丙烷氧化脱氢Ni-V-O催化剂的原位电导

应用原位电导方法测定了Ｎｉ－Ｖ－Ｏ系列催化剂的在氧＋丙烷→氧→丙烷连续变化气氛下的电导率,确定其导电类型并与其丙烷氧化脱氢制丙烯催化性能的相关联,结果表明,ｐ型半导体较ｎ型半导体具有优良的催化氧化脱氢性能：在反应气氛下催化剂的ｐ型半导性越大,ｎ型半导性越小,其催化活性越高,这是由于ｐ型半导体空穴导电,而ｎ幸导体则为电子迁移导电,使得表面活性氧物种形成机理不同所致。     

丙烷氧化脱氢M-Fe-O催化剂的研究

采用微波加热草酸盐共沉淀法制备了一系列M-Fe-O(M=V、Cr、Mn、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn)催化剂,考察了其对丙烷氧化脱氢制丙烯反应的催化性能,并对催化剂进行了BET、XRD、H2-TPR、电导测量等表征.实验结果表明V-Fe-O和Cr-Fe-O催化剂表现出较好的丙烷氧化脱氢制丙烯催化性能.反应温度为873 K时,以V-Fe-O为催化剂时丙烷转化率34.46%,丙烯选择性30.91%;在Cr-Fe-O为催化剂上丙烷转化率36.31%,丙烯选择性34.22%.     

丙烷氧化脱氢反应中Mg_2V_2O_7催化剂氧活度的原位监测

采用固体电解质电动势测量法原位监测Mg2V2O7催化剂的表面氧活度在丙烷氧化脱氧反应中的周期性振荡现象.直观地揭示了丙烷选择氧化反应中Mg2V2O7催化剂的先还原后氧化的过程.结果表明,丙烷选择氧化的控制步骤为丙烷在催化剂上的吸附和活化过程,且丙烷和氧气在催化剂上的吸附位不同,二者不存在竞争吸附.     

Eu/FeVO_4新型光催化剂的制备及其光催化性能

以偏钒酸铵(NH4VO3)、硝酸铁(Fe(NO3)3.9H2O)、硝酸铕(Eu(NO3)3)为原料,采用浸渍法制备了Eu/FeVO4新型光催化剂,并利用XRD,SEM,BET,DRS和XPS等手段对其进行了表征。结果表明:Eu/FeVO4仍为三斜型晶体,其晶粒粒径大小未有显著变化;SEM显示掺杂后晶体表面附着较多细小颗粒,其比表面积得到了提高;并且其光吸收性能在200~500 nm之间增强。在12 W节能灯照射下,以甲基橙的光催化剂降解为模型反应,研究了该新型光催化剂的光催化活性。结果发现,与纯FeVO4样品相比,Eu/FeVO4样品光催化活性大幅提高,且当掺杂量为0.5%(质量分数)时,对甲基橙溶液的脱色率比纯FeVO4提高24%左右。     

甲醇水蒸气重整制氢Pd/ZnO催化剂还原过程中Pd与ZnO的相互作用

 采用程序升温还原、程序升温脱附、程序升温电导及X射线衍射研究了并流共沉淀法制备的15.9%Pd/ZnO催化剂还原过程中结构和物种的变化及电荷的传递,考察了还原温度对该催化剂催化甲醇水蒸气重整制氢的影响. 结果表明,还原过程中Pd与ZnO间存在明显的相互作用,导致氢溢流,溢流氢促进了ZnO还原并使ZnO与Pd形成活性中心PdZn合金. 催化剂的还原历程为 PdO/ZnO → Pd/ZnO → PdZnO1-x/ZnO → 无定形PdZn合金/ZnO → 晶型PdZn合金/ZnO. 并流共沉淀法制备的Pd/ZnO催化剂Pd分散度高, PdZn合金形成温度低. 在523～573 K还原后,催化剂的PdZn合金粒径为5～14 nm, 此时催化剂对甲醇的转化率及二氧化碳选择性均达到最大值.     

Co3O4-CeO2氧化物对丙烷完全氧化的催化性能（英文）

挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)是全球大气污染物的主要来源,近年来已造成严重的环境问题.催化氧化是一种有效的、经济可行的VOCs去除技术,其研究的关键在于开发高效、稳定的催化剂.在本文中,我们采用柠檬酸法合成了一系列具有不同Co/(Ce+Co)摩尔比的Co3O4-CeO2二元氧化物催化剂,研究了其对丙烷(低碳VOCs)的催化氧化性能.在催化活性测试中,反应气的组成为0.2 vol.%C3H8和5 vol.%O2,Ar为平衡气,气体总流速为200 mL min^-1.实验结果表明,Ce的掺入能够明显提高Co3O4的丙烷催化氧化性能,Co3O4-CeO2催化剂的丙烷催化氧化活性顺序为CoCeOx-70>CoCeOx-90>Co3O4>CoCeOx-50>CoCeOx-20>CeO2.当Co/(Ce+Co)摩尔比为70%时,CoCeOx-70催化剂的丙烷催化氧化性能最好.在丙烷转化率达到90%时,CoCeOx-70催化剂的反应温度为310℃(GHSV=120000mL h^-1 g^-1),相比于单一的Co3O4催化剂的反应温度降低了25℃.XRD和TEM表征结果显示,在Co3O4-CeO2二元氧化物催化剂中存在Co3O4和CeO2两种晶型,同时随着Ce的掺入,催化剂的粒径明显降低.Raman光谱图显示,Ce的掺入使催化剂的晶格发生畸变,促进催化剂表面氧空位的产生,为催化剂中氧的迁移提供晶格位点.H2-TPR和C3H8-TPSR结果表明,Co3O4与CeO2间存在相互作用,能够提高催化剂的低温还原性能,以促进催化剂的丙烷催化氧化.O2-TPD和O 1s XPS结果表明,Ce的掺入能够增加催化剂表面活性氧物种的产生,提高催化剂中氧的移动性,从而提高了催化剂对丙烷的催化氧化活性.在对Co3O4和CoCeOx-70催化剂进行in-situ DRIFTS表征和简单的动力学研究,我们发现Ce的掺入不改变催化剂的丙烷催化氧化反应路径,其存在能够促进丙烷在催化剂表面的吸附和活化,以提高催化剂的丙烷催化氧化活性.同时,丙酮和酯作为中间物参与到丙烷的催化氧化反应过程中.此外,我们考察了反应气氛中水蒸气和CO2的存在对催化剂催化性能的影响.结果表明,CO2和水蒸气的存在都抑制了催化剂的丙烷催化氧化活性,催化性能随着CO2和水蒸气浓度的增加而降低.在相同条件下,水蒸气对催化剂催化性能的抑制作用明显大于CO2的抑制作用,但这种抑制作用会随着反应气中水蒸气和CO2的消失而消失.在稳定性测试中,CoCeOx-70催化剂表现出优异的抗水蒸气和CO2性能.在反应气中存在5 vol.%水蒸气和5 vol.%CO2的条件下,CoCeOx-70催化剂在50 h的稳定性测试中均未出现明显的失活现象.同时,经过10次加热和降温循环测试后,催化剂的催化活性也没有发生明显变化,这为CoCeOx-70催化剂的未来工业化的应用提供了可能.     

Co-Cr-O复合氧化物上丙烷低温完全氧化:结构效应、反应动力学和原位光谱研究（英文）

低碳烷烃是一类主要的挥发性有机污染物(VOCs),广泛生成于汽车尾气以及各种工业过程如煤处理、石油精炼以及天然气处理等.随着对环保要求的日益提高,对高效VOCs消除技术的需求愈加迫切.催化完全氧化(催化燃烧)技术具有起燃温度低、能耗低、净化效果好(无二次污染)等优点,因而极具应用潜力.对于低碳烷烃的催化燃烧,贵金属催化剂如Pt和Pd等具有很高的反应活性,但存在价格昂贵并易中毒等缺陷限制了其商业应用.另一方面,过渡金属氧化物由于其价格低廉、抗中毒性能优异及热稳定性好等特点受到广泛关注.Cu,Mn,Co,Fe等氧化物都具有良好的催化活性,其中Co氧化物由于其在丙烷催化燃烧中的高活性受到关注.而在Co氧化物中添加第二金属更能促进其反应性能.因此本文制备了一系列不同Co/Cr比例的复合氧化物用于丙烷催化燃烧,考察了催化剂结构和表面性质对其反应行为的影响,并通过反应动力学和原位光谱技术对反应机理进行了探索.实验结果表明,随着Co/Cr比例的变化,催化剂的晶相结构、颗粒尺寸、比表面积、表面酸性以及氧化还原性等特性均发生了明显变化,进而影响了其反应行为.当Co/Cr比例为1/2时(1Co2Cr),催化剂为尖晶石结构并具有最大的比表面积.该催化剂上具有最高的反应活性(250℃时反应速率为1.38μmol g^-1 s^-1),可归因于其最高的表面酸性和低温氧化还原性能的协同作用.反应动力学结果表明,1Co2Cr催化剂上丙烷和氧气的反应级数分别为0.58±0.03和0.34±0.05,低于2Co1Cr(分别为0.77±0.02和0.98±0.16)和1Co5Cr(分别为0.66±0.05和1.30±0.11),表明1122Cr催化剂相比后二者具有更高的丙烷和氧气表面覆盖度,得益于其更高的表面酸性和更好的低温氧化还原性能.此外,原位红外光谱表明,在反应过程中,1Co2Cr催化剂上的主要表面物种为多齿碳酸盐,该物种在低温时(<250℃)在表面积聚,但在高温时被分解.     

氧扩散与表面反应在VOx-Ce1-xZrxO2催化丙烷脱氢反应中的影响(英文)

丙烯是一种重要的化工原料,近年来市场需求逐年上升.丙烷直接脱氢(PDH)生产丙烯技术虽然已实现工业化应用,但其存在反应热力学不利、催化剂成本高及使用有毒铬系催化剂等问题.丙烷氧化脱氢(ODH)由于过度氧化严重和存在操作风险等问题阻碍了其实际应用.化学链丙烷脱氢(CL-ODH)技术采用低成本且环境友好的可还原金属氧化物作为氧载体(氧化还原催化剂),并利用更高效的晶格氧作为氧化剂替代传统ODH过程中的氧气,在改善丙烷脱氢反应热力学限制的同时抑制了烷烃分子的过度氧化.氧化还原催化剂在该过程中发挥着重要的作用,其设计得到了研究者们的广泛关注.目前,铈锆储氧材料担载的钒催化剂由于在烷烃选择性氧化以及储氧能力方面的优势,在CL-ODH领域展示出良好的应用前景.然而,由于体相氧传输和表面反应共同决定氧化还原催化剂的性能,因此深入探究两者在反应过程中的作用机制对于高性能催化剂的开发至关重要.本文构建了结构明确的VO_x-Ce_1-xZr_xO₂氧化还原催化剂并应用于CL-ODH反应,通过引入Zr调控催化剂的表面和体相性质...     

钼掺杂LaVO4上丙烷氧化脱氢

研究了钼掺杂LaVO4催化剂的丙烷氧化脱氢催化性能.加入钼对丙烷氧化脱氢反应有很好的助催化作用.当丙烷转化率恒定在10％和20％时，丙烯选择性在LaMo0.1V0.9O4.05上分别达到了56％和43％，而在LaVO4上仅为36％和22％，这归结为钼掺杂催化剂上有利于丙烯生成的可活动氧物种的增加和催化剂氧化还原性的改变.     

Ni-V-O催化剂上丙烷氧化脱氢制丙烯的反应

考察了Ｎｉ－Ｖ－Ｏ系列催化剂对丙烷氧化脱氢反应的催化性能,结合ＸＲＤ和电导法等表征结果研究了催化剂的物相结构与仙化活性之间的关系。结果表明：同ｎ型半导体氧化物相比,ｐ型半导体具有优良的催化性能,并且丙烯的选择性与催化剂中ＮｉＯ及Ｎｉ３Ｖ２Ｏ８相的共存有关。适当控制反应条件,４５２℃时该系列催化剂可达到１８．６％的丙烷转化率和４９．９％的丙烯选择性。     

In situ UV-vis-NIR diffuse reflectance and Raman spectroscopy and catalytic activity studies of propane oxidative dehydrogenation over supported CrO3/ZrO2 catalysts

The molecular structures, oxidation states, and reactivity of 3 and 6% CrO3/ZrO2 catalysts prepared by incipient wetness impregnation were examined under different conditions. The in situ Raman spectroscopic studies under dehydrated conditions reveal that the 3 and 6% CrO3/ZrO2 catalysts possess equal amounts of monochromate and polychromate species. Consequently, monolayer coverage on this ZrO2 support is about 3% CrO3. The 6% CrO3/ZrO2 possesses an additional Raman band due to Cr2O3 crystals corresponding to the remaining 3% CrO3. Furthermore, during reaction conditions the polychromate species is preferentially reduced, the monochromate species are slightly affected, and the Cr2O3 crystals are not affected. The in situ UV-vis-NIR diffuse reflectance spectroscopy results reveal that under steady-state reaction conditions the extent of reduction and edge energy position of surface Cr6+ cations increase with an increase in reduction environment for the 3 and 6% CrO3/ZrO2 samples. Propane oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) studies reveal that the catalytic activity expressed in moles of propane converted per gram catalyst per second is similar for the two catalysts, which is consistent with equal amounts of molecularly dispersed chromia present. The turnover frequency for the 6% CrO3/ZrO2 catalyst is, however, smaller than that for the 3% CrO3/ZrO2 sample due to the presence of Cr2O3 crystals, which are relatively inactive for propane ODH. For this catalytic system and for the experimental conditions used, propene, CO, and CO2 are primary products. Furthermore, the 33-39% propene selectivity is not affected by the C3H8/O2 ratio for both catalysts. Structure-reactivity studies suggest that the molecularly dispersed species are present in equal amounts in the 3 and 6% CrO3/ZrO2 samples as Cr6+ monochromate and polychromate species are the most effective catalytic active sites taking part in the propane ODH reaction.     

VO3/CeO2(111)催化剂上丙烷氧化脱氢反应活性和选择性的密度泛函理论研究

低碳烯烃一直以来都是化工行业非常重要的基础原料,一般采用烷烃直接热裂解制得,但该方法耗能很大,经济价值有限.近年来,人们开始尝试利用氧化脱氢反应(ODH)方法制备低碳烯烃,并取得了巨大的研究进展,其中稀土氧化物负载钒氧化物催化剂具有良好的低碳烷烃氧化脱氢性能.本文分析了前人对于钒氧化物负载在CeO2表面的计算研究结果,并选取了最具代表性的VO3/CeO2(111)作为烷烃ODH制烯烃的模型催化剂,详细研究了丙烷在该催化剂体系中发生ODH反应机理.通过使用密度泛函理论,对丙烷在VO3/CeO2(111)催化剂上断裂第一根和第二根碳氢键的反应过程进行了理论模拟,并对比了丙烷制丙烯中碳氢键断裂先后的活化能及VO3/CeO2(111)催化剂材料自身的电子性质.结果表明,该催化剂的电子结构在丙烷氧化脱氢反应中扮演关键角色.在丙烷分子断裂第一根碳氢键的反应过程中,会产生两个自由电子,对其电子结构分析发现,其中的一个自由电子会局域在由VO3/CeO2(111)催化剂中五个相关氧原子的2p轨道所形成的新发生局域空轨道(NELS)上,这个独特的新发生局域空轨道只能接受一个电子,另一个电子则会通过丙基在CeO2表面发生吸附将电子传递到CeO2表面的Ce原子上;当丙烷分子进一步发生第二根碳氢键断裂反应时,同样会产生两个新的局域电子,其中一个电子局域在Ce的4f轨道上,此时CeO2表面存在两个局域电子,相互排斥,导致该催化剂上丙烷断裂第二根碳氢键所需的活化能远高于第一根碳氢键.综上,本文对VO3/CeO2(111)催化剂上低碳烷烃ODH反应独特的催化活性和选择性给出了较为细致的分析和解释.     

Catalytic properties of the VO<Subscript><Emphasis Type="Italic">х</Emphasis></Subscript>/Ce<Subscript>0.46</Subscript>Zr<Subscript>0.54</Subscript>O<Subscript>2</Subscript> oxide system in the oxidative dehydrogenation of propane

Ce_0.46Zr_0.54O₂ solid solution prepared using a cellulose template was employed as a carrier for vanadium catalysts of the oxidative dehydrogenation of propane. The properties of VO _х /Ce_0.46Zr_0.54O₂ catalyst (5 wt % vanadium) are compared with the properties of the neat support. The carrier and catalyst are studied by means of BET, SEM, DTA, XRD, and Raman spectroscopy. It is shown that the CeVO₄ phase responsible for the ODH process is formed upon interaction between vanadate ions and cerium ions on the surface of the solid solution. The catalytic properties of the catalyst and the support are studied in the propane oxidation reaction at temperatures of 450 and 500°C with pulse feeding of the reagent. It is found that the complete oxidation of propane occurs on the support with formation of CO₂ and H₂O. Three products (propene, CO₂, and H₂O) form in the presence of the vanadium catalyst. It is suggested that there are two types of catalytic centers on the catalyst’s surface. It is concluded that the centers responsible for the complete oxidation of propane are concentrated mainly on the carrier, while the centers responsible for propane ODH are on the CeVO₄.     

丙烯选择氧化反应中钼基催化剂动态结构的研究

 用原位共焦显微拉曼光谱技术考察了丙烷选择氧化反应中Ag－M\r\no－P－O催化剂的结构，讨论了催化剂动态结构的成因及其对催化剂性\r\n能的影响．实验结果表明，在773K和n（C3H8）∶n（O2）∶n（N2）＝\r\n3∶1∶4的反应条件下，Ag－Mo－P－O催化剂中的Mo－O物种可转化为A\r\ngMoO2PO4中的Mo－O物种（多钼酸根），此时催化剂对丙烷选择氧化具\r\n有较高的催化活性．催化剂中Mo－O物种的转化是由MoO3中Mo－O物种和\r\nAgMoO2PO4中Mo－O物种的结构特性决定的．AgMoO2PO4中的Mo－O物种具\r\n有较强的参与MarsvanKrevelen氧化－还原循环的能力，可能是丙烷选\r\n择氧化反应的活性物种．     

Selective oxidation of propane to acrylic acid over mixed metal oxide catalysts

The effects of metal atomic ratio, water content, oxygen content, and calcination temperature on the catalytic performances of MoVTeNbO mixed oxide catalyst system for the selective oxidation of propane to acrylic acid have been investigated and discussed. Among the catalysts studied, it was found that the MoVTeNbO catalyst calcined at a temperature of 600 ℃ showed the best performance in terms of propane conversion and selectivity for acrylic acid under an atmosphere of nitrogen. An effective MoVTeNbO oxide catalyst for propane selective oxidation to acrylic acid was obtained with a combination of a preferred metal atomic ratio （Mo1V0.31Te0.23Nb0.12）. The optimum reaction condition for the selective oxidation of propane was the molar ratio of C3H8 ：O2 ： H2O ： N2 = 4.4： 12.8 ： 15.3 ： 36.9. Under such conditions, the conversion of propane and the maximum yield of acrylic acid reached about 50% and 21%, respectively.     

SBA-15 负载 β-Mg2V2O7 催化剂的制备及其催化丙烷选择氧化脱氢的性能

 以 MgO 修饰的 SBA-15 为载体, 采用浸渍法制备了负载 β-Mg2V2O7 催化剂, 并运用 X 射线衍射、拉曼光谱、紫外-可见漫反射光谱和 H2 程序升温还原等技术对催化剂 V 中心的结构和还原性能进行了表征. 结果表明, β-Mg2V2O7 具有与 α-Mg2V2O7 相同的结构单元, 但其催化丙烷氧化脱氢 (ODH) 反应的初始活性和初始选择性均低于后者. 与体相 β-Mg2V2O7 相比, 负载的 β-Mg2V2O7 上 V 中心分散度以及丙烷 ODH 反应活性和选择性更高, 520 oC 时丙烷 ODH 反应的初始活性提高了约 20 倍, 丙烯初始选择性也从体相的 88.3% 提高到 94.1%, 接近于 α-Mg2V2O7 (94.6%), 并且在 20% 的丙烷转化率时也表现出相似的规律. 这与表征催化剂选择性的两个本征动力学参数 k1/k2 (丙烷初级 ODH 和燃烧反应速率常数之比) 和 k3/k1 (次级丙烯燃烧和初级丙烷 ODH 反应速率常数之比) 反映出的规律一致. 这些对体相和负载的 Mg2V2O7 催化剂催化丙烷 ODH 反应本征特性的认识将有助于设计合成更高效的 Mg-V-O 催化剂, 如基于 α-Mg2V2O7 结构的高分散催化剂, 以获得更高的丙烷 ODH 反应活性和选择性.     

Oxidation of propane to acrylic acid and acetic acid over alkaline earth-doped Mo-V-Sb-Ox catalysts

Alkaline earth metal (Mg, Ca, Sr and Ba)-doped Mo-V-Sb-Ox catalysts, prepared by a dry-up method, have been investigated for their catalytic performance in the oxidation of propane under different reaction conditions. The catalysts have been characterized by N2 adsorption-desorption, temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) of NH3, SEM and XRD. Influence of water vapor on the catalytic performance, particularly on the selectivities to acetic acid and acrylic acid, has also been studied. The selectivity to acrylic acid was improved significantly by the doping of alkaline earth metals to Mo-V-Sb-Ox catalysts. The surface acidic sites of the catalyst decreased with the doping of the catalyst with alkaline earth metals, which ultimately was found to be beneficial for obtaining high selectivity to acrylic acid. The catalytic activity and product selectivities were found to be influenced by the reaction temperature, C3H8/O2 ratio and space velocity. A significant improvement in the selectivity to acrylic acid has also been observed by the addition of water vapor in the feed of propane and oxygen in the oxidation of propane.     

Oxidation of propane to acrylic acid and acetic acid over alkaline earth-doped Mo-V-Sb-O_x catalysts

Alkaline earth metal (Mg,Ca,Sr and Ba)-doped Mo-V-Sb-O x catalysts,prepared by a dry-up method,have been investigated for their catalytic performance in the oxidation of propane under different reaction conditions.The catalysts have been characterized by N2 adsorption-desorption,temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) of NH3,SEM and XRD.Influence of water vapor on the catalytic performance,particularly on the selectivities to acetic acid and acrylic acid,has also been studied.The selectivity to acrylic acid was improved significantly by the doping of alkaline earth metals to Mo-V-Sb-O x catalysts.The surface acidic sites of the catalyst decreased with the doping of the catalyst with alkaline earth metals,which ultimately was found to be beneficial for obtaining high selectivity to acrylic acid.The catalytic activity and product selectivities were found to be influenced by the reaction temperature,C3H8/O2 ratio and space velocity.A significant improvement in the selectivity to acrylic acid has also been observed by the addition of water vapor in the feed of propane and oxygen in the oxidation of propane.