茶汤及河水中铬的形态分析

本文采用７１７型强碱性阴离子交换树脂、活性炭分离富集与偶氮胂Ⅲ光度法结合，研究了铬形态的分离及测定，提出了铬的形态分析方法，有此法测定了茶汤及河水中铬的总量，悬浮态．溶解态、无机态、有机态、Ｃｒ（Ⅲ）和Ｃｒ（Ⅵ）。茶汤中铬主要以有机态存在，而河水中铬则主要以悬浮态存在。     

烟用接装纸中铬赋存形态分析

建立了高效液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱联用(HPLC-ICP-MS)快速测定Cr3+和Cr6+的铬形态分析的方法,铬形态有效分离可控制在3 min以内,Cr(Ⅲ)和Cr(Ⅵ)检出限分别达0.54和1.1μg/L。建立了基于PFA自密闭罐的低压密闭消解进行有机铬和总铬的快速、简洁样品前处理方法,以2 mL HNO3为氧化介质,在120℃消解2 h,可实现有机/无机总铬消解完全。以乙酸乙酯为提取剂,实现了有机铬的超声辅助快速提取。研究表明,接装纸中铬主要以高度固化的有机铬形式存在,有机铬含量约占总铬含量的85%～95%。     

萃取-火焰原子吸收法测定河水中的Cr(Ⅵ)和Cr(Ⅲ)

铬被广泛应用于电镀、印染、制革及纺织等行业,是造成河水和土壤铬污染的主要原因。铬在河水中主要以Cr(Ⅵ)和Cr(Ⅲ)形式存在,其价态不同,毒性也不同。适量Cr(Ⅲ)为人体所必需,以维持正常的新陈代谢;而Cr(Ⅵ)则被证明由于其强氧化性和对皮肤的高渗透性可以通过皮肤接触引起皮肤的溃烂、发炎,甚至导致生物的癌变,所以必须对样品中的Cr(Ⅵ)和Cr(Ⅲ)进行分别测定。     

二亚乙基三胺五乙酸修饰的固体汞合金电极测定铬(Ⅵ)和无机态铬(Ⅲ)

介绍了一种基于Cr(Ⅲ)-二亚乙基三胺五乙酸(DTPA)-NO3-体系的催化作用测定溶液中铬(Ⅵ)和无机态铬(Ⅲ)的方法.制作了银汞合金电极,并在其表面通过自组装修饰上DTPA.在含有0.1mol/L HAc-NaAc (pH=5.5)缓冲液和0.25mol/L KNO3溶液中,当电极电位在-0.80--1.40V间进行阴极化扫描时,溶液中Cr6 在电极表面被还原成为Cr3 并与电极表面上的DTPA络合,同时溶液中无机态铬(Ⅲ)也与DFPA络合,于-1.24V左右形成灵敏的还原峰.通过改变扫描前富集方式,分别实现铬(Ⅵ)和无机态铬(Ⅲ)的测定.铬(Ⅵ)和无机态铬(Ⅲ)的线性范围分别为:5.0×10-9～5.0×10-6mol/L和1.0×10-8～5.0× 10-6mol/L,检测限为1.6×10-10mol/L和5.1×10-9mol/L.对溶液进行11次平行测定相对标准偏差为4.3%.该法用于实际水样测定,Cr(Ⅵ)和Cr(Ⅲ)的标准加入回收率为98.5%～105.0%.     

环境水样中各形态铬的水解分离-FAAS法分析

研究了痕量铬形态分析的水解分离-原子吸收光谱法。根据Cr2O72-和Cr(Ⅲ)水解特性的不同,将含有Cr(Ⅵ)和Cr(Ⅲ)的试样pH调至6,此时以Cr2O72-形式存在的Cr(Ⅵ)不产生水解沉淀,而Cr(Ⅲ)产生水解沉淀,从而得到Cr(Ⅵ)和Cr(Ⅲ)的分离,对清液中的Cr(Ⅵ)和用酸溶解沉淀所得溶液中的Cr(Ⅲ)进行AAS测定,可求得Cr(Ⅵ)和Cr(Ⅲ),方法的加标回收率分别在98.5%~105%和92.6%~99.2%之间,相对标准偏差分别为1.3%和1.9%,检出限为0.25 mg/L。     

流动注射分离-原子吸收光谱法测定底泥中生物可利用态Cr(Ⅵ)和Cr(Ⅲ)

湖泊底泥中生物可利用态铬是对湖泊生态环境最有影响的铬赋存形态,分别用弱有机酸或螯合缓冲剂对底泥中生物可利用态铬进行萃取分离。在流动注射系统中,分别以串联在流路中阴、阳离子交换微型柱分离,NH4NO3 抗坏血酸和H2SO4两种洗脱液同时逆向洗脱,实现了对底泥可利用态铬中Cr(Ⅵ)和Cr(Ⅲ)同时在线分离和原子吸收光谱法测定。交换时间2min,洗脱50s,Cr(Ⅵ)和Cr(Ⅲ)回收率分别为85.4%~94.8%和96.7%~106%。本方法对实际样品中不同价态铬进行测定,铬回收率可达95%。Cr(Ⅵ)和Cr(Ⅲ)的检出限和最大相对标准偏差分别为0.9μg/L、6.4%和2.7μg/L、3.5%。     

火焰原子吸收法测定铬时的价态影响

本文讨论了在原子吸收法测定铬时铬的价态的影响.试验表明,在各种酸介质中,Cr(Ⅲ)和Cr(Ⅵ)的吸光度都随酸的浓度增大而降低,而在同一酸介质中Cr(Ⅲ)的吸光度总是大于Cr(Ⅵ)的吸光度.为了消除这种由于价态不同而引起的干扰,将亚硫酸钠加到试剂中,使Cr(Ⅵ)还原为Cr(Ⅲ),然后进行测定.对标钢中铬的测定表明,本法可靠.     

三正辛胺萃淋树脂在线分离富集原子吸收光谱法测定Cr(Ⅵ)

铬在自然界中主要以Cr(Ⅲ)与Cr(Ⅵ)形式存在.Cr(Ⅲ)是维持糖、脂肪及蛋白质代谢的必需元素~([1]).而Cr(Ⅵ)毒性较大,为致癌的有害物质~([2]).自20世纪50年代铬一直是人们关注的金属元素,不同价态铬化合物的环境化学性质、生物化学性质和毒性水平均有显著差异~([3]).因此,铬的价态分析对环境和医学研究具有重要意义.     

高效液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定土壤和沉积物中Cr(Ⅲ)与Cr(Ⅵ)EI北大核心CSCD

采用高效液相色谱分离Cr(Ⅲ)和Cr(Ⅵ),以乙二胺四乙酸二钠(EDTA-Na2)为流动相,加入O2减少40Ar^(12)C对+52Cr的质谱干扰。结果表明,Cr(Ⅲ)和Cr(Ⅵ)在0.5~100μg/L范围内线性关系良好,线性相关系数R2分别为0.9997和0.9998。Cr(Ⅲ)与Cr(Ⅵ)的方法检出限均为0.1μg/L。采用本方法对美国NSI Lab Solutions公司的3种铬形态标准物质进行了测定,测定结果均在标准值的允许误差范围内,加标回收率为91.9%~116.7%。该方法可用于土壤及沉积物中水溶态铬形态的分析测定。     

高效液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定玩具材料中六价铬

正我国是世界最大的玩具出口国,同时也是对欧盟出口玩具的大国。玩具中有害重金属元素会影响孩子的健康[1]。自然界中的铬具有不同的形态,主要是以三价铬[Cr(Ⅲ)]和六价铬[Cr(Ⅵ)]的形式存在。三价铬是人体维持健康的微量元素[2],Cr(Ⅵ)则具有较大毒性。美国环境保护局将Cr(Ⅵ)确定为17种高度危险的毒性物质之一。因     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

Synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives

Different approaches for the synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives from simple amino acids have been investigated. A library of 33 precursors for the preparation of N-hydroxy pyrazinones was obtained in moderate to good yields.     

A general and convenient synthesis of 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones and their use in amidoalkylation of hydrogen,heteroatom, and carbon nucleophiles

A general synthesis of previously unknown semicarbazone-based α-amidoalkylating reagents, 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones, has been developed. The synthesis involved three-component condensation of semicarbazones of aliphatic or aromatic aldehydes with the same or other aldehydes and p-toluenesulfinic acid. The scope and limitations of this reaction were investigated. The compounds obtained were demonstrated to be an efficient α-(4-semicarbazono)alkylating agents. They were reacted with H- (sodium borohydride), O- (sodium methylate), S- (sodium phenylthiolate), N- (pyrrolidine, sodium succinimide), P- (trialkyl phosphites), and C-nucleophiles (sodium diethyl malonate) to give the corresponding products of the tosyl group substitution, 4-substituted semicarbazones, including analogues of nitrofurazone. Among the prepared compounds tested in vitro for antibacterial and antifungal activity, three nitrofuryl-containing semicarbazones exhibited high biological activities with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 8–32 μg/mL.     

Toward new camptothecins. Part 6: Synthesis of crucial ketones and their use in Friedländer reaction

In the context of the preparation of camptothecin and luotonin A analogs, the synthesis of some key keto-precursors and their use in Friedländer condensation are described. This paper also focuses on the stability of these keto intermediates and emphasizes the major differences between indolizinones and pyrroloquinazolinones series. Noteworthy is also the report of some original structures isolated as by-products of some experiments.     

Synthesis of novel chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-N-heterocyclic carbene ligands and their application in palladium-catalyzed Mizoroki–Heck couplings and asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde

A small library of new chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-imidazolium salts 1 is conveniently synthesized on multi-gram scale from inexpensive and commercially available chiral pool amino acids. The corresponding carbenes, generated by deprotonation of imidazolium salts 1, in combination with palladium(II) chloride were tested in the Mizoroki–Heck coupling reaction. The most significant results in terms of yields and reactivities were achieved with low catalyst loading. The catalytic activities of these imidazolium salts were also investigated in the asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde. The use of MgO nanoparticles as an additive in conjunction with these ligands played a crucial role in increasing the efficiency of these reactions.     

α-Amino acid derived enaminones and their application in the synthesis of N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates and other heterocycles

A new and simple synthesis of novel N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates, which exist in equilibrium with their 4-oxo tautomers, has been developed in two steps starting from N-protected α-amino acids. The key intermediates are enaminones, which can also be isolated, characterized, and used for the construction of other functionalized heterocycles, before they spontaneously decompose to pyrrole products. 4-Hydroxypyrroles are prone to partial aerial oxidation but can be efficiently alkylated or reduced to stable polysubstituted pyrrolidine derivatives.     

Specific intramolecular aromatic CH insertion of diazosulfonamides

The chemoselectivity in the intramolecular CH insertion of various diazosulfonamides has been experimentally studied. The results reveal that the aliphatic 1,4-, 1,5-, or 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions of diazosulfonamides are not accessible, while the aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion can be realized specifically by adjusting the diazo-adjacent group. In addition, the general chemoselectivities in the intramolecular CH insertions of diazosulfonyl compounds are summarized. Generally, diazosulfones undergo both aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H and aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions, while diazosulfonates undergo aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions. However, diazosulfonamides only undergo aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

Microwave-assisted copper-catalyzed stereoselective ring expansion of three-membered heterocycles with α-diazo-β-dicarbonyl compounds

Microwave-assisted copper-catalyzed ring expansions of three-membered heterocycles with α-diazo-β-dicarbonyl compounds were investigated. Thiiranes generated 3-acyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-oxathiines in the presence of copper sulfate and trans-3-acyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-oxathiines as stereospecific products for 1,2-disubstituted cis-thiiranes through an intramolecular S_N2 process. Oxiranes gave rise to 2-acyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-dioxines under the catalysis of copper hexafluoroacetylacetonate and cis-3-acyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-dioxines as stereospecific products for 1,2-disubstituted cis-oxiranes via an intimate ion-pair mechanism. The current method provides a direct and simple strategy in efficient preparation of 3-acyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-oxathiines and 2-acyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-dioxines, important agents in medicinal and agricultural chemistry, from readily available thiiranes and oxiranes, respectively.     

KMnO4-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines: Synthesis of amides and sulfonamides

KMnO₄-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines producing secondary amine was introduced, which was trapped by electrophiles (acyl chloride and sulfonyl chloride) to form amides and sulfonamides. The reaction could take place at mild condition, tolerating a wide range of function groups and affording products in moderate to excellent yields.