气相色谱法测定芦荟及芦荟干粉中的多糖

提取芦荟及芦荟干粉样品中的多糖，将多糖水解为单糖之后衍生化反应，用气相色谱法进行分析，实验选择了最佳分离条件，以木糖醇为内标物，用OV-225与OS-138为色谱柱固定液，使衍生物得到了很好的分离，结果表明：未经水解的芦荟中含有少量的单糖以葡萄糖的形式存在，水解后的单糖主要为甘露糖和葡萄糖，这与用乙醇沉淀多糖后测定结果一致，即芦荟及芦荟干粉中的多糖主要为甘露聚糖和甘露葡聚糖。     

Folin-Ciocalteu比色法测定库拉索芦荟花中多酚

建立Folin-Ciocalteu比色法测定库拉索芦荟花中多酚含量的方法。利用多功能微孔板分光光度计对Folin-Ciocalteu法检测库拉索芦荟花多酚的显色反应条件进行优化，再用紫外可见分光光度计对其方法稳定性、重现性及准确性进行验证。结果表明，向库拉索芦荟花样品溶液中加入Folin-Ciocalteu试剂1.0 mL、50 g/L碳酸钠溶液2.0 mL，用水定容至10 mL，于40℃避光显色60 min，测定反应体系在765 nm处的吸光度，多酚质量浓度在6.3～62.6μg/mL范围内与吸光度具有良好的线性关系，线性相关系数为0.999 6。样品测定值的相对标准偏差为1.42%(n=6)，测定方法的平均回收率为95.52%。该方法适用于库拉索芦荟花中多酚含量的测定。     

气相色谱法测定芦荟及芦荟干粉中的多糖

用气相色谱法测定了芦荟及芦荟干粉样品中的多糖。实验以木糖醇为内标物,采用以OV-225与OS-138为固定液的色谱柱,使多糖水解为单糖后的衍生物得到了分离。结果表明:未经水解的芦荟中含有少量的单糖,主要为葡萄糖;水解后的单糖主要为甘露糖和葡萄糖。这与用乙醇沉淀多糖后的测定结果(即芦荟及芦荟干粉中的多糖主要为甘露聚糖和葡甘露聚糖)是一致的。     

碳纤维微电极负载金纳米粒子用于芦荟多糖的在体动态监测

建立了一种对活体芦荟储水凝胶组织中芦荟多糖进行在体实时动态检测的电化学方法. 通过在活体芦荟植株凝胶中嵌入高灵敏度的纳米金粒子修饰的碳纤维微电极, 对不同光照条件下芦荟植株中的芦荟多糖进行在体动态监测, 进而评价植株应激外界环境下芦荟多糖含量的实时变化. 实验结果表明, 纳米金粒子修饰的碳纤维微电极对芦荟储水凝胶组织中芦荟多糖具有显著的电催化活性, 不同光照环境下生长的芦荟植株中芦荟多糖含量的动态变化具有显著的统计学差异. 该修饰电极可用于芦荟植株中芦荟多糖动态变化的在体实时监测, 使电化学检测方法有望成为监测植物光合作用程度的一种快捷检测手段.     

木立芦荟营养成分与功效

对木立芦荟中的蛋白质、超氧化物歧化酶、微量元素、维生素、多糖及水分进行了测定。其结果表明,本立芦荟原汁液中蛋白质含量为０．７４２ｍｇ／ｍＬ、超氧化物歧化酶活力为１０．２４５６ｎ／ｍＬ、维生素Ｂ２含量为０．００１９ｍｇ／ｍＬ。维生素Ｂ１２含量为０．０００５１ｍｇ／ｍＬ。干芦荟中钙含量为１０５２７．７７μｇ／ｇ、硒含量为８８．３４μｇ／ｇ、锗含量为７０．８２μｇ／ｇ。多糖质量分数为０．５６％,水分为鲜     

芦荟多糖的光度测定新方法

研究了以茜素红分光光度法测定芦荟多糖的含量,探讨了最佳实验条件及干扰因素的影响.在水中,茜素红和芦荟多糖形成有色物质,检测波长为516 nm和325 nm,对应的线性方程分别为:A=0.0121ρ 0.0288,R2=0.9990和A=0.0109ρ 0.0441,R2=0.9992.在0～60.00 μg/mL范围内呈现良好的线性关系,采用该方法对芦荟鲜叶和芦荟制品中的多糖进行分析,平均加标回收率为96.85%,相对标准偏差≤5.0%.     

离子色谱-脉冲安培法测定芦荟多糖中7种单糖的含量

采用水提醇沉法提取芦荟鲜叶中的多糖，经三氟乙酸水解，利用Dionex CarboPac PA10高效阴离子色谱柱分离，氢氧化钠梯度淋洗，积分脉冲安培检测，建立了芦荟多糖中岩藻糖、鼠李糖、阿拉伯糖、半乳糖、葡萄糖、甘露糖和木糖7种常见单糖的测定方法。结果表明：7种单糖在线性范围内的相关系数（R²）均高于0.997，检出限为0.007~0.024 mg/L，加标回收率为97.5%~102.5%，相对标准偏差（RSD）为0.1%~4.8%。该法简单、快速、灵敏、准确，可用于芦荟多糖中单糖含量的测定和多糖组成的研究。     

四工作曲线法同时测定芦荟甙和芦荟大黄素

利用芦荟甙和芦荟大黄素吸光度的良好加和性,提出了一种同时测定芦荟甙和芦荟大黄素的方法。在只加入氨水的情况下,分别作芦荟甙和芦荟大黄素的工作曲线;在加入氨水和高碘酸钠溶液的情况下,作芦荟甙和芦荟大黄素的另外两条工作曲线。样品在同样的两条件下,分别测出吸光度,由四条工作曲线联立方程组求解,即可同时求出芦荟甙和芦荟大黄素的量。芦荟甙的测定下限为0．0024mg/mLL;芦荟大黄素的测定下限为0．0006mg/ML。样品分析结果相对标准偏差小于7％,加标回收率99％～101％。     

芦荟大黄素在碳糊电极上的吸附催化伏安法研究

提出了一种以溶解氧为氧化剂，在碳糊电极（CPE）上吸附催化伏安法测定含蒽醌基药物的新方法。用线性扫描伏安法、循环伏安法和恒电位电解等手段研究了该催化伏安峰产生的机理。实验表明，芦荟大黄素能够有效地吸附富集在CPE表面上。在阴极化电位扫描过程中，芦荟大黄素被还原成蒽氢醌化合物，然后又立刻被溶液中的溶解氧氧化为芦荟大黄素，接着又在电极上被还原，从而形成一个催化循环。而在汞电极上芦荟大黄素产生一个可逆的氧化还原反应，观察不到其催化反应。在0.56 mol/L NH3-NH4Cl（pH8.9）缓冲溶液中，芦荟大黄素在CPE上于－0.60 V（ns.SCE）产生一灵敏的催化伏安峰。所述方法应用于中药大黄中的芦荟大黄素的测定，结果与高效液相色谱法基本一致。有机化合物在CPE和其它固体电极上的吸附催化伏安法灵敏度高,且电极无毒，显示出与汞电极不同的反应机理。它对于药物药理、药效、药物毒性、临床医学和生物化学有重要的意义。     

芦荟大黄素的电化学研究

用单扫示波极谱法研究了芦荟大黄素的电化学行为。在５％Ｎａ２ＣＯ３＋５％ＮａＯＨ（９＋１）底液中，芦荟大黄素于－０．８４Ｖ（Ｐ１）和－０．９７Ｖ（Ｐ２）处产生两个示波极谱峰，利用Ｐ１可测定芦荟大黄素，线性范围为 ０．１１－２４ｍｇ／Ｌ和３．０－２８．６ｍｇ／Ｌ，检测限为０．０６ｍｇ／Ｌ。将该法应用于中药大黄中的芦荟大黄素的测定，结果满意。另外，讨论了芦荟大黄素清除由邻苯三酚自氧化产生的超氧自由基（Ｏ２）的作用。     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

Synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives

Different approaches for the synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives from simple amino acids have been investigated. A library of 33 precursors for the preparation of N-hydroxy pyrazinones was obtained in moderate to good yields.     

α-Amino acid derived enaminones and their application in the synthesis of N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates and other heterocycles

A new and simple synthesis of novel N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates, which exist in equilibrium with their 4-oxo tautomers, has been developed in two steps starting from N-protected α-amino acids. The key intermediates are enaminones, which can also be isolated, characterized, and used for the construction of other functionalized heterocycles, before they spontaneously decompose to pyrrole products. 4-Hydroxypyrroles are prone to partial aerial oxidation but can be efficiently alkylated or reduced to stable polysubstituted pyrrolidine derivatives.     

Specific intramolecular aromatic CH insertion of diazosulfonamides

The chemoselectivity in the intramolecular CH insertion of various diazosulfonamides has been experimentally studied. The results reveal that the aliphatic 1,4-, 1,5-, or 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions of diazosulfonamides are not accessible, while the aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion can be realized specifically by adjusting the diazo-adjacent group. In addition, the general chemoselectivities in the intramolecular CH insertions of diazosulfonyl compounds are summarized. Generally, diazosulfones undergo both aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H and aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions, while diazosulfonates undergo aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions. However, diazosulfonamides only undergo aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion.     

A general and convenient synthesis of 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones and their use in amidoalkylation of hydrogen,heteroatom, and carbon nucleophiles

A general synthesis of previously unknown semicarbazone-based α-amidoalkylating reagents, 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones, has been developed. The synthesis involved three-component condensation of semicarbazones of aliphatic or aromatic aldehydes with the same or other aldehydes and p-toluenesulfinic acid. The scope and limitations of this reaction were investigated. The compounds obtained were demonstrated to be an efficient α-(4-semicarbazono)alkylating agents. They were reacted with H- (sodium borohydride), O- (sodium methylate), S- (sodium phenylthiolate), N- (pyrrolidine, sodium succinimide), P- (trialkyl phosphites), and C-nucleophiles (sodium diethyl malonate) to give the corresponding products of the tosyl group substitution, 4-substituted semicarbazones, including analogues of nitrofurazone. Among the prepared compounds tested in vitro for antibacterial and antifungal activity, three nitrofuryl-containing semicarbazones exhibited high biological activities with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 8–32 μg/mL.     

Toward new camptothecins. Part 6: Synthesis of crucial ketones and their use in Friedländer reaction

In the context of the preparation of camptothecin and luotonin A analogs, the synthesis of some key keto-precursors and their use in Friedländer condensation are described. This paper also focuses on the stability of these keto intermediates and emphasizes the major differences between indolizinones and pyrroloquinazolinones series. Noteworthy is also the report of some original structures isolated as by-products of some experiments.     

Synthesis of novel chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-N-heterocyclic carbene ligands and their application in palladium-catalyzed Mizoroki–Heck couplings and asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde

A small library of new chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-imidazolium salts 1 is conveniently synthesized on multi-gram scale from inexpensive and commercially available chiral pool amino acids. The corresponding carbenes, generated by deprotonation of imidazolium salts 1, in combination with palladium(II) chloride were tested in the Mizoroki–Heck coupling reaction. The most significant results in terms of yields and reactivities were achieved with low catalyst loading. The catalytic activities of these imidazolium salts were also investigated in the asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde. The use of MgO nanoparticles as an additive in conjunction with these ligands played a crucial role in increasing the efficiency of these reactions.     

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes: synthesis,characterization and their applications in the C-N coupling and α-arylation of ketones using aryl chlorides

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes 3 were successfully achieved in a one-pot procedure under mild conditions. The structure of 3a was unambiguously confirmed by X-ray single crystal diffraction and it was an active catalyst in the Buchwald-Hartwig amination and α-arylation of ketones even at very low catalyst loadings (0.01?mol%).     

Iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction using terminal alkyne as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines and fused-nitrogen heterocycles

An efficient iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) using terminal alkynes as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of aryl (9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-1-yl)methanones is described. The scope of the protocol includes the total synthesis of Fascaplysin, Eudistomins Y₁ and Y₂. The methodology is extended for preparing pyrrolo[1,2-a]-quinoxaline and indolo[1,5-a]quinoxaline derivatives. The utility of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines was demonstrated by performing palladium-catalyzed β-carboline directed ortho-C(sp2)-H functionalization of the phenyl ring with thiomethyl (SMe) group using DMSO as source and for accessing 4-aryl-canthin-6-ones.     

Facile synthesis of bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones

In this Letter, we described a facile method for constructing fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-one ring system. We employed various methylene-containing carboxylic acids as the substrates and proved that the pyrazolone ring closure requires activated methylene group in intermediate II. Accordingly, a series of structurally diversified, fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones was prepared in moderate to high yields using the requisite substrates.