直接硼氢化物燃料电池（DBFC）阳极材料及反应机理*

以碱金属硼氢化物为燃料的直接硼氢化物燃料电池（DBFC）,是一种有发展潜力的移动电源。DBFC阳极过程是一个复杂的H^--H0*-H⁺之间价态转化的电极反应体系,涉及BH₄^-的电氧化反应、BH₄^-的水解释氢反应与氢的电氧化反应,该过程不仅与电极材料有关,也与反应条件有关。研发能有效抑制释氢的廉价阳极催化材料,是DBFC实用化的关键。因此,本文对近年来报道的DBFC阳极催化材料、以及BH₄^-在不同阳极材料上的电化学氧化反应机理进行了综述,并归纳出需要深入研究的主要问题。     

稀土元素的电分析化学研究——Ⅳ.镱-硝酸根(或亚硝酸根)-氯化铵中的极谱催化波

多价阳离子与NO₃^-或NO₂^-作用产生的灵敏的催化电流可用于微量金属离子或NO₃^-,NO₂^-的极谱测定,但对产生催化电流的机理并不十分清楚,本文讨论了Yb³⁺-NO₃^-(或NO₂^-)-NH₄Cl体系,证明有两种不同性质的电流同时存在.当[Yb³⁺]远小于[NO₃^-]或[NO₂^-]时,以平行催化电流为主;而当[Yb³⁺]远大于[NO₃^-]或[NO₂^-]时则以NO₃^-或NO₂^-的催化电还原电流为主要成分. 本文改进了原来提出的一些实验条件,使镱在直流极谱上的测定下限达5×10^-8M.     

Au/Fe3O4/壳聚糖纳米复合物NO2-传感电极

以壳聚糖为保护膜、玻碳为基底,用纳米Au和Fe₃O₄磁性纳米粒子构建了新型亚硝酸盐（NO₂^-）传感电极. 实验表明,该传感电极对NO₂^-有良好的电催化氧化活性,NO₂^-浓度(5.0×10^-6 ~ 2.0×10^-3 mol·L^-1)与氧化峰电流之间呈良好的线性关系（R = 0.9996）,检出限7.1×10^-7 mol·L^-1, 其灵敏度高、选择性好、重现性好.     

以黄酮冠醚金属配合物为基体的阴离子化学敏感器

合成了两种以新型黄酮类冠醚化合物(L)为配体的金属配合物[Ca(L)]²⁺(1)或[Mg(L)]²⁺(2).对其在乙腈溶液中与阴离子间的相互作用进行了研究.当这种化学敏感器和HSO₄^-或H₂PO₄^-阴离子相互作用时,可观察到强烈的颜色变化.UV光谱滴定实验表明,配合物1(或2)和HSO₄^-间形成了1:1的稳定配合物.配合物1(或2)对于HSO₄^-或H₂PO₄^-阴离子也可用荧光光谱法进行选择性检测,较UV方法有更高的灵敏度.还提出了配合物1(或2)与阴离子间通过两点结合方式,构成新的配合物可能结构的建议.通过色调变化和荧光测定的方法进行研究,结果表明,带有染料分子的金属配合物可用作为有效识别和检测阴离子的敏感器件.     

Cextrant 230从低品位铜矿H2SO4-NaCl浸出液中选择性提取回收铜

助浸剂NaCl可提高硫酸在常温常压下浸取低品位复杂铜矿时铜的浸出率,但也形成了含铜的混酸溶液。二(2-乙基己基)-(N-(2-乙基己基)氨基)甲基膦酸酯(Cextrant230)对混酸(H₂SO₄+HCl)溶液中Cu²⁺、Fe³⁺、Co²⁺、Mg²⁺和Al³⁺的萃取行为进行了研究。结果表明,Cextrant 230对混酸溶液中的Cu²⁺和Fe³⁺具有良好的萃取能力和选择性,而对Co²⁺、Mg²⁺和Al³⁺的萃取能力较弱;Cl^-可促进Cu²⁺的萃取,而SO₄^2-和HSO₄^-对Cu²⁺的萃取起抑制作用;Cu²⁺的萃取过程是放热反应;当水相初始pH值为1.16...     

含水介质中高选择性比色识别氰根离子的配合物型传感器分子

以前设计合成的基于香豆素氨基硫脲衍生物的传感器分子L能在含水介质中单一选择性比色识别铜离子. 鉴于铜离子能与氰根离子(CN^-)结合形成稳定的配合物, 在以前工作基础上, 研究了L与铜离子形成的配合物对CN^-的连续识别性能. 结果表明, L与Cu²⁺能形成稳定的绿色配合物CuL₂, 该配合物能专一选择性高灵敏度比色识别水中的 CN^-. 在CuL₂的DMSO/H₂O (V:V=3:1) HEPES (N-2-羟乙基哌嗪-N'-2-乙磺酸)的缓冲体系(pH=7.0)中分别加入F^-, Cl^-, Br^-, I^-, AcO^-, HSO₄^-, ClO₄^-, N₃^-, SO₄^2-, NO₃^-, SCN^-和CN^-等阴离子的水溶液后, 只有CN^-的加入使得溶液颜色由绿色变为无色, 同时在紫外光谱中, CuL₂在446 nm处的最大吸收峰消失, 这一识别过程不受其它阴离子的干扰. CuL₂对CN^-的裸眼最低检测限为8.0×10^-6 mol/L, 紫外光谱检测限为4.0×10^-7 mol/L (0.4 μmol·L^-1), 低于世界卫生组织规定的正常饮用水中CN^-的含量标准(<1.9 μmol·L^-1). 结果表明CuL₂是一种良好的CN^-比色识别受体, 在含水介质中对CN^-具有选择性好、灵敏度高以及抗干扰强的性能. 制备了基于CuL₂的CN^-检测试纸, 该试纸可以方便快捷的检测水中的CN^-.     

纳米尺寸氧化钇团簇阴离子与正丁烷反应的研究

在单一原子量分辨水平上研究纳米尺寸过渡金属氧化物团簇(M_xO_y^q)与小分子的反应不仅能够获得氧化物纳米颗粒的反应性随原子组成和尺寸连续变化的演变规律, 而且对认识其结构特征以及表面活性氧物种(如O^-•自由基)的产生机制等具有重要意义. 本工作分别采用耦合快速流动反应管和耦合四极质量过滤器-线形离子阱的两套反射式飞行时间质谱研究了不同“氧缺陷指数”(Δ)的氧化钇团簇Y_xO_y^- (x≤50,y≤76; Δ≡2y–1–3x, Δ=0~5)和掺杂氟(F)原子团簇Y _xO_yF^- [x≤49,y≤74; Δ≡(2y+1)–1–3x, Δ=1]与 n-C₄H₁₀分子的反应. 实验观测到Δ=1系列团簇(Y₂O₃)_NO^- (N=1~25)、(Y₂O₃)_NYO₂F^- (N=1~24)及Δ=4系列团簇(Y₂O₃)_NYO₄^- (N=1, 3~24)具有氢抽取反应活性, N≥2时其它Δ系列团簇(Δ=0, 2, 3, 5)在相同实验条件下没有表现出明显的反应性. 密度泛函理论研究Δ=1或4系列小尺寸团簇(Y₂O₃)_NY_xO_yF_0,1^- (N≤4;x=0, 1)的结构揭示O^-•自由基是氢抽取反应的活性位点, 结合实验可推测Δ=1或4系列纳米尺寸团簇(Y₂O₃)_NY_xO_yF_0,1^- (x=0, 1)结构中也含有O^-•自由基. 这些结果表明Δ=0系列惰性纳米尺寸团簇(Y₂O₃)_NYO₂^-可以通过吸附一个O₂分子发生电子转移生成O^-•自由基(O^2-+O₂→O^-•+O₂^-•), 也可以通过掺入F原子的方式生成O^-•自由基(O^2-+F^•→O^-•+F^-).     

三维网状Dy3+:YVO4/TiO2复合纤维的制备及光催化产氢性能

以电纺TiO₂纳米纤维为基质, 柠檬酸为软模板, 采用一步水热法制备了具有三维立体网状结构的稀土Dy ³⁺掺杂YVO₄/TiO₂复合纤维. 通过X射线衍射、 扫描电子显微镜、 X射线光电子能谱、 N₂吸附-脱附、 紫外-可见漫反射光谱及荧光光谱等手段对材料的组成、 表面形貌和性能进行表征, 以光分解水产氢实验考察其光催化活性. 结果表明, Dy ³⁺∶YVO₄纳米枝与TiO₂纳米纤维相互交联构筑的纳米纤维网具有大比表面积, 可提供更多活性位点, 改善了多相光催化反应的传递过程; 稀土Dy ³⁺掺杂的YVO₄与TiO₂复合形成异质结相互促进, 在拓宽光谱响应范围、 提高太阳光利用率的同时使光生电子-空穴对得到较好分离, 从而提高了样品的光催化活性. 模拟太阳光照射下, Dy ³⁺∶YVO₄/TiO₂复合纤维光催化产氢速率达到8.63 mmol· h ^-1·g ^-1, 是纯TiO₂纳米纤维的10倍.     

二氧化碳碳化沉淀制备碳酸钇的反应过程研究

CO₂碳化沉淀制备特殊物性金属化合物粉体具有成本低、操作简单等优点,已成功应用于纳米、大比表面稀土氧化物的制备。以Y元素为研究对象,针对酸/碱体系下CO₂碳化沉淀制备碳酸钇的反应过程进行研究。结果表明,氯化钇的引入会迅速与H₂CO₃-H₂O体系中的HCO₃^-离子反应生成Y₂(CO₃)₃·xH₂O,从而促进H₂CO₃的电离,导致pH小于9.0的溶液中HCO₃^-的占比小于1%。在酸性体系下,CO₂首先发生溶解吸收电离,然后Y³⁺与HCO₃^-反应进行沉淀,而NaOH的加入中和了反应释放出的H⁺,从而控制碳化体系pH;整个碳化过程符合一级反应动力学模型,由传质扩...     

基于蒽-苯并咪唑鎓的荧光传感器对H2PO4-的高选择性识别

设计合成了基于蒽-苯并咪唑鎓的受体分子1和2,通过荧光发射光谱研究了受体分子1和2对F^-、Cl^-、Br^-、I^-、AcO^-、HSO₄^-、H₂PO₄^-、NO₃^-、ClO₄^-等阴离子的识别性能。 研究发现,在受体分子1和2的乙腈溶液(5.0×10^-6 mol/L)中加入10倍化学计量的H₂PO₄^-时,受体分子1的荧光猝灭百分数为13%,受体分子2的荧光猝灭百分数高达94%,表明受体分子2在构型上与H₂PO₄^-更匹配,可作为H₂PO₄^-的荧光关闭型(turn-off)探针。 受体分子2与H₂PO₄^-的结合比为1:1,结合常数为(3.70±0.16)×10⁴ L/mol,检出限为3.77×10^-6 mol/L。     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

Synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives

Different approaches for the synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives from simple amino acids have been investigated. A library of 33 precursors for the preparation of N-hydroxy pyrazinones was obtained in moderate to good yields.     

α-Amino acid derived enaminones and their application in the synthesis of N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates and other heterocycles

A new and simple synthesis of novel N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates, which exist in equilibrium with their 4-oxo tautomers, has been developed in two steps starting from N-protected α-amino acids. The key intermediates are enaminones, which can also be isolated, characterized, and used for the construction of other functionalized heterocycles, before they spontaneously decompose to pyrrole products. 4-Hydroxypyrroles are prone to partial aerial oxidation but can be efficiently alkylated or reduced to stable polysubstituted pyrrolidine derivatives.     

Specific intramolecular aromatic CH insertion of diazosulfonamides

The chemoselectivity in the intramolecular CH insertion of various diazosulfonamides has been experimentally studied. The results reveal that the aliphatic 1,4-, 1,5-, or 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions of diazosulfonamides are not accessible, while the aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion can be realized specifically by adjusting the diazo-adjacent group. In addition, the general chemoselectivities in the intramolecular CH insertions of diazosulfonyl compounds are summarized. Generally, diazosulfones undergo both aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H and aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions, while diazosulfonates undergo aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions. However, diazosulfonamides only undergo aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion.     

A general and convenient synthesis of 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones and their use in amidoalkylation of hydrogen,heteroatom, and carbon nucleophiles

A general synthesis of previously unknown semicarbazone-based α-amidoalkylating reagents, 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones, has been developed. The synthesis involved three-component condensation of semicarbazones of aliphatic or aromatic aldehydes with the same or other aldehydes and p-toluenesulfinic acid. The scope and limitations of this reaction were investigated. The compounds obtained were demonstrated to be an efficient α-(4-semicarbazono)alkylating agents. They were reacted with H- (sodium borohydride), O- (sodium methylate), S- (sodium phenylthiolate), N- (pyrrolidine, sodium succinimide), P- (trialkyl phosphites), and C-nucleophiles (sodium diethyl malonate) to give the corresponding products of the tosyl group substitution, 4-substituted semicarbazones, including analogues of nitrofurazone. Among the prepared compounds tested in vitro for antibacterial and antifungal activity, three nitrofuryl-containing semicarbazones exhibited high biological activities with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 8–32 μg/mL.     

Toward new camptothecins. Part 6: Synthesis of crucial ketones and their use in Friedländer reaction

In the context of the preparation of camptothecin and luotonin A analogs, the synthesis of some key keto-precursors and their use in Friedländer condensation are described. This paper also focuses on the stability of these keto intermediates and emphasizes the major differences between indolizinones and pyrroloquinazolinones series. Noteworthy is also the report of some original structures isolated as by-products of some experiments.     

Synthesis of novel chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-N-heterocyclic carbene ligands and their application in palladium-catalyzed Mizoroki–Heck couplings and asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde

A small library of new chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-imidazolium salts 1 is conveniently synthesized on multi-gram scale from inexpensive and commercially available chiral pool amino acids. The corresponding carbenes, generated by deprotonation of imidazolium salts 1, in combination with palladium(II) chloride were tested in the Mizoroki–Heck coupling reaction. The most significant results in terms of yields and reactivities were achieved with low catalyst loading. The catalytic activities of these imidazolium salts were also investigated in the asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde. The use of MgO nanoparticles as an additive in conjunction with these ligands played a crucial role in increasing the efficiency of these reactions.     

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes: synthesis,characterization and their applications in the C-N coupling and α-arylation of ketones using aryl chlorides

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes 3 were successfully achieved in a one-pot procedure under mild conditions. The structure of 3a was unambiguously confirmed by X-ray single crystal diffraction and it was an active catalyst in the Buchwald-Hartwig amination and α-arylation of ketones even at very low catalyst loadings (0.01?mol%).     

Iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction using terminal alkyne as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines and fused-nitrogen heterocycles

An efficient iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) using terminal alkynes as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of aryl (9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-1-yl)methanones is described. The scope of the protocol includes the total synthesis of Fascaplysin, Eudistomins Y₁ and Y₂. The methodology is extended for preparing pyrrolo[1,2-a]-quinoxaline and indolo[1,5-a]quinoxaline derivatives. The utility of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines was demonstrated by performing palladium-catalyzed β-carboline directed ortho-C(sp2)-H functionalization of the phenyl ring with thiomethyl (SMe) group using DMSO as source and for accessing 4-aryl-canthin-6-ones.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.