大米品质的评价及其主要影响因素

概述了有关大米的成分,并初步分析了影响大米的品质的主要因素。其中包括大米的化学成分、物理特性以及一些环境因素,同时还简单说明了一些有关功能性大米的发展近况。     

基于GC-TOF/MS技术的转Bt基因大米代谢组学研究

基于GC-TOF/MS技术对来源于两个不同产地的转Bt基因及其亲本大米进行了代谢组学研究。从大米样本中共检出774个色谱峰,鉴定出278种代谢产物,包括糖、氨基酸、脂肪酸及有机酸等代谢产物。对转Bt基因及其亲本大米进行主成分分析,结果表明,转Bt基因与亲本大米的代谢组之间无明显差异性,进一步对数据进行偏最小二乘判别分析和方差分析,仅甘油和鼠李糖两种代谢产物浓度在转Bt基因大米及其亲本大米间存在一定差异(分别升高1.55和3.32倍);考察了不同产地对大米代谢组的影响,结果表明武汉和海南两个产地的大米代谢组之间存在明显差异,有15种代谢产物在不同产地的亲本大米之间以及不同产地的转基因大米之间均发生显著变化。应用GC-TOF/MS技术对来源于不同产地的转Bt基因大米及其亲本大米的代谢组进行比较研究,结果表明引入外源Bt基因对实验中的水稻机体内代谢未产生明显影响,产地差异造成的大米间代谢组差异比引入外源Bt基因造成的大米间代谢组差异更为显著。     

南海市稻谷中微量元素含量及其影响因素

稻谷中微量元素含量异常会影响人体健康。分析结果表明，南海市大米中若干微量元素含量是正常的，平均含量Cu16．552×10-6（干重，以下同），Pb2．21×10-6，Zn19．78×10-6，Cd0．061×10-6，Cr2.99×lo-6，Nil．10×10-6，Mn21．91×10-6，As0．272×10-6，Hg0.22×10-6，谷壳中微量元素含量比大米高，其中Mn、Cu为大米的10多倍，Pb、Zn、Cd．Hg为大米的2～5倍，Cr、　　为大米的1－2倍左右。稻谷中微量元素含量受水稻生理特性的影响，水稻必需元素Mn、Zn、Cu的含量明显较高，大米中大多在10ｘ10-6～40ｘ10-6；非必需元素较低，一般低于5ｘ10-6。此外，稻谷中微量元素含量受水稻生长环境条件的影响，农田灌溉水、土壤中微量元素含量及其元素存在形态一定程度上影响稻谷微量元素含量。受电镀废水污染的农田上的稻谷中Cu、Zn、Cr、Ni的含量明显高于对照点的含量。     

气相色谱结合化学计量学区分大米贮藏时间与产地

香气是衡量大米质量的一个主要因素,对大米的食用品质有重要影响。该文以顶空固相微萃取(SPME)技术为基础,采用气相色谱法分别分析了不同贮藏时间和不同产地大米样本的挥发性成分,通过主成分分析法(PCA)和偏最小二乘判别分析法(PLS-DA)对大米样本进行分类和判别分析。PCA及PLS投影图显示不同储藏时间的大米明显聚为4类,通过留一交叉验证法(LOO)计算PLS预报的准确率为96%,相对标准误差为8.2%。同时,PCA投影图中可将4个不同产地的大米样本进行区分,分类效果显著;所建PLSDA模型可靠,不同产地大米样本均能被准确识别,正确率为100%。以顶空固相微萃取/气相色谱检测大米中挥发性成分,利用主成分分析法和偏最小二乘判别分析法鉴别大米新鲜程度和产地具有可行性。     

高压消解-火焰原子吸收光谱法测定大米中痕量铅铬镉镍和钴

采用高压溶样弹，将样品用硝酸－过氧化氢溶解后，用FAAS法对大米中铅、铬、镉、镍和钴测定，回收率为96％－103％，RSD分别为2.7%、3.1%、4.3%、3.9%和1.8%。应用于出口大米检测，取得满意的结果。     

川稻中铜铁锌锰四种微量元素的研究

四川是我国农业大省之一，水稻居其粮食作物的首位。而微量元素对生命有着重要的意义。本文对四川省稻米中铜、铁、锌、锰四种微量元素进行了分析研究，探索了它们大致的含量范围和糙米、精米及谷壳中微量元素含量的差异，证实了稻谷产量与以上四种微量元素总量间以及大米品质与铜、锌含量间呈正相关关系，也表明了大米中微量元素含量与土壤环境的正相关性。     

GC - MS法对不同产地大米的快速鉴定

采用GC - MS对4种不同产地大米中的脂溶性成分进行分析,并利用NIST标准质谱库和质谱图搜索程序进行检索.结果表明,大米中主要的脂溶性成分为棕榈酸、亚油酸、油酸、角鲨烯和谷甾醇.不同产地大米中脂溶性化合物的指纹谱图存在显著差异,通过主成分分析和聚类分析,建立了一种对不同产地大米进行快速鉴定的方法.     

日常饮食中的微量元素研究

对常用的大米、蔬菜、鱼和肉用原子发射光谱进行了微量元素含量的测定，同时说明了合理饮食的重要性。     

火焰和石墨炉原子吸收光谱法对大米中金属元素含量的测定分析

采用火焰和石墨炉原子吸收光谱法对随机抽取的江西省、吉林省共五种大米中的Fe、Cu、Zn、Mn、Ca、Pb等六种金属元素进行了测定。结果表明,江西省大米中的金属元素含量均略高于吉林省前谷县达里巴乡大米,这可能与南北土壤中金属元素的分布不同有关。     

基于气相色谱-质谱的拟靶向代谢组学方法分析大米中脂肪酸

建立了一种基于气相色谱-质谱的拟靶向代谢组学分析方法对大米中脂肪酸进行分析,共检测到16种脂肪酸,并研究了不同大米中脂肪酸的轮廓差异。以提取到饱和脂肪酸和不饱和脂肪酸的总量为评价指标,比较了6种提取方法及4种提取溶剂对脂肪酸提取效率的影响。将该方法用于5种不同大米（稻花香、吉星、金浪子、农大、状元）中脂肪酸的分析,发现稻花香大米中脂肪酸轮廓与其他4种均有较大差异;而金浪子与农大、状元间脂肪酸差异也较大,与吉星脂肪酸轮廓较为相似。该方法简单,有较好的稳定性和准确性,可为大米品质和营养价值改善研究提供基础数据。     

小鼠模型水稻Fe/Se生物有效性快速检测研究

为研究不同水稻品种的Fe/Se生物有效性差异,分别用5 个水稻品种(Ⅱ优838、协优46、Ⅱ优2070、协优9308、金优987)的稻米对小白鼠进行饲养,饲养时间为30 d,运用ICP(等离子体光谱仪)测定了小白鼠血清和稻米中的Fe/Se含量,计算两者的比值.结果表明,小白鼠的血清铁含量同喂食的稻米铁含量的比值从高到低...     

Nutrient and other trace elements in instant soups

Instant soups are a new group of dried foods and will play an important role in the nutrition of people because they fulfill present and future social consumer requirements. Instrumental neutron activation analysis has been applied in this work to determine the trace elements cesium, cobalt, iron, rubidiu, scandium, strontiu, silver and zinc in instant and long-time soups from the Greek market. According to our results, instant soups have the same iron content as those reported in the literature for bovine muscle, rice, legumes, porcine muscle and some meat products. Instant soup zinc content is the same as those reported for avian muscle, onions, rice, potatoes and sausages. Moreover the consumption of one planteful of instant soup offers to the human body about 8% of the daily required iron and about 2% of the daily required zinc.     

Comparison of the In Vitro Bioavailability of Selected Minerals from Gluten-Free Breads Enriched with Grains and Synthetic Organic and Non-Organic Compounds

Introduction: Despite the constant efforts of scientists to improve the texture, sensory properties, and nutritional value of gluten-free bread, obtaining high bioavailability of minerals is still a huge challenge. Gluten-free bakery products are characterized by a low bioavailability of minerals. The aim of this study was to design gluten-free bread with high bioavailability of minerals commonly found in deficiencies in people struggling with gluten intolerance. Material and methods: The material consisted of gluten-free breads designed to obtain the highest possible content of minerals in the bread while maintaining a good structure and taste. Results: Higher contents of all the analyzed minerals were obtained in breads with natural and synthetic additives, both in rice and buckwheat bread, compared to basic bread. There was also a higher content of the analyzed minerals in buckwheat bread in comparison to rice bread for each type of additive. Higher bioavailability of iron, copper, calcium, and magnesium was noted in rice bread, while the bioavailability of zinc was higher in buckwheat bread. Conclusion: The additives used increased the bioavailability of the analyzed minerals from the gluten-free breads. The use of various variants of flour (rice, buckwheat) influenced the bioavailability of iron, zinc, copper, calcium, and magnesium. The release of minerals from gluten-free bread depends on the element and added components (seeds or synthetic additives).     

Method development for the determination of iron in milligram amounts of rice plants (Oryza sativa L.) from cultivation experiments using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry

The amount of sample that is available for analysis in laboratory plant cultivation experiments is usually very limited. Highly sensitive analytical techniques are therefore required, even for elements that are present in the plants at mg g^–1 concentrations, and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS) was chosen in this work because of its micro-sampling capability, and its relatively simple operation. Four micro-methods were investigated for the determination of iron in roots and leaves of rice plants: i) a micro-digestion with nitric and hydrochloric acids, ii) a slurry procedure using tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) tissue solubilizer, iii) a slurry prepared in 1.4 mol L^–1 nitric acid, and treated in an ultrasonic bath, and iv) the direct analysis of solid samples. The micro-digestion was suffering from high blank values and contamination problems, so that it could not be recommended for routine purposes. The TMAH method exhibited poor precision and occasional low recoveries, particularly for real samples. Direct solid sampling analysis gave results similar to those obtained with the slurry technique with ultrasonic agitation for the determination of iron in certified reference materials with iron content up to about 100 g g^–1, but was too sensitive for the investigated rice plants, which had an iron content up to several mg g^–1. The slurry technique with ultrasonic treatment of the samples, suspended in dilute nitric acid, was finally adopted as the method of choice.The method was then applied for the determination of iron in the leaves and in different compartments of the roots of two rice cultivars, one sensitive to iron toxicity, an important nutritional disorder, and the other one resistant to iron toxicity. The results suggest that the higher resistance to iron toxicity of the second cultivar is due to a smaller uptake of iron from the soil, resulting in lower iron levels in all compartments of the plant.     

催化光度法同时测定铜和铁

利用具有Landolt效应的（NH4）2S2O8－KI－Na2S2O3体系催化光度法同时测定铜和铁（以淀粉为指示物）。可不经分离直接用于人发、大米及绿豆中痕量铜和铁的测定,结果满意。     

分光光度法测定桂西茶叶中铁的含量

茶叶既是食品,又是一味传统医药用的中药,药食同源.用分光光度法直接测定了茶叶中铁的含量,方法简便、快速、准确,对指导人们合理饮用茶叶进行补铁及进一步开发茶叶提供了可靠的理论依据.     

过量Fe2+对水稻的毒害效应

通过5个Fe2 水平的营养液培养试验,研究过量Fe2 对水稻的毒害效应以及水稻抗铁毒机理。结果表明,过量Fe2 胁迫显著抑制水稻生长,低质量浓度Fe2 (50、150 mg/L)胁迫,地上部受害程度远高于根系;高质量浓度Fe2 胁迫(2503、50 mg/L),根系受害程度大于地上部;随Fe2 质量浓度增加,水稻根系和地上部的Fe含量显著升高,根系的增长幅度远高于地上部,表明根系的Fe吸收性强于地上部,能阻止过量Fe进一步向地上部迁移,为地上部Fe的过量吸收提供良好的屏障;系列Fe2 质量浓度处理后,水稻的POD活性呈先升后降的趋势,说明一定范围内的过量Fe2 会诱导保护酶活性,对水稻抗铁毒发挥一定的作用。     

桂西北墨米中铁的测定

基于Fe(Ⅱ)与邻菲啰啉在pH为5~6的乙酸-乙酸钠缓冲溶液介质中形成橙红色配合物,其最大吸收波长为510 nm,是分光光度法测定痕量铁的经典方法。该法具有选择性好、简便、快速、准确的优点。用于测定广西东兰墨米中的痕量铁,结果满意。     

130名哈萨克族牧民血清铁、血红蛋白含量与高血压关系的分析

为探讨乌鲁木齐南山130名哈萨克族牧民血清铁及血红蛋白含量与原发性高血压的关系,给哈萨克族原发性高血压的病因学研究提供科学依据,对这些牧民进行了血压测定和血清铁、血红蛋白含量分析。结果表明,130名哈萨克族牧民高血压检出率为53.3%;高血压组血清铁水平明显高于正常组(P=0.000);高血压组血红蛋白含量也明显高于正常组(P=0.004);进一步分析表明,高血压组男性和女性血清铁水平明显高于正常组男性和女性(P0.01和P0.001);血红蛋白含量高血压组女性较正常血压组女性高,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),而男性两组差异不明显。提示哈萨克族高血压患者血清铁和血红蛋白的含量与高血压的发生可能有关。     

Green and simple method for preparing iron oxide nanoparticles supported on mesoporous biochar as a Fenton catalyst

With the on-going development of nanotechnology, iron-containing nanomaterials have received much attention in wastewater treatment and site remediation. Here, we synthesized a biochar-supported iron oxide nanocomposite (Fe_mO_n/BC) by simply pyrolysing rice root, which is a natural source both of iron and carbon. The Fe_mO_n/BC nanocomposite nicely preserved the vascular bundle structure of rice root. With iron oxide doped on the mesoporous biocarbon, the composite has the usability as a Fenton-like catalyst in the Fenton system. Fe_mO_n/BC-700 (pyrolysis at 700 °C) was selected to catalysis the reactive brilliant red X-3B degradation. Under the same catalytic effect, the service life of Fe_mO_n/BC-700 almost doubles that of iron microparticles. We believe this green and energy-efficient method might have value in biomass usage and helps sustainable development.