刺激响应性非病毒转基因载体

常见的阳离子聚合物能够通过静电作用有效缩合DNA,形成聚电解质复合物（PECs）。这些复合物易于细胞内在化,从内涵体中逃逸,并能保护DNA免受DNA酶的降解。但是,强烈的静电作用也限制了基因进入细胞核之后从复合物中的释放,限制了基因的表达。鉴于此,科学家们设计了一类“智能”高分子载体,这些智能高分子载体能够响应外界微环境温度、pH值和氧化还原环境变化的刺激,其自身大分子构象发生改变,进而促进DNA从复合物中逃逸,提高了转染率。本文介绍了近年来有关聚异丙基丙烯酰胺基温度响应性载体以及光、pH和响应胞内谷胱甘肽（GSH）等氧化还原反应的非病毒转基因载体的研究进展。     

表达烟草花叶病毒外壳蛋白的转基因烟草及其对TMV的抗性

利用体外重组DNA技术构建携带烟草花叶病毒(TMV,国内流行的普通株)外壳蛋白基因(CP)的中间表达载体,通过土壤农杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens)Ti质粒,重组TMV-CP基因被转移至烟草细胞,并获得大量再生的转基因烟草。工程烟草的基因组经Southern印迹法分析证明,CP基因在再生工程株染色体中有1—5个拷贝的插入。分子杂交分析确证TMV-CP基因在转基因株中获得正确表达,其mRNA和蛋白产物的丰度分别达0.005—0.01％及0.05—0.2％。攻毒实验表明90％以上的能表达TMV—CP基因的工程烟草能不同程度地抑制病毒的复制、扩散,并显著延缓,减轻系统病状的发生。有3株工程植株直至花期无病状表现,生长正常。这一抗性作用机制在于转化细胞中的外壳蛋白在病毒侵染早期有效地抑制了入侵病毒颗粒的脱壳,从而阻断病毒的复制。     

PEG化壳聚糖/DNA自组装复合物的制备、表征和体外Hela细胞转染研究

通过有机合成和高分子聚合等方法将亲水性的聚乙二醇接枝到壳聚糖的氨基侧链上，得到了改性的壳聚糖—聚乙二醇接枝共聚物，应用现代波谱等技术对中间产物和最终产物进行了表征，采用绿色荧光蛋白基因质粒pEGFP—N1为DNA模型，在溶液中通过自动(静电)吸附得到PEG化的壳聚糖／DNA自组装复合物，初步研究了该自组装复合物对Hela细胞的体外转染效率。结果表明，活化的聚乙二醇被成功地接枝到壳聚糖上，使不溶于水的壳聚糖改性为水溶性的PEG化的壳聚糖。PEG化壳聚糖／DNA自组装复合物在Hela细胞体外转染率达到81％。因此，PEG化的壳聚糖有可能成为基因转染的非病毒载体。     

DNA分子结构的多态性研究(Ⅲ)——生物大分子探针吖啶橙诱导λ-DNA由线型向环型的转变

病毒和细胞体内的DNA是以高度紧密的凝聚态存在的.自从在体外发现亚精胺、精胺可诱导无规卷曲的DNA形成有序、独特的凝聚结构形态以来,许多学者深入研究了多价阳离子的诱导特性,以期阐明DNA在病毒内的组装和染色体中凝聚作用的机制[1,2].     

DNA缩合结构形成过程的研究

本文研究了2700 bp DNA片段在金属离子作用下,折叠缩合为复曲面的形成过程。以电子显微镜术为手段,经大量观测抽提出几种典型中间结构,并计算了各典型结构的尺度分布。作者由此推论,DNA缩合结构的形成过程是DNA链折叠与排列的过程;是无序到有序的转化过程。研究不仅证实缩合是有规则与有方向的,还进一步证实短DNA片段的缩合是多分子的缩合。     

家蚕核多角体病毒基因库

本文报道家蚕核多角体病毒基因组DNA经限制性内切酶SalI酶解,琼脂糖凝胶电泳分离,得0.70至 10.0kb大小不同的29种片段.所得 DNA片段与 SalI酶解之质粒pBR 322 DNA进行体外重组后,经转化大肠杆菌 HB 101菌株,获得带重组质粒克隆株.根据重组质粒DNA 中SalI酶插八片段的分子量、Southern法DNA杂交及多种限制性内切酶酶切点等方法鉴定,证明已将家蚕核多角体病毒DNA的24种不同大小的片段克隆在质粒 pBR 322 中.克隆的 DNA片段总长度占病毒基因组DNA的百分之八十。     

水稻种子贮存蛋白Prolamin 4a基因的组织特异性表达调控

本文分离了水稻中花8号种子贮存蛋白Prolamin基因的5′端调控区域,对其DNA的全序列结构作了分析,表现启动子DNA的典型序列结构。构建了GUS融合基因,利用农杆菌LBA4404双元载体系统转化烟草,分子杂交获得转基因烟草植株,在转基因烟草开花20天时,对烟草种子作GUS基因表达的组织化学分析。实验结果表明Prolamin基因的启动子在种子的胚乳中激活下游GUS基因的表达,这是水稻Prolamin基因5′端调控序列功能的首次报道。     

在昆虫细胞中克隆与表达人白细胞介素6

本文利用DNA合成及PCR技术对人白细胞介素6(hIL-6)cDNA进行转译优化与扩增,并同杆状病毒载体pVL 1393重组构建了pVL·IL-6载体;通过磷酸钙共沉淀法将pVL·IL-6 DNA与野生型苜蓿银纹夜蛾核型多角体病毒(wtAcMNPV)DNA共转染昆虫细胞Sf9,筛选出表达人IL-6的重组病毒rAc·IL-6,经ELISA定量测定rhIL-6表达水平约为1μg/ml;rhIL-6生物活性经IL-6依赖细胞系7TD1测定为10~6u/ml。     

聚谷氨酸为骨架的梳状基因载体的合成及生物学性能评价

以聚谷氨酸为骨架, 用低分子量聚乙烯亚胺胺解聚谷氨酸苄酯, 得到聚谷氨酸-g-聚乙烯亚胺, 用异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯将聚乙二醇单甲醚偶联到聚谷氨酸-g-聚乙烯亚胺上, 合成了梳状聚阳离子基因载体聚谷氨酸-g-(聚乙烯亚胺-b-聚乙二醇). 利用核磁共振氢谱、 激光粒度分析仪、 Zeta电位仪和凝胶电泳对聚阳离子载体及其与质粒脱氧核糖核酸(pDNA)形成的复合物进行了表征. 通过噻唑蓝(MTT)细胞毒性测试、 绿色荧光蛋白质粒pEGFP-C1及荧光素酶质粒pGL3体外转染实验考察了载体的细胞毒性及基因转染效率. 结果表明, 当聚乙烯亚胺中N原子和DNA中P原子的摩尔比(N/P)大于5时, 载体能很好地包裹DNA, 载体与DNA形成的复合物粒径约为130 nm, Zeta电位约为28 mV; 通过MTT实验和体外质粒转染实验显示出载体在测量范围内具有极低的细胞毒性和较高的转染效率.     

赖氨酸修饰聚酰胺-胺树枝状高分子的制备及性能

通过液相合成法, 用L-赖氨酸(L-Lys)对4代聚酰胺-胺(4.0G PAMAM)进行表面修饰, 制备了新型的PAMAM-Lys树枝状高分子. 采用FTIR、 ¹H NMR、 元素分析和粒径分析等手段进行了结构表征. PAMAM-Lys的C, H, N元素含量分别为53.43%, 9.58%和24.29%, 端氨基测定值为2.18, 接近于理论计算值; 平均粒径约6.35 nm, 多分散系数约0.09. 应用透射电子显微镜和噻唑蓝四氮唑溴化物(MTT)比色法, 探讨了PAMAM和PAMAM-Lys树枝状高分子载体/质粒DNA复合物的形态及体外细胞毒性. 当最佳电荷比R_+/-=4时, PAMAM-Lys与DNA形成复合物, 通过静电作用, 使DNA结构收缩, 质粒粒径介于50~100 nm之间, 分布较均匀, 形态规则; 作用于体外293T细胞时, PAMAM-Lys及其与DNA复合物的细胞毒性明显低于5代聚酰胺-胺(5.0G PAMAM). 研究结果表明, 制备的新型PAMAM-Lys树枝状高分子显著降低了高代数PAMAM树枝状高分子载体的细胞毒性, 具有良好的体外细胞相容性, 有望成为一种DNA疫苗的优良载体.     

巯基化透明质酸包封的仿生交联基因微载体的构建

采用超分子组装技术,通过巯基化透明质酸(HA-SH)与聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)/DNA缔合体的界面静电组装,构建了壳层二硫键仿生交联的基因超分子组装体(PEI/DNA/HA-SH).凝胶电泳结果表明,该组装体有很好的DNA缔合特性.壳层的仿生交联使基因超分子组装体在生理盐溶液中的稳定性得到有效改善,细胞毒性显著降低,并能有效转染细胞,为非病毒基因传递体系的设计提供了新途径.     

Efficient gene transfection of suspension cells by highly branched poly(β-amino ester)

Suspension cells play a crucial role in many biological processes. However, compared to adherent cells, it is particularly challenging to introduce exogenous genes into suspension cells to regulate their biological functions with non-viral gene vectors, mainly due to the low cellular uptake and endosomal escape of polyplexes. Herein, to improve the interactions of polyplexes with cellular membranes, we design and synthesize highly branched poly(β-amino ester) (HPAE) via an “A2 + B4 + C2” Michael addition strategy. Results show that branching significantly increases DNA condensation of HPAE, cellular uptake and endosomal escape of HPAE/DNA polyplexes. In mast cells (MCs), HPAE exhibits up to 80-fold higher gene transfection efficiency compared to the corresponding linear poly(β-amino ester) (LPAE) and the leading commercial gene transfection reagents PEI25k, jetPEI, and Lipofectamine 3000, without causing obvious cytotoxicity. Our study establishes a reliable non-viral platform for efficient gene transfection of suspension cells.     

Hydrogen bonds in polycation improve the gene delivery efficiency in the serum-containing environment

Cationic polymers with high charge density could effectively condense the DNA and achieve gene transfection; however, it often brings non-negligible cytotoxicity. Notably, the high charge density gene vector fails in the serum environment, limiting further application in vivo. In this paper, an efficient and reliable non-viral gene vector of poly (amidoamine) (PAA) was designed by introducing diacryolyl-2,6-diaminopyridine (DADAP) onto the PAA backbone through Michael-addition polymerization, which provides high transfection efficiency in a serum-containing environment. Diacryolyl-2,6-diaminopyridine and cationic parts provided multiple interactions between gene vectors and DNA, including hydrogen bond and electrostatic interactions. The introduction of hydrogen bonding can effectively reduce the charge density of polyplexes without reducing the DNA condensing ability, incorporating the diaminopyridine group and cationic part in PAA chains successfully consolidated cellular uptake, endosome destabilization, and transfection efficiency for the PAA/DNA complexes with low cytotoxicity. The constructed vector with multiple interactions presented 6 times higher transfection efficiency in serum-free and 9 times in serum-containing environment than that of branched polyethyleneimine (PEI 25K) in 293T cells in vitro. Therefore, introducing the hydrogen band to form low charge density polyplexes with high transfection efficiency and low cytotoxicity has a great potential in gene delivery.     

Novel cationic 6-lauroxyhexyl lysinate modified poly(lactic acid)-poly(ethylene glycol) nanoparticles enhance gene transfection

The leading principle of non-viral delivery systems for gene therapy is to mediate high levels of gene expression with low cytotoxicity. Nowadays, biodegradable nanoparticles formulated with poly(lactic acid)-poly(ethylene glycol) (PLA-PEG) were wildly developed. However, the relative lower gene transfection efficiency and higher cytotoxicity still remained critical problems. To address these limitations, PLA-PEG nanoparticles have been composited with other components in their formulation. Here, a novel cationic lipid, 6-lauroxyhexyl lysinate (LHLN), was fabricated onto PLA-PEG nanoparticles as a charge modifier to improve the transfection efficiency and cytotoxicity. The obtained cationic LHLN modified PLA-PEG nanoparticles (LHLN-PLA-PEG NPs) could condense pDNA thoroughly via electrostatic force, leading to the formation of the LHLN-PLA-PEG NPs/pDNA complexes (NPs/DNA complexes). The nanoparticles obtained have been characterized in relation to their physicochemical and biological properties, and the results are extremely promising in terms of low cell toxicity and high transfection efficiency. These results indicated that the novel cationic LHLN modified PLA-PEG nanoparticles could enhance gene transfection in vitro and hold the potential to be a promising non-viral nanodevice.     

(Coixan polysaccharide)-graft-polyethylenimine folate for tumor-targeted gene delivery

CP-PEI-FA was prepared as an effective vector for in vitro and in vivo tumor-targeted gene delivery. The structures of the polymers were characterized, and their DNA condensation capability, particle sizes, zeta potentials, cytotoxicity and in vitro/in vivo transfection were examined. The cytotoxicity of CP-PEI-FA was significantly lower than that of PEI 25 kDa and close to that of PEI 1200. The in vitro transfection of CP-PEI-FA was tested in C6 and HeLa cells (FR-positive cells) and A549 cells (FR-negative cells). CP-PEI-FA showed a high targeting specificity and good gene transfection efficiency in FR-positive cells. These results indicate that CP-PEI-FA is a safe and effective polyplex-forming agent for both in vitro and in vivo transfection of plasmid DNA.     

京尼平交联低聚乙烯亚胺智能基因载体的制备与表征

使用京尼平与分子量为1800的超支化低聚乙烯亚胺在70％的乙醇溶液中反应,合成了具有荧光的交联型聚合物.利用核磁、凝胶渗透色谱、粒度仪、zeta电位仪和凝胶阻滞电泳对聚合物载体及其与DNA复合物颗粒进行了表征.研究表明,聚合物载体与DNA复合物颗粒粒径为120 ～150 nm,zeta电位为+20～25 mV,聚合物/...     

Solid-phase synthesis of 89 polyamine-based cationic lipids for DNA delivery to mammalian cells

The ability of non-viral gene delivery systems to overcome extracellular and intracellular barriers is a critical issue for future clinical applications of gene therapy. In recent years much effort has been focused on the development of a variety of DNA carriers, and cationic liposomes have become the most common non-viral gene delivery system. Solid-phase synthesis was used to produce three libraries of polyamine-based cationic lipids with diverse hydrophobic tails. These were characterised, and structure-activity relationships were determined for DNA binding and transfection ability of these compounds when formulated as cationic liposomes. Two of the cationic lipids produced high-efficiency transfection of human cells. Surprisingly, these two compounds were from the library with two headgroups and one aliphatic tail, a compound class regarded as detergent-like and little investigated for transfection. These cationic lipids are promising reagents for gene delivery and illustrate the potential of solid-phase synthesis methods for lipoplex discovery.     

Synthesis and aggregation properties of dissymmetric phytanyl-gemini surfactants for use as improved DNA transfection vectors

Improvements in transfection efficiency are required in order to make the goal of cellular gene delivery by non-viral vectors realizable. Novel derivatives of gemini surfactants having dissymmetric tail groups have been designed specifically as a means to improve DNA transfection; the micelle and interfacial properties are reported herein. The effect of these substitutions on the aggregation properties of the gemini surfactants is discussed in the context of results for the m-3-m gemini series, previously reported in the literature. Phytanyl substitution results in lower cmc and higher micelle ionization. In addition, the phytanyl substituted gemini surfactants form vesicles at room temperature. Preliminary in vitro transfection assays showed the phytanyl substituted gemini surfactants to be more efficient transfection vectors as compared to symmetric gemini surfactants.     

阳离子聚合物基因转染载体的研究进展

安全有效的基因载体是实现基因治疗的必要条件,由于阳离子聚合物易于合成和改性,无免疫原性,可以方便地与DNA形成紧密的超分子复合物,保护DNA免受核酸酶的降解,并促进其进入细胞,从而成为非病毒基因载体中的一个重要类型;但阳离子聚合物基因载体,对细胞具有电荷相关的毒性,转染效率低于病毒载体,这成为限制其进入临床使用的瓶颈.本文从提高阳离子聚合物作为基因载体时的转染效率及降低其毒性方面综述了阳离子聚合物基因载体的研究进展,归纳了改善阳离子聚合物基因载体转染特性的八种方法,预测了阳离子聚合物基因载体的发展前景.