041).     

光化学反应在流动注射分析中的应用研究 Ⅲ.甲基橙光化学反应体系测定亚硝酸根、硝酸根和铁(Ⅲ)

基于NO_2~-、NO_3~-和Fe(Ⅲ)对甲基橙光化学褪色反应的催化作用,利用自制流通式光化学反应器,建立了流动注射光化学反应同时测定NO_2~-和NO_3~-以及测定Fe(Ⅲ)的新方法。测定NO_2~-和NO_3~-的线性范围都是0.1～3.2mg/L,每小时可测30～40个样品,测定Fe(Ⅲ)的线性范围为0.06～1.2mg/L,进样频率为60～80次/h。应用于蔬菜中NO_2~-、NO_3~-的测定和茶叶中铁的测定,结果满意。     

Simultaneous determination of bromide, nitrite and nitrate ions in seawater by capillary zone electrophoresis using artificial seawater as the carrier solution

We describe capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) for the simultaneous determination of bromide, nitrite and nitrate ions in seawater. Artificial seawater was adopted as the carrier solution to eliminate the interference of high concentrations of salts in seawater. The artificial seawater was free from bromide ion to enable the determination of bromide ion in a sample solution. For the purpose of reversing the electroosmotic flow (EOF), 3 mM cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTAC) was added to the carrier solution. A 100 microm ID (inside diameter) capillary was used to extend the optical path length. The limits of detection (LODs) for bromide, nitrite, and nitrate ions were 0.46, 0.072, and 0.042 mg/L (as nitrogen), respectively. The LODs were obtained at a signal to noise ratio (S/N) of 3. The values of the relative standard deviation (RSD) of peak area for these ions were 1.1, 1.5, and 0.97%. The RSDs of migration time for these ions were 0.61, 0.69, and 0.66%. Artificial seawater samples containing various concentrations of bromide, nitrite, and nitrate ions were analyzed by the method. The error was less than +/-12% even if the concentration ratio of bromide ion to nitrite or nitrate ion was 20-240. The proposed method was applied to the determination of bromide, nitrite, and nitrate ions in seawater samples taken from the surface and the seabed. These ions in other environmental waters such as river water and rainwater samples were also determined by ion chromatography (IC) as well as this method.     

毛细管离子电泳法同时测定腌菜中硝酸根和亚硝酸根

以溴离子(Br-)为内标,建立了毛细管离子电泳同时测定腌菜中的硝酸根和亚硝酸根的方法。讨论了缓冲液pH、样品和缓冲液中氯化钠浓度、分离电压对分离的影响。结果表明:以含1mol LNaCl的40mmol LH3PO4 NaOH缓冲-、-得到基线分离。NO3-和NO2液(pH3.5)为背景电解质,4min内Br-、NO3-检出限分别为0.1g L和0.3g L,峰面积相对标准偏差分别为4.6%和NO25 8%。     

Determination of nitrite and nitrate in a proposed certified reference material for nutrients in seawater by capillary zone electrophoresis with artificial seawater as the background electrolyte using transient isotachophoresis

We describe a combination of selected ions as a terminating ion which is useful for transient isotachophoresis (ITP) in capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) for the determination of nitrite and nitrate in seawater. In addition to 150 mM sulfate as the principal terminating ion, 10 mM bromate was added to a sample solution as the additional terminating ion. Artificial seawater containing 3 mM cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTAC) was adopted as a background electrolyte (BGE). The limits of detection (LODs) for nitrite and nitrate were 2.2 and 1.0 microg/L (as nitrogen), respectively. The LODs were obtained at a signal to noise ratio (S/N) of 3. The values of the relative standard deviation (RSD) of peak area for these ions were 1.9 and 1.4%. The RSDs of peak height were 1.7 and 1.9%, the RSDs of migration time 0.11%. The proposed method was applied to the determination of nitrite and nitrate in a proposed certified reference material for nutrients in seawater, MOOS-1, distributed by the National Research Council of Canada (NRC). The results almost agreed with the assigned tolerance interval.     

A simple simultaneous flow injection method based on phosphomolybdenum chemistry for nitrate and nitrite determinations in water and fish samples

A direct spectrophotometric flow injection method for the simultaneous determination of nitrite and nitrate has been developed. The method is based on the oxidation of a phosphomolybdenum blue complex by the addition of nitrite and the decrease in absorbance of the blue complex is monitored at 820 nm. The injected sample is split into two segments. One of the streams was directly reacted with the above reagent and detected as nitrite. The other stream was passed through a copperised cadmium reductor column where reduction of nitrate to nitrite occurs, and the sample was then mixed with the reagent and passed through the cell of the spectrophotometer to be detected as nitrite plus nitrate. The conditions for the flow injection manifold parameters were optimised by experimental design and the concentration of nitrite and nitrate was determined in the linear range from 0.05 to 1.15 mug ml(-1) nitrite and 0.06 to 1.6 mug ml(-1) nitrate with a detection limit of 0.01 mug ml(-1) for nitrite and 0.025 mug ml(-1) for nitrate. The method is suitable for the simultaneous determination of nitrite and nitrate in fish and water samples with a sampling rate of 25+/-2 sample per hour.     

药物中亚硝酸根的流动注射催化光度法分析

以亚硝酸根催化溴酸钾在磷酸介质中氧化维多利亚天蓝Ｂ褪色为指示反应，建立了反相流动注射催化光度法测定痕量亚硝酸根的新方法。本法操作简单、快速，灵敏度高，测定亚酸根的线性范围为２￣８０μｇ／Ｌ，直接用于含硝酸内服药和针剂中亚硝酸根的测定，与α－萘胺比色法对照结果一致。     

Sensitive spectrophotometric determination of nitrite in human saliva and rain water and of nitrogen dioxide in the atmosphere

A new simple, sensitive, and selective spectrophotometric method was developed for the determination of nitrite. The method is based on the reaction of nitrite with sulfathiazole in acidic medium to form a diazonium cation, which is subsequently coupled with N-(1-naphthyl)ethylenediamine dihydrochloride to form a highly stable, violet azo dye. The reaction product has an absorption maximum at 546 nm and obeys Beer's law over a nitrite range of 0.054-0.816 microg/mL. The molar absorptivity of the colored compound is 4.61 x 10(4) L/mol x cm). The detection limit is 12.1 microg/L. The relative standard deviation is 0.85% for 5 determinations of nitrite at 0.27 microg/mL. The reproducibility and validity of the proposed method are discussed in the present paper. The simplicity of the method is demonstrated by the high stability of the azo-dye product as well as the short time required for its complete formation in a reaction at room temperature without pH control or extra extraction. The sensitivity of the method is shown by the successful determination of nitrite in human saliva and rain water, and of nitrogen dioxide in the atmosphere. The results compare favorably with those obtained by the reference method. The selectivity of the method is indicated by its freedom from most interferences, even at high concentrations of nitrate (500 microg/mL).     

改进的离子色谱法测定乳制品中亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐

改进了国家标准方法GB 5009.33-2010《食品安全国家标准 食品中亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐的测定》中离子色谱法用于乳制品中亚硝酸盐(以亚硝酸根计)和硝酸盐(以硝酸根计)的测定方法。乳制品经水提取后,加入3%乙酸溶液沉淀蛋白,离心后上清液用反相固相萃取柱净化,以NaOH为淋洗液,加入乙腈作为有机改进剂分离亚硝酸根和硝酸根,外加水模式抑制,离子色谱分析柱为AS 19,柱温30 ℃,池温35 ℃,检测波长设定为225 nm,进样量200 μL。在上述条件下,亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐的质量浓度分别在0.005～0.50和0.05～1.50 mg/L时与色谱峰面积之间的线性关系良好。在电导检测模式下,亚硝酸盐的检出限为0.2 mg/kg,硝酸盐的检出限为0.04 mg/kg;在紫外检测模式下,两者检出限分别为0.02 mg/kg和0.01 mg/kg。将该方法用于乳制品的检测,加标回收率为84.0%～104.1%。该法简便、快速、准确,适用于乳制品中低含量亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐的检测。     

Simultaneous stepwise injection-photometric determination of nitrite and nitrate ions in aqueous media

A procedure for the stepwise injection-photometric determination of nitrite and nitrate ions has been developed. The procedure employs their subsequent determination by the reaction of colored azo compound formation after the reduction of nitrate ions into nitrite ions on a cadmium reducer. The analytical ranges for nitrite and nitrate ions are 2–15 and 5–50 mg/L (sample volume 2 mL, analysis time 14 min).     

非镉柱还原-流动注射分光光度法检测硝酸盐

阐述了一种基于碱性条件下,采用还原液将硝酸盐还原为亚硝酸盐,从而实现淡水中硝酸盐的还原液-流动注射分光光度检测方法,通过优化实验确定了最优分析条件。硝酸盐浓度在50～2000μg/L范围内与峰高呈良好的线性关系,方法检出限3.5μg/L,相对标准偏差0.90%(n=15,500μg/L)。方法应用于环境水样中硝酸盐的检测,加标回收率为95.0%～100.2%。该方法避免了镉还原柱再生处理,简化了操作,易于实现无人值守式的在线自动监测。     

Determination of nitrate and nitrite in mixtures with a nitrate ion electrode

A rapid method for the determination of nitrate and nitrite ions is described. The potential of a mixture of nitrate and nitrite was measured with a nitrate ion selective electrode. The nitrite in the mixture is then oxidized to nitrate with permanganate in acid solution, and the potential of the oxidized solution is also measured with the electrode. The fundamental equations for the response of the nitrate ion electrode to nitrate ion in the presence of interfering ions were used, and a new equation was developed for calculating the original nitrate concentration of the mixture. The absolute errors for solutions of known concentrations (2.5–100 p.p.m. each) were 1.8 p.p.m. nitrate and 2 p.p.m. nitrite. When the results are calculated by computer, five determinations can be performed in 30 min. The method was applied to the determination of the oxides of nitrogen in cigarette smoke as nitrite and nitrate after dissolution in basic solution.     

A simple and accurate method to determine nitrite and nitrate in serum based on high‐performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection

A simple method for accurate determination of nitrite and nitrate in serum was proposed to avoid the variation of nitrate reduction. For nitrite determination, serum samples were directly precipitated with methanol pre‐nitrate conversion, and then the supernatant reacted with 2,3‐diaminonaphthalene (DAN) to form 2,3‐naphthotriazole (NAT), which was quantitatively analyzed by high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with fluorescence detection (HPLC‐FL). For nitrate determination, samples were firstly heated at 70°C for 10 min to inactivate endogenous reductase‐inhibiting proteins, then nitrate in the samples was quantitatively reduced to nitrite by reductase added experimentally. The difference in total nitrite concentrations between pre‐ and post‐nitrate conversion was used to calculate the amount of nitrate in the samples. In addition to good specificity, high sensitivity, satisfactory accuracy and reproducibility, our method is simple and suitable for the quantitative determination of nanomolar level of nitrite and nitrate in a large number of serum samples. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Use of Griess reagent containing vanadium(III) for post-column derivatization and simultaneous determination of nitrite and nitrate in baby food

An ion chromatographic method with post-column derivatization and spectrophotometric detection is presented for the determination of nitrate and nitrite (NOx) in baby food. NOx residues found naturally or added as preservatives were extracted from baby foods and determined by using ion chromatography with post-column derivatization and spectrophotometric detection. Nitrate was reduced to nitrite online by post-column reduction using vanadium(lll) chloride and heat. Nitrite reacted with Griess reagent to produce a dye that was detected at 525 nm. The use of V(III) and heat to promote the reduction of nitrate to nitrite online is a novel feature of this detection system. The determination of incurred NOx residues in samples by using AOAC Method 993.03 yielded results comparable to those obtained by ion chromatography with spectrophotometric detection. The toxic and carcinogenic metal cadmium used in the AOAC Method to reduce the nitrate to nitrite was avoided. The proposed method provides simultaneous determination of nitrate and nitrite. Average recoveries of nitrate and nitrite residues ranged from 82 to 107% for fortification levels of 25-400 ppm.     

An automatic gas-phase molecular absorption spectrometric system using a UV-LED photodiode based detector for determination of nitrite and total nitrate

An automatic gas-phase molecular absorption spectrometric (GPMAS) system was developed and applied to determine nitrite and total nitrate in water samples. The GPMAS system was coupled with a UV-light emitting diode photodiode (UV-LED-PD) based photometric detector, including a 255 nm UV-LED as the light source, a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) tube of 14 cm as the gas flow cell, and an integrated photodiode amplifier to measure the transmitted light intensity. The UV-LED-PD detector was compact, robust, simple and of low heat production, comparing with detectors used in other GPMAS works. For nitrite measurement, citric acid was used to acidify the sample, and ethanol to catalyze the quantitative formation of NO₂. The produced NO₂ was purged with air flow into the UV-LED-PD detector, and the gaseous absorbance value was measured. The total nitrate could be determined after being reduced to nitrite with a cadmium column. Limits of detection for nitrite and nitrate were 7 μmol/L and 12 μmol/L, respectively; and linear ranges of 0.021-5 mmol/L for nitrite and 0.036-4 mmol/L for nitrate were obtained. Related standard deviations were 1.81% and 1.08% for nitrite and nitrate, respectively, both at 2 mmol/L. The proposed method has been applied to determine nitrite and total nitrate in some environmental water samples.     

Ion chromatographic determination of salicylate in human serum with a bulk acoustic wave sensor as detector

Salicylate is a hydrolysis product of salicylate-containing drugs (such as aspirin) in patients' blood. Monitoring of this ion in blood is helpful for diagnosing of overdosage of these drugs. The present paper describes an ion chromatography (IC) method developed for determination of total salicylate in human serum, in which a hulk acoustic wave (BAW) sensor was used as detector; 0.5 mmoI/L sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃, pH 8.5) served as mobile phase. Interference in the determination was negligible. The method is simple, rapid, accurate, and precise. Serum salicylate was analyzed using both the proposed IC-BAW method and the classical Trinder spec-trophotometric method, and the results showed that the two method agreed well.     

Two-dimensional nano-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry system for applications in proteomics

Transient isotachophoresis-capillary zone electrophoresis with artificial seawater as the background electrolyte (BGE) was improved to further lower the limit of detection (LOD) for determination of nitrite and nitrate in seawater. By lowering the pH of BGE, the difference between effective mobility of nitrite and that of nitrate increased, thereby permitting increased sample volumes to be tolerated and their LOD values to decrease. Artificial seawater with pH adjusted to 3.0 using phosphate buffer was adopted as the BGE. To reverse electroosmotic flow (EOF), a capillary was flushed with 0.1 mM dilauryldimethylammonium bromide for 3 min before the capillary was filled with the BGE. Limits of detection (LODs) for nitrite and nitrate were 2.7 and 3.0 microg/l (as nitrogen), respectively. The LODs were obtained at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3. Values of the relative standard deviation (RSD) of peak area for these ions were 2.0 and 0.75%, respectively, when nitrite concentration was 0.05 mg/l and that of nitrate was 0.5 mg/l. The RSDs of peak height were 4.4 and 2.3%. The RSD values of migration time for these ions were 0.19 and 0.17%. The proposed method was applied to determination of nitrite and nitrate in a proposed certified reference material for nutrients in seawater, MOOS-1, distributed by the National Research Council of Canada. Results agreed with the assigned tolerance interval. This method was also applied to determination of these ions in seawater collected around Osaka Bay. Results nearly agreed with those obtained by a conventional spectrophotometric method.     

Chemometric approach to the optimisation of LC-FL and GC-MS methods for the determination of nitrite and nitrate in some biological,food and environmental samples

Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method and a liquid chromatography–fluorescence (LC-FL) detection method using experimental design and optimisation approach were improved for the quantitative determination of nitrite and nitrate in biological, food and environmental samples. The obtained recoveries of nitrite and nitrate ions from samples based on both GC-MS and LC-FL results ranged from 98.5% to 98.9% for nitrite and 97.9% to 98.4% for nitrate. The precision of these methods, as indicated by the relative standard deviations (RSDs), was within the range from 2.4% to 3.6% for nitrite and 2.5% to 3.8% for nitrate, respectively. The limits of detection of nitrite and nitrate ions from samples based on GC-MS and LC-FL results ranged from 0.01 to 0.14 ng L^?1 for nitrite and 0.02 to 0.71 ng L^?1 for nitrate, respectively. The optimised isolation procedure by central composite design was successfully applied to real samples. The results revealed that the proposed procedure combined with GC-MS and LC-FL techniques is more sensitive, reliable and selective compared to the other methods available for the precise determination of trace levels of nitrite and nitrate in biological, food and environmental samples.     

Flow-injection analysis of nitrate by reduction to nitrite and gas-phase molecular absorption spectrometry

Two flow-injection manifolds have been investigated for the determination of nitrate. These manifolds are based on the reduction of nitrate to nitrite and determination of nitrite by gas-phase molecular absorption spectrophotometry. Nitrate sample solution (300 microL) which is injected to the flow line, is reduced to nitrite by reaction with hydrazine or passage through the on-line copperized cadmium (Cd-Cu) reduction column. The nitrite produced reacts with a stream of hydrochloric acid and the evolved gases are purged into the stream of O2 carrier gas. The gaseous phase is separated from the liquid phase using a gas-liquid separator and then swept into a flow-through cell which has been positioned in the cell compartment of an UV-visible spectrophotometer. The absorbance of the gaseous phase is measured at 204.7 nm. A linear relationship was obtained between the intensity of absorption signals and concentration of nitrate when Cd-Cu reduction method was used, but a logarithmic relationship was obtained when the hydrazine reduction method was used. By use of the Cd-Cu reduction method, up to 330 microg of nitrate was determined. The limit of detection was 2.97 microg nitrate and the relative standard deviations for the determination of 12.0, 30.0 and 150 microg nitrate were 3.32, 3.87 and 3.6%, respectively. Maximum sampling rate was approximately 30 samples per hour. The Cd-Cu reduction method was applied to the determination of nitrate and the simultaneous determination of nitrate and nitrite in meat products, vegetables, urine, and a water sample.