两亲性树枝状大分子作为药物缓释载体的研究

利用胆酸对1代聚酰胺-胺树枝状大分子进行修饰,得到两亲性树枝状大分子(PAMAM1-CA6)。采用1H-NMR和酸碱滴定法测得每个1代PAMAM分子上共价键连了6个胆酸分子。PAMAM1-CA6在水相中自组装成纳米粒子,粒径约为273nm。以抗癌药物氨甲喋呤为模型考察了此两亲性树枝状大分子对药物的缓释行为。在碱性条件下(pH=10),PAMAM1-CA6对氨甲喋呤的释放较为缓慢;随着溶液pH的降低,药物的释放速率明显加快。说明PAMAM1-CA6对氨甲喋呤的释放具有环境响应性。体外细胞实验的结果表明,PAMAM1-CA6能够显著地提高氨甲喋呤的疗效。因此,这类由低代树枝状大分子制得的材料有望成为新型的药物控释载体。     

聚酰胺-胺型树枝状高分子PAMAM溶液的特性粘度

测定了树枝状高分子PAMAM(聚酰胺-胺型,乙二胺为内核)及其季铵盐在水溶液中的特性粘度[η].结果表明,PAMAM的[η]在代数G=2～3处有最大值,而其季铵盐则在此处有最小值.同时发现高分子的流体力学等效圆球半径R_η随G增大近似线性增长.通过对PAMAM及其季铵盐特性粘度的研究,揭示了不同代数高分子结构形态的变化规律.     

六方向核聚酰胺-胺树形高分子的合成及其介导的基因转移

设计、合成、表征以肌醇为六方向起始核的新型聚酰胺-胺树形高分子. 第三代至第六代树形高分子(G3~G6)能够和DNA通过电荷相互作用形成聚电解质复合物, 聚酰胺-胺树形高分子G6和荧光素酶基因(pRE Luc)形成的复合物的粒径为80~300 nm. G3~G6能介导半乳糖苷酶基因(pSV β-Gal)和荧光素酶基因有效转染HeLa和HEK293细胞. G5和G6的转染效率比聚赖氨酸高得多, 接近枝化聚乙烯亚胺(branched polyethylenimine, PEI, Mw 25 K)的转染效率. G5和G6的细胞毒性低于聚-L-赖氨酸.     

末端功能化的树枝状聚合物载体与质粒组装的热力学和动力学

通过二代和四代聚酰胺-胺树枝状聚合物(G2和G4表示)末端分别修饰苯丙氨酸和色氨酸合成了多种新型聚合物载体,进而考察了其与质粒的组装行为.研究结果显示,Phe-G4和Trp-G4与质粒组装为结构致密的纳米粒子,其中Phe-G4与质粒形成的纳米粒子更加紧密.这一过程是由聚合物载体与质粒间的静电相互作用和结构重排共同驱动的.此外,末端修饰方法显著降低了载体的细胞毒性.细胞转染结果表明,Phe-G4和Trp-G4成功介导质粒pEGFP-CL在COS-7细胞中表达,Phe-G4/pEGFP-CL的转染效率提高到作为阳性对照的脂质体组的4倍以上.因此,Phe-G4载体是一种有应用潜力的新型基因传递系统.     

聚谷氨酸为骨架的梳状基因载体的合成及生物学性能评价

以聚谷氨酸为骨架, 用低分子量聚乙烯亚胺胺解聚谷氨酸苄酯, 得到聚谷氨酸-g-聚乙烯亚胺, 用异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯将聚乙二醇单甲醚偶联到聚谷氨酸-g-聚乙烯亚胺上, 合成了梳状聚阳离子基因载体聚谷氨酸-g-(聚乙烯亚胺-b-聚乙二醇). 利用核磁共振氢谱、 激光粒度分析仪、 Zeta电位仪和凝胶电泳对聚阳离子载体及其与质粒脱氧核糖核酸(pDNA)形成的复合物进行了表征. 通过噻唑蓝(MTT)细胞毒性测试、 绿色荧光蛋白质粒pEGFP-C1及荧光素酶质粒pGL3体外转染实验考察了载体的细胞毒性及基因转染效率. 结果表明, 当聚乙烯亚胺中N原子和DNA中P原子的摩尔比(N/P)大于5时, 载体能很好地包裹DNA, 载体与DNA形成的复合物粒径约为130 nm, Zeta电位约为28 mV; 通过MTT实验和体外质粒转染实验显示出载体在测量范围内具有极低的细胞毒性和较高的转染效率.     

聚酰胺-胺树枝状高分子的柱色谱提纯研究

采用发散法合成了0.5～4.0代(G)聚酰胺-胺(PAMAM)树枝状高分子,通过薄层色谱分析产物组成,并进一步选用柱色谱法对半代产物进行了提纯与精制.用红外,核磁,高效液相色谱(HPLC)和热重分析等方法对提纯后产物进行了表征.结果表明,提纯得到的各PAMAM产物具有较完整的分子结构,小分子含量很少;且0.5GPAMAM产物HPLC测试纯度达到97.81%.     

温度及pH敏感的树枝状高分子衍生物合成及药物控制释放研究

对合成的系列聚酰胺-胺型(PAMAM)树枝状高分子进行端基的羟基化和氯乙酰化两步修饰,使PAMAM最外层接上烷基氯.以修饰产物为引发剂,通过原子转移自由基引发甲基丙烯酸N,N-二甲氨基乙酯(DMAEMA)聚合得到树枝状PAMAM高分子衍生物,并对其结构用FTIR、1H-NMR和粒径分析进行了表征.紫外可见分光光度仪测定证实此高分子具有温度及pH敏感性.通过对小分子药物控制释放研究表明,此树枝状高分子衍生物通过环境pH值可有效地控制小分子药物的释放.     

ATRP法制备聚(甲基丙烯酸氨乙酯-co-甲基丙烯酸N,N-二乙基氨乙基酯)基因载体

为得到低毒、高效的聚阳离子基因载体,以甲基丙烯酸氨乙酯(AMA)和甲基丙烯酸N,N-二乙基氨乙基酯(DEAEMA)为单体,以2-溴代异丁酸乙酯(EBIB)为引发剂,通过原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP)制备了两种聚(甲基丙烯酸氨乙酯-co-甲基丙烯酸N,N-二乙基氨乙基酯)阳离子无规共聚物(P(AMA-co-DEAEMA),简称P).琼脂糖凝胶电泳实验结果表明聚合物P作为阳离子载体可以有效地络合DNA,通过粒径仪测定的复合物粒子的尺寸在400 ～ 600 nm之间.扫描电镜观察的P/DNA复合物形貌是分散均匀的球形颗粒.以25kDa PEI为阳性参照,利用MTT比色法考察了聚合物P对HEK293T细胞的毒性.结果表明,聚合物P的细胞毒性低于25 kDa PEI的细胞毒性.以25 kDa PEI和裸质粒DNA作为参照,我们进一步考察了聚合物P与DNA形成的复合物在HEK293T细胞中的转染效率.结果表明P/DNA复合物在HEK293T细胞中的转染效率远远高于裸质粒DNA的转染效率,并且接近于25 kDa PEI/DNA复合物的转染效率.     

PAMAM包覆脂质体的制备、表征及作为眼部递药载体的评价

制备了树枝状聚合物聚酰胺-胺2代和3代(PAMAM G2, PAMAM G3)包覆的葛根素(Puerarin, PUE)脂质体, 考察了脂质体包覆前后的粒径、Zeta电位的变化及包覆率和体外释放特性. 用异硫氰酸荧光素(FITC)标记PAMAM, 采用透射电镜和激光扫描共聚焦显微镜分别观察了PAMAM包覆脂质体和FITC-PAMAM包覆脂质体的形态. 采用改进的Valia-Chien扩散池及兔离体角膜评价了脂质体包覆前后角膜的药物渗透特性, 分别考察了脂质体包覆前后的角膜前滞留时间、角膜残留药量和角膜水化值. 研究结果表明, 包覆后的脂质体粒径略有增加, 但没有显著差异, Zeta电位由负变正, 并且随PAMAM比例的增加而增加. 透射电镜和激光扫描共聚焦显微镜观察结果显示, PAMAM能较好地包覆于脂质体表面. PAMAM G2的包覆率明显比PAMAM G3高. 包覆前后的脂质体释药特性相似, 均具有明显的缓释作用. PAMAM包覆PUE脂质体后, 与PUE水溶液和未包覆PUE脂质体相比, 其PUE离体兔角膜表观渗透系数、角膜前滞留时间及角膜残留药量均明显增加, 并具有显著差异, 其中PAMAM G3包覆脂质体优于PAMAM G2包覆脂质体. 水化值检测结果表明, PAMAM包覆PUE脂质体对角膜的刺激性不明显.     

树枝状高分子修饰的水溶性近红外二区荧光聚合物的合成及其在肿瘤相关抗原载运中的应用

通过在具有供体-受体-供体结构的近红外二区(NIR-Ⅱ)荧光分子(TTQ-F)的侧链上修饰聚酰胺-胺型树枝状高分子(PAMAM)合成了一种NIR-Ⅱ荧光高分子(TTQ-F-PAMAM).该树枝状修饰的高分子不仅可以实现在900～1200nm近红外二区范围的荧光成像,同时有着良好的光稳定性.PAMAM作为一种三维、高度有...     

细胞膜仿生修饰树枝状聚酰胺-胺的研究

利用2-丙烯酰氧基乙基磷酸胆碱的双键与树枝状聚酰胺-胺表面的氨基进行Michael加成反应,实现树枝状聚酰胺-胺表面的磷酸胆碱仿生修饰,修饰过程用FTIR、1H-NMR进行了表征.体外细胞活性测定和细胞形貌观察证实磷酸胆碱仿生修饰有效地改善了聚酰胺-胺树枝状聚合物的生物相容性;修饰后的聚酰胺-胺树枝状聚合物表面剩余的氨基仍然可以有效的与DNA复合,有可能作为一种潜在的基因载体得到广泛应用.     

树状大分子PAMAM(1G)-FCD的合成及荧光性能

合成了外围由小分子2-芴醛修饰的树状大分子PAMAM(1G)-FCD, 用IR, 1H NMR, MALDI-TOF-MS等手段表征了其结构, 并对其荧光性能及Sn2+对该性能的影响进行了研究, 结果表明, Sn2+能使化合物荧光显著增强. 紫外光谱表明, 随着PAMAM(1G)-FCD溶液中Sn2+浓度的增加, 体系在360 nm处出现了新的吸收峰, 表明二者之间存在化学反应. 故该树状分子有望作为难得的蓝光区荧光材料及金属-树状大分子杂化材料.     

PAMAM树形分子与Cd2＋的配位作用研究及CdS/PAMAM纳米复合材料的制备与表征

CdS半导体纳米簇具有独特的光、电性能, 如何制备均匀分散的、能够稳定存在的CdS纳米簇是目前的研究热点之一. 以聚酰胺-胺(PAMAM)树形分子为模板, 原位合成了CdS纳米簇. 首先用UV-Vis分光光度法研究了与树形分子的配位机理, 得出G4.5和G5.0的平均饱和配位数分别为16和34, 并发现在G4.5PAMAM树形分子中Cd^2＋主要与最外层叔胺基配位, 在G5.0PAMAM树形分子中Cd^2＋主要与最外层伯胺基配位. 酯端基的G4.5的模板作用要明显优于胺端基的G5.0. 通过改变Cd^2＋与G4.5树形分子的摩尔比可以得到不同粒径的CdS纳米簇. 溶液的pH值对CdS纳米簇影响很大, pH在7.0左右制备的CdS纳米簇粒径小而均匀, 且溶液稳定性高. 用UV-Vis分光光度计和TEM对CdS纳米簇的大小和形貌进行了表征. 结果表明TEM观测CdS纳米簇的粒径要大于用Brus公式的估算值.     

PAMAM树形分子为模板低温制备纳米硫化锌空心球

Hollow ZnS spheres have been prepared in the presence of generation 3.5 poly (amidoamine) dendrimers with surface ester groups (G3.5-COOCH3 PAMAM dendrimer) as synthetic matrix template. The products obtained were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and UV-Vis absorption. TEM studies show that the hollow spheres with diameters ranging from 80 to 100 nm are prepared. The range of wall thickness was estimated to be about 20～30 nm. It was found that the concentration of PAMAM dendrimer had a significant influence on the formation of hollow ZnS spheres. The possible formation mechanism of the hollow spherical structure is also discussed.     

PVP and G1.5 PAMAM dendrimer co-mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles

PVP and G1.5 PAMAM dendrimer co-mediated silver nanoparticles of smaller than 5 nm in diameter were prepared using H₂ as reducing agent. With the TEM micrograph, it was found that the molar ratios of PVP and G1.5 PAMAM dendrimer have significant effect in the morphology and size distribution of silver nanoparticles. The reaction rate (fitting a first-order equation) was strongly influenced by the molar ratios of PVP and G1.5 PAMAM dendrimer and the reaction temperature. From the UV-Vis spectra of an aqueous solution of silver nanoparticles, they could be stored for at least 2 months without coagulation at room temperature.     

Syntheses of polyamidoamine dendrimers starting from a hexadimensional core and application in gene transfer

Gene therapy refers to the concept and practice of applying gene to treat diseases. It may be defined as a method for inserting a functioning gene into the cells of a patient to correct an inborn error of metabolism (i.e. genetic abnormality or birth defect) or to provide a new function in a cell. There are numerous diseases that may be treated by gene therapy including genetic defects, com-mon illnesses such as cancer, AIDS and chronic diseases such as diabetes[1]. A gene medicine sys-tem c…     

以聚酰胺-胺树形分子为模板制备AgI纳米簇

本文以聚酰胺-胺(PAMAM)树形分子为模板,原位制备AgI纳米簇.系统地研究了AgI纳米簇制备过程中各种反应条件如树形分子端基、反应时间、Ag⁺与PAMAM摩尔比等对AgI纳米簇粒径的影响,分别用紫外-可见光谱、荧光光谱、透射电镜等对所制备的纳米簇进行表征.在相同的条件下,以G4.5-COOH₃为模板较以G5.0-NH₂为模板制备的AgI纳米簇粒径小、分布均匀,这主要取决于G4.5-COOCH₃PAMAM树形分子所起的“内模板”作用.G4.5-COOH₃树形分子浓度为1×10^-5mol/L,Ag⁺与树形分子摩尔比为30:1时所制备的AgI纳米簇的粒径分布均匀、稳定性好,室温避光可稳定存在两个月以上.     

Nanoscale protein pores modified with PAMAM dendrimers

We describe nanoscale protein pores modified with a single hyperbranched dendrimer molecule inside the channel lumen. Sulfhydryl-reactive polyamido amine (PAMAM) dendrimers of generations 2, 3 and 5 were synthesized, chemically characterized, and reacted with engineered cysteine residues in the transmembrane pore alpha-hemolysin. Successful coupling was monitored using an electrophoretic mobility shift assay. The results indicate that G2 and G3 but not G5 dendrimers permeated through the 2.9 nm cis entrance to couple inside the pore. The defined molecular weight cutoff for the passage of hyperbranched PAMAM polymers is in contrast to the less restricted accessibility of flexible linear poly(ethylene glycol) polymers of comparable hydrodynamic volume. Their higher compactness makes sulfhydryl-reactive PAMAM dendrimers promising research reagents to probe the structure of porous membrane proteins with wide internal diameters. The conductance properties of PAMAM-modified proteins pores were characterized with single-channel current recordings. A G3 dendrimer molecule in the channel lumen reduced the ionic current by 45%, indicating that the hyperbranched and positively charged polymer blocked the passage of ions through the pore. In line with expectations, a smaller and less dense G2 dendrimer led to a less pronounced current reduction of 25%. Comparisons to recordings of PEG-modified pores revealed striking dissimilarities, suggesting that differences in the structural dynamics of flexible linear polymers vs compact dendrimers can be observed at the single-molecule level. Current recordings also revealed that dendrimers functioned as ion-selectivity filters and molecular sieves for the controlled passage of molecules. The alteration of pore properties with charged and hyperbranched dendrimers is a new approach and might be extended to inorganic nanopores with applications in sensing and separation technology.     

Molecular heterogeneity analysis of poly(amidoamine) dendrimer-based mono- and multifunctional nanodevices by capillary electrophoresis

Poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimer-based nanodevices are of recent interest in targeted cancer therapy. Characterization of mono- and multifunctional PAMAM-based nanodevices remains a great challenge because of their molecular complexity. In this work, various mono- and multifunctional nanodevices based on PAMAM G5 (generation 5) dendrimer were characterized by UV-Vis spectrometry, (1)H NMR, size exclusion chromatography (SEC), and capillary electrophoresis (CE). CE was extensively utilized to measure the molecular heterogeneity of these PAMAM-based nanodevices. G5-FA (FA denotes folic acid) conjugates (synthesized from amine-terminated G5.NH(2) dendrimer, approach 1) with acetamide and amine termini exhibit bimodal or multi-modal distributions. In contrast, G5-FA and bifunctional G5-FA-MTX (MTX denotes methotrexate) conjugates with hydroxyl termini display a single modal distribution. Multifunctional G5.Ac(n)-FI-FA, G5.Ac(n)-FA-OH-MTX, and G5.Ac(n)-FI-FA-OH-MTX (Ac denotes acetamide; FI denotes fluorescein) nanodevices (synthesized from partially acetylated G5 dendrimer, approach 2) exhibit a monodisperse distribution. It indicates that the molecular distribution of PAMAM conjugates largely depends on the homogeneity of starting materials, the synthetic approaches, and the final functionalization steps. Hydroxylation functionalization of dendrimers masks the dispersity of the final PAMAM nanodevices in both synthetic approaches. The applied CE analysis of mono- and multifunctional PAMAM-based nanodevices provides a powerful tool to evaluate the molecular heterogeneity of complex dendrimer conjugate nanodevices for targeted cancer therapeutics.     

Drug pH-sensitive release in vitro and targeting ability of polyamidoamine dendrimer complexes for tumor cells

Recently, dendrimers have been widely used in medical applications such as drug delivery and gene transfection. In this study, a pH-sensitive diblock copolymer of poly(methacryloyl sulfadimethoxine) (PSD) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) modified by lactose (LA-PEG-b-PSD) was synthesized. The pK(a) value of the LA-PEG-b-PSD was also measured. Then, polyamidoamine (PAMAM) complexes were prepared with PAMAM (G4.0) and LA-PEG-b-PSD by electrostatic interaction. To investigate drug pH-sensitive release in vitro, doxorubicin (DOX) was loaded in PAMAM. A higher drug cumulative release from LA-PEG-b-PSD/PAMAM complexes in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) was found at pH 6.5 than at pH 7.4. The cytotoxicity and cellular uptake of PAMAM complexes were investigated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and confocal microscopy. LA-PEG-b-PSD/PAMAM/DOX complexes were able to enhance the cytotoxicity of DOX against HepG2 cells at pH 7.4. Confocal microscopy showed a higher cellular uptake of PEG-b-PSD/PAMAM complexes at pH 6.5. PAMAM complexes modified by lactose showed a higher affinity for hepatic cancer cells than those without lactose at pH 7.4. These results suggest that LA-PEG-b-PSD/PAMAM complexes exhibit selective targeting and cytotoxicity against HepG2 cells. In vivo antitumor studies showed that the LA-PEG-b-PSD/PAMAM/DOX complexes displayed higher antitumor efficacy compared with non-targeted PAMAM/DOX and DOX solution. These results indicate that this strategy should be applicable to the treatment of liver cancers.