柠檬酸溶解废锂离子电池正极材料的研究

探求废锂离子电池正极材料LiMn2O4在柠檬酸溶液中的溶解条件,为废旧电池的进一步回收利用奠定基础。采用单因素与正交实验相结合的方法,对废锂离子电池正极材料LiMn2O4在柠檬酸溶液中的溶解条件进行研究,结果表明,废锂离子电池正极材料LiMn2O4在柠檬酸溶液中适宜的溶解条件为:柠檬酸浓度1.0mol.L-1、溶解温度45℃、H2O2加入量5.0%、料液比60g.L-1,在此条件下正极材料LiMn2O4在柠檬酸溶液中的溶解率达到99.56%。对柠檬酸溶解废锂离子电池正极材料LiMn2O4的机理进行了探讨,认为在加入H2O2之前,尖晶石LiMn2O4中的Mn3+发生歧化反应生成Mn2+以及MnO2,而Mn4+在溶液中水解生成MnO2。MnO2与柠檬酸发生氧化还原反应生成丙酮二羧酸及Mn2+。加入H2O2之后,H2O2作为还原剂能够将剩余的MnO2全部还原为Mn2+,使正极材料LiMn2O4在柠檬酸溶液中的溶解率得以提高。     

现场紫外-可见吸收光谱研究电解二氧化锰的还原过程

应用现场紫外 可见吸收光谱研究碱性溶液中电解MnO2(EMD)放电机理.结果表明,对EMD电极的放电还原,包括两个单电子过程,其第1电子还原又分为3步:①还原MnO2颗粒表面和阳离子空位附近的Mn4+离子,②还原斜方锰矿中的Mn4+离子,③还原软锰矿中的Mn4+离子.第2电子还原是将溶解的Mn3+还原成Mn2+,进一步转化成Mn(OH)2和Mn3O4.     

水合肼对锂离子正极材料LiNi_(0.5)Mn_(1.5)O_4性能的影响

以NiSO4和MnSO4为原料,在用共沉淀法经二次干燥制备锂离子电池正极材料LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4的前驱体时,加入水合肼进行还原处理.实验结果发现:经还原处理的前驱体制备正极材料LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4的充放电比容量远远高于同样条件下不经水合肼还原处理的前驱体制备的正极材料的充放电比容量,而且处理前驱体制备的正极材料在高倍率放电条件下电化学行为更好.粉末X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电镜(SEM)测试结果表明,用还原剂水合肼处理的前驱体合成的样品为单一的尖晶石结构,晶粒呈规则的八面体形貌,没有杂质相,而未处理前驱体合成的样品则含有少量的杂质相.这种杂质相是在前驱体的制备过程中由于Mn(OH)2被O2氧化而形成难溶Na0.55Mn2O4.1.5H2O化合物,最终转变为Na0.7MnO2.05.     

硫化钠与高锰酸钾反应的实验与理论探究

实验探究硫化钠溶液与高锰酸钾溶液在滴加顺序、用量、酸碱性不同的情况下的反应情况,理论分析不同现象的原因。在酸性条件下MnO4-被还原为Mn2+,S2-被氧化为SO42-,较高浓度MnO4-与Mn2+反应产生MnO2棕褐色沉淀,随着Na2S溶液的加入,反应体系由酸性过渡到碱性,Mn2+转化为Mn（OH）2白色沉淀。在强碱性条件下,观察到MnS肉红色沉淀,但是在较稀Na2S溶液中加入较浓KMnO4溶液观察到S淡黄色沉淀,在Na2S溶液中加入极稀KMnO4溶液无现象。     

关于化学反应机理中反应速率系数k的认定问题讨论

当某基元反应中有关物质的分子数不等时,若有未指定物质的反应速率系数k,k的认定有两种不同的方法,由此推出的总反应的速率方程也会有差别。这涉及化学反应速率系数的定义。     

不同Ce/Mn摩尔比对CeO_2-MnO_x催化剂低温NH_3选择性催化还原NO的影响

以高锰酸钾和硝酸锰为锰源,采用改进的共沉淀法制备了不同Ce/Mn摩尔比的Ce O2-Mn Ox催化剂.以NH3为还原剂,考察了催化剂低温(小于150℃)NH3选择性催化还原NO的性能.并采用XRD,BET,H2-TPR,NH3-TPD和XPS等手段对催化剂的物理化学性质进行表征.结果表明,Ce O2-Mn Ox催化剂在50~150℃温度区间内表现出了良好的催化活性.引入适量的Ce可以有效地改变催化剂的晶粒大小,增强其氧化还原能力;而Mn的加入,促进了其低温SCR活性.当Ce/Mn摩尔比为1∶3时(C1M3),低温活性最佳,在82~150℃温度区间内NO去除率达到90%以上,这主要是由于C1M3催化剂有较高含量的表面吸附氧、大量的弱酸性位点、良好的氧化还原性能以及表面较高含量的Mn4+物种.     

利用TiO2/SO42-光触媒催化还原CO2之参数影响与反应路径探讨

将改良式溶胶-凝胶法制备的酸性触媒TiO2/SO24-涂布于不锈钢网上,并利用自行设计之批次式光催化反应器,在三组近紫外灯管(波长为365nm,光强度为2.0mW/cm2)照射下,进行CO2光催化还原反应操作参数(还原剂种类、CO2初始浓度和反应温度)之影响研究.结果显示,使用氢气为还原剂可获得最高的光催化还原速率,光还原反应之主要气态产物为CO和甲烷,其次为微量的乙烯与乙烷.同时,光催化还原速率亦随着CO2初始浓度及反应温度的提高而增加.FT-IR光谱分析发现,TiO2/SO42-光触媒表面有甲酸、甲醇、碳酸盐、甲酸盐及甲酸甲酯等产物之存在.TiO2/SO42-光触媒催化还原CO2有两种可能反应路径,其中一种反应路径生成CO,CH4,C2H4及C2H6等气态产物;而另一种反应路径则生成CO23a-ds,CH3OHads,HCOOa-ds,HCOOHads,HCOHads与HCOOCH3ads等吸附在光触媒表面的产物.     

C_2(a~3Π_u)自由基与若干不饱和碳氢化合物反应的温度效应

运用脉冲激光光解-激光诱导荧光(PLP-LIF)的方法研究了C2(a3Πu)自由基与若干不饱和碳氢化合物(C2H4(k1),C2H2(k2),C3H6(k3)和2-C4H8(k4))气相反应的温度效应.在298-673 K的温度范围内,获得了这些反应的双分子反应速率常数.获得的速率常数可以用Arrhenius公式表达如下:k1(T)=(4.53±0.05)×10-11exp[(196.41±5.20)/T],k2(T)=(3.94±0.04)×10-11exp[(143.04±4.28)/T],k3(T)=(7.96±0.17)×10-11exp[(185.10±8.86)/T],k4(T)=(1.04±0.02)×10-10exp[(180.34±7.67)/T],误差为±2σ.由获得的双分子反应速率常数及其所呈现的负温度效应,在298-673 K温度范围内,C2(a3Πu)自由基和这些不饱和碳氢化合物的反应遵循加成机理.     

关于高锰酸钾与碘化物反应产物的辨析

高锰酸钾在碘化物的酸性溶液中甚易还原,即使在冷的情况下.如氢碘酸还原高锰酸钾常发生析出碘的反应[1]:2Mn04-+16H++10I-=8H20+2Mn2+十5I2(1)问题是,如果将KMnO4溶液逐滴加入KI的酸性溶液中,或者反过来,将KI溶液缓缓加入KMnO4的酸性溶液中,两种情况下,反应达到平衡时其稳定产物是否一样?     

α-MnO2负载纳米Au催化剂低温催化氧化CO和苯的性能

以尿素为沉淀剂用沉积-沉淀法制备了α-MnO2负载Au催化剂xAu/α-MnO2(x=0-7(对应的Au负载量(质量分数)分别为0-7%)),使用X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、N2-吸附/脱附、透射电镜(TEM)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和H2-程序升温还原(H2-TPR)等技术对所制样品进行了表征,并测定其对CO和苯的催化氧化性能.XRD结果表明,负载Au对α-MnO2载体结构影响不大,随Au含量的增加,Au颗粒明显增大.N2-吸附/脱附和TEM结果表明,Au的加入对xAu/α-MnO2的比表面积、孔容和孔径等结构性能影响较小,表明Au分布在α-MnO2载体表面,未阻塞其孔道.XPS结果表明,随着Au负载量的增加,xAu/α-MnO2中的O2-/(O22-或O-)、Mn4+/Mn3+和Au3+/Au0的摩尔比在增加,表明其晶格氧、Mn4+和Au3+的浓度在增加.由于贵金属的溢氢作用,Au明显促进xAu/α-MnO2氧化还原能力,其中3Au/α-MnO2具有最高的氧化还原性.负载Au明显影响xAu/α-MnO2样品的催化活性,xAu/α-MnO2的催化性能与Au的分散性、氧化还原性能及表面氧物种的种类密切相关,其中3Au/α-MnO2显示出最佳活性,其催化氧化CO的T90=80°C,苯的T90=200°C.     

利用手持技术改进测定乙醇分子结构实验

利用压强传感器代替排水集气法,改进测定乙醇分子结构实验的仪器装置,并探索最佳反应条件。另外,设计两个空白实验,结合压强变化曲线对实验误差进行相关讨论。     

Neutral diterpenoids of oleoresins of five species of conifers of Transcarpathia

The compositions of the neutral diterpenoids of the oleoresins of five species of conifers growing in the Transcarpathia have been studied. It has been found that the oleoresins ofAbies alba M.,Larix decidua M., andPicea excelsa L. contain more than 50% of neutral diterpenoids. The group and qualitative compositions of the oxygen-containing diterpenoids have been determined. In the oleoresins ofAbies alba,Picea excelsa, andPicea abies tertiary alcohols — cis-abienol and isocembrol — predominate, while inLarix decidua the main component is the hydroxy ester larixyl acetate. Primary alcohols related to the resin acids have been found in all the oleoresins investigated. Features of the distribution of diterpenoids according to the species of conifers have been revealed. The results obtained are necessary for the chemotaxonomy of conifers of the family Pinceae.Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Translated from Khimiya Prirodynkh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 812–816, November–December, 1988.     

光谱仪测试范围的扩展

由于石化行业的生产需要，其材质的使用具有多样性和广泛性，经常会出现顾客委托的测试样品的一个或几个元素跨越光谱仪现有测试程序测量范围的情况。本法通过对光谱仪测试原理的认识，根据光谱仪的测试能力及标样的采集，实现了一个或几个元素测量范围的扩展，并对其测量的影响因素进行了研究。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Influence of viscosity of medium on processes of oxygen quenching of excited states of mesoporphyrin

The oxygen quenching rate constants for singlet and triplet excited states of the dimethyl ester of mesoporphyrin IX increase with decreasing viscosity of the medium and reach a maximum at a viscosity of approximately 0.4 mPa·sec, after which the rate constants begin to decrease. The drop in rate constant with increasing fluidity of the medium may be related to a nonequilibrium character of the elementary act in the interaction of the reactants in the solvent cage. In viscous media such as isopropyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, and isoamyl alcohol, the reaction radius is greater than the sum of the radii of the reacting particles. The long-range character of these processes is due to the relatively weak dependence of the quenching probability on distance.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 161–167, March–April, 1989.     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

物质分配系数的测定实验改进

实验教学目的是从解决实际问题出发,以实验技术训练和实验设计思想培养为目标。介绍了将单一的物质分配系数测定实验改进为综合实验,提高了实验效果及实验资源利用率。     

Calculation of enthalpies of hydrogenation of hydrocarbons

Sets of hydrogen molecule equivalents have been developed which permit the calculation of hydrogenation of different types of carbon-carbon bonds from ab initio total energies (3-21G and 6-31G* basis sets, and, to a more limited extent, for MP2/6-31G* data) of reactants and products. The calculated enthalpies of hydrogenation are in good agreement with experiment for unstrained molecules, with average errors on the order of 2 kcal/mol. The 6-31G* equivalents allow the enthalpies for strained molecules to be calculated accurately, but the 3-21G equivalents do not. The equivalents for both basis sets have been tested by calculating the enthalpies of hydrogenation of carbon-carbon bonds in nitrogen- and oxygen-containing organic molecules, free radicals, and classical carbocations. The results are in good agreement with experiment in most cases.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。