房地产宏观调控影响下的房价与租金关系研究——基于中国35个大中城市面板数据的实证分析

本文通过对我国35个大中城市1998-2010年的房屋销售价格指数和房屋租赁价格指数的研究发现,在房地产宏观调控影响下的房价和租金之间的关系因城市而异。杭州、上海、广州、青岛等东部经济区沿海城市,房价与租金呈现正相关关系,由于投资性需求占主导,使得租金变动对房价的影响较大,房价变动对租金的影响较小;银川、昆明、太原、西安、呼和浩特等中西部经济区城市,房价与租金也呈现正相关关系,但房地产市场更多为刚性需求,使得租金变动对房价的影响较小,房价变动对租金的影响最大;南宁、武汉、兰州、大连、成都、乌鲁木齐等城市,由于流动人口相对较少,房地产销售市场和租赁市场具有竞争性和替代性,使得房价与租金呈现负相关关系.通过调控政策对房价和租金的影响分析发现,我国大多数城市房价和租金一路上扬,实施的宏观调控政策没有达到预期效果,其原因在于调控期间的城市经济发展、物价变动、流动人口构成、房地产供给结构、国家扶持性政策(如西部大开发政策、海南国际旅游岛建设发展政策)等影响了人们的预期,从而制约了调控效果.因此,国家房地产宏观调控政策必须与其他相关政策配套实施,而且要对不同城市实施差异性政策,才能有效达到调控的预期目标.     

公共租赁房租金定价研究

公共租赁房租金的合理制定是我国保障性住房体系建立健全的又一核心问题.而当前我国公租房租金定价实践中出现的定价标准混乱、租金设置不合理现象严重制约了保障性住房体系的发展和城市住房困难居民居住条件的改善.针对这一难题,从福利经济学的研究视角出发,对公租房租金产生的根源进行了探究.首先利用经济学模型解释了公租房租金形成的机制,得出了合理租金价格制定的标准.然后结合基于GIS的反距离加权插值法(IDW)构建了公租房租金定价的区域成本综合定价模型,并以北京市为案例进行了公租房租金价格的实证测算及对比研究.最后,依据研究结论向住房和城乡建设部及地方各级住房和城乡建设委员会提出了相应的政策建议.     

促销努力成本信息不对称下供应链回购契约

在由一个供应商和一个销售商构成的二级供应链,假设市场需求受到销售商的促销努力水平的影响,销售季节到来之前,销售商根据促销成本和收益决定最优促销努力水平和订货量。在促销成本不可观测时,利用委托代理理论研究信息不对称时如何通过回购契约揭示真实的促销努力成本。研究结果表明销售商有动机将努力促销成本报高,为了吸引销售商显示真实的促销努力成本,供应商必须付出额外的信息租金,随促销成本增大,销售商通过虚报高成本获得的利润减小,故需要揭示真实成本信息所付出的信息租金随之减小。由于信息租金的付出,导致了非效率现象的产生,使得销售商的最优订货量和促销努力水平均小于完全信息下系统的最优水平,只能得到帕累托改进的次优结果。     

二层信用策略下部分延期付款的库存模型

当前二层信用期相关文献考虑的都是零售商提供给其顾客相同的信用期,但现实中零售商往往会根据物品的种类不同提供给顾客不同的信用期.为研究此问题,建立了优化供货周期使零售商平均相关成本最小的库存模型,证明了最优供货周期的存在性,并给出实例加以说明.     

我国融资租赁产品定价特征及定价效果评价

融资租赁作为一种金融创新产品,具有贸易、租赁、融资三种交易行为特征,其定价一般采取的是综合方案,需要考虑融资租赁标的额、租赁期限、租赁费率、保证金、手续费、留购价格等等诸多要素组合。文章通过对某金融租赁公司五年的全部产品定价方案,对融资租赁产品定价的行业差异性,租金支付方式的灵活性进行了实证研究。结果表明,融资租赁定价未能充分考虑到行业的差异性,租金支付方式单一僵化。因此,我国当前融资租赁行业定价机制和标准亟待统一规范。     

使用收益分享合同获得渠道协调

考虑单周期库存(报童)类型的供应链协调问题,制造商将采用两种方式销售给零售商:直接销售方式(也称批发价合同)和收益分享方式.在收益分享方式中,零售商支付给制造商的批发价将小于直接由零售商购买时的批发价,但零售商必须将部分收益与制造商分享.文研究借助数值方法分析了制造商采用收益分享合同时的效果并证明收益分享合同可以获得渠道协调(帕累托提高).     

具有公平偏好成员的两阶段供应链分析

本论文分析具有公平偏好零售商与制造商组成的供应链,在制造商作为Stackelberg博弈的领导者提供批发价格合同给零售商时,零售商如何确定最优的订货量而制造商如何确定最优的批发价格.当需求满足均匀分布时,研究发现存在均衡的最优订货量以及最优批发价格.本论文也分析了需求分布参数对均衡最优解的影响.最后,通过数值计算对供应链的绩效如何随公平偏好参数变化的问题进行了研究.并且说明公平偏好是零售商获取其对供应链利润分配的一种手段.     

供应链视角下的增值税改革影响研究

构建了一个制造商和一个零售商所组成的两级供应链模型,研究增值税税率下调对供应链决策和社会福利的影响.结果表明,下调制造商、零售商增值税税率都会使产品零售价降低,提高零售商和制造商的利润.下调增值税税率给制造商带来的利润增量大于给零售商带来的利润增量.制造商税率下调导致批发价降低,零售商税率下调反而提高批发价.社会福利的变化趋势与潜在需求规模有关.当潜在需求规模较高时,社会福利总是随降税幅度的增大而增大,且税率降低后的社会福利大于税率降低前;当潜在需求规模中等时,社会福利随降税幅度的增大而减小,但税率降低后的社会福利仍大于税率降低前;当潜在需求规模较小时,社会福利随降税幅度的增大而减小,增值税税率下调损害了社会福利.     

随机需求下单供应商与多零售商的生产—库存—运输联合优化模型

考虑随机需求下单供应商和多零售商的生产-库存-运输联合优化问题.在独立决策时,各零售商独立决策其最优订货量和最优订货点,供应商根据各零售商的决策来为之配送.在联合决策时,由供应商统一决策各零售商的送货量和送货时间,并基于此建立单供应商与多零售商的生产-库存-运输优化模型,利用粒子群算法和模拟退火算法相结合的两阶段算法求出最优送货量、最优运输路径和最大期望总利润.然后采用收入共享契约将增加的利润合理分配给供应商和各零售商,使各方利润都得到增加,从而促使各方愿意合作.最后,通过数值算例验证了联合优化模型优于独立决策模型.     

随机需求下多供应商和多零售商的生产-库存-运输联合优化模型

考虑随机需求下多供应商和多零售商的生产-库存-运输联合优化问题.在联合优化时,首先利用最近邻算法将各零售商分成不同区域,分区后问题转化为随机需求下单供应商对多零售商的生产-库存-运输联合优化问题.在每个分区内,由供应商统一决策其分区内各零售商的送货量和送货时间.利用粒子群算法和模拟退火算法相结合的两阶段算法求出最优送货量、最优运输路径和最大期望总利润.然后采用收入共享契约将增加的利润合理分配给各供应商和各零售商,使各方利润都得到增加,从而促使各方愿意合作.通过数值算例验证了联合优化模型优于独立决策模型.     

The effects of demand uncertainty on channel structure

Motivated by the business practice whereby some manufacturers open their own retail stores despite the existence of more efficient independent retailers, this paper examines the distribution channel choice of competing manufacturers under demand uncertainty and resale price maintenance. We characterize the conditions for the equilibrium channel structures. We find that (1) manufacturers tend to distribute products with more design attributes through their own retail stores, (2) manufacturers with highly substitutable products are more likely to use independent retailers, and (3) at least one manufacturer has more incentive to open its own retail stores when facing an increase of the market size asymmetry.     

Price competition and store competition: Store brands vs. national brand

This paper studies pricing strategies in a market channel composed of one national brand manufacturer and two retailers who, each, carry their own store brand and a national brand products. The model accounts for product competition between store brands and the national brand products, as well as for store competition between retailers.     

积分通用计划下零售商的联盟与利润分配

会员积分策略如今已经成为零售商普遍的促销手段,许多行业的零售商形成同业联盟或异业联盟,利用积分通用计划来提高业绩。在积分通用计划的背景下,考虑到零售商各自的促销与联盟之间零售商的竞争,本文旨在研究同业联盟零售商之间的积分转换比例与促销水平决策问题,使联盟总利润最大化,并在此基础上利用积分成本共担机制解决集中决策下利润分配不合理的问题。通过数值算例验证了所得结论的重要性,为零售商进行联盟合作伙伴的选择提供了参考意见。     

考虑传统双渠道和BOPS双渠道的消费者和零售商决策研究

本论文在全渠道零售的BOPS模式下,考虑允许退货研究消费者渠道选择问题。首先研究传统双渠道和实施BOPS的双渠道下的消费者和零售商决策。然后加入退货设定,对二者的决策进行重新研究和对比分析。研究发现:不考虑退货的情况下,引入BOPS模式能够提升实体店对零售商及消费者的吸引力;退货情况下,引入BOPS使消费者更愿意选择线下购买和销售,但不一定总能带来销售总量的增加;实施BOPS时,退货允许让零售商更愿意在实体店销售,同时消费者的购买渠道选择也变得复杂。     

间接和混合渠道下零售商引入自有品牌的影响分析

自有品牌的引入使渠道中制造商和零售商的市场绩效发生了较大变化。本文构建了两个制造商和一个零售商情境下零售商引入自有品牌的模型,分析了在间接渠道和混合渠道两种条件下引入自有品牌对零售商、制造商市场绩效的影响。通过分析表明,在间接渠道和混合渠道下,零售商引入自有品牌后,一方面会导致制造商品牌的批发价格、零售价格和制造商利润的降低,对制造商不利;另一方面能增加渠道总利润、零售商利润及零售商在整个渠道中的利润分成,零售商应该将自有品牌的战略定位为高质高价的品牌,而非低价低质的原始状态型品牌,而制造商单纯靠改变销售渠道模式的策略并不足以对抗自有品牌的冲击。     

山寨危机和道德危机视角下的网红店铺行为规制研究

网红店铺在走红之后,极易在短时间内被模仿和山寨,而正牌店铺因为信息不对称、异地维权成本高等原因难以做出有效反应;另一方面在市场竞争中,网红店铺商品以次充好的现象亦有发生,因此网红店铺创始者面临着山寨危机和道德危机双重危机。基于此背景,本文研究了网红店铺的原创者和追随者与市场监管方的三方演化博弈问题。研究发现:对于网红店铺创始者和追随者来说,只有罚金数额足够大时才能起到有效的威慑作用阻止侵权和违规行为的发生。基于前景理论进一步讨论发现:随着罚金金额变化,创始者的风险态度会发生变化,并且文末求得了最优的罚款系数,并从加大执法力度和提高罚金金额两方面提出政策建议。     

The forgotten sons: Warehousing systems for brick-and-mortar retail chains

Warehouses are an inevitable component in any supply chain and a vividly investigated object of research. Much attention, however, is absorbed by warehousing systems dedicated to the special needs of online retailers in the business-to-consumer segment. Due to the ever increasing sales volumes of e-commerce this focus seems self-evident, but a much larger fraction of retail sales are still realized by traditional brick-and-mortar stores. The special needs of warehouses servicing these stores are focused in this paper. While e-commerce warehouses face low-volume-high-mix picking orders, because private households tend to order just a few pieces per order from a large assortment, distribution centers of retail chains rather have to process high-volume-low-mix orders. We elaborate the basic requirements within both business segments and identify suited warehousing systems for brick-and-mortar stores (e.g., fully-automated case picking). The setup of each identified warehousing system is described, elementary decision problems are discussed, and the existing literature is surveyed. Furthermore, we identify future research needs.     

Modelling handling operations in grocery retail stores: an empirical analysis

Shelf stacking represents the daily process of manually refilling the shelves with products from new deliveries. For most retailers, handling operations are labour-intensive and often very costly. This paper presents an empirical study of the shelf-stacking process in grocery retail stores. We examine the complete process at the level of individual sub-activities and study the main factors that affect the execution time of this common operation. Based on the insights from different sub-activities, a prediction model is developed that allows estimating the total stacking time per order line, solely on the basis of the number of case packs and consumer units. The model is tested and validated using real-life data from two European grocery retailers and serves as a useful tool for evaluating the workload required for the usual shelf-stacking operations. Furthermore, we illustrate the benefits of the model by analytically quantifying the potential time savings in the stacking process, and present a lot-sizing analysis to demonstrate the opportunities for extending inventory control rules with a handling component.     

Consumer environmental awareness and competition in two-stage supply chains

This paper focuses on the impact of competition and consumers’ environmental awareness on key supply chain players. We consider both the production competition between partially substitutable products made by different manufacturers, and the competition between retail stores. We use two-stage Stackelberg game models to investigate the dynamics between the supply chain players given three supply chain network structures. We find that as consumers’ environmental awareness increases, retailers and manufacturers with superior eco-friendly operations will benefit; while the profitability of the inferior eco-friendly firm will tend to increase if the production competition level is low, and will tend to decrease if the production competition level is high. In addition, higher levels of retail competition may make manufacturers with inferior eco-friendly operations more likely to benefit from the increase of consumers’ environmental awareness. Moreover, as production competition intensifies, the profits of the retailers will always increase, while the profits of the manufacturers with inferior eco-friendly operations will always decrease. The profitability of the manufacturers with superior eco-friendly operations will also tend to decrease, unless consumers’ environmental awareness is high and the superior manufacturer has a significant cost advantage related to product environmental improvement.     

The freight consolidation and containerization problem

In today’s global free market, third-party logistics providers (3PLs) are becoming increasingly important. This paper studies a problem faced by a 3PL operating a warehouse in Shanghai, China, under contract with a major manufacturer of children’s clothing based in the United States. At the warehouse, the 3PL receives textile parcel shipments from the suppliers located in China; each shipment is destined for different retail stores located across the United Sates. These shipments must be consolidated and loaded into containers of varying sizes and costs, and then sent along shipping routes to different destination ports. An express company, such as UPS and FedEx, unloads the shipments from the containers at the destination ports and distributes them to their corresponding stores or retailers by parcel delivery. The objective is to find an allocation that minimizes the total container transportation and parcel delivery costs. We formulate the problem into an integer programming model, and also propose a memetic algorithm approach to solve the problem practically. A demonstration of a good solution to this problem was a decisive factor in the awarding of the contract to the 3PL in question.