Fast Estimation of Scatter Components Using the Ordered Subset Expectation Maximization Algorithm for Scatter Compensation

In this work we propose a method for scatter compensation in single photon emission computed tomography imaging, by which we can estimate the scatter components in projections in high speed with good accuracy. The method is that we first estimate the scatter components in projections based on scatter response kernels by one time of ordered subsets expectation maximization iterative reconstruction, and then subtract the estimated scatter components from the projections and complete reconstruction by filtered back-projection method. The principle is that the image corresponding to the scatter components in projections consists largely of low-frequency components of an activity distribution; these low-frequency components will converge faster than the high ones in iterative reconstruction. Therefore, we can estimate the low-frequency component image before the image converges with the high-frequency ones, and obtain the scatter components by re-projecting the low-frequency component image with scatter response kernels. The effects of the proposed method were compared with the dual- and triple-energy window methods using experimental measurements. The results show that good accuracy in estimated scatter components, good uniformity of scatter compensation at the center and the side of an object, and good noise property can be acquired by this method.     

基于旋转SURF算子的图像配准新方法

针对SURF算法中快速Hessian矩阵行列式检测出的特征点的不连续现象,从而造成的旋转,模糊和光照变化适应性较差的不足,提出一种旋转SURF检测算子的图像配准新方法。该算法通过将SURF算法的积分图像盒子滤波模板逆时针旋转45度,引入一种可以检测角度旋转的滤波核提升检测算子对不同图像变换的匹配性能,保证新的检测算子与原算法较好的结合,同时利用改进的单纯形算法依据输入图像进行参数优化。仿真结果表明,该方法不仅保留了算法的速度优势,缩短了配准时间,而且在图像模糊变换,光照变换和JPEG压缩变换方面性能有明显的提升,此外对视角变换以及小尺度变换性能也有提高。     

基于特征点跟踪的数字稳像算法

针对图像平移和旋转的数字电子稳像问题,提出了一种新的稳像算法。采用K-R法(Kitchen-Rosenfeld)提取图像特征,根据Similarity变换模型进行运动估计,将图像平移和旋转模型转化为仅绕中心点旋转的单一旋转模型,降低了模型的复杂度和计算量。实验证明,这种算法具有很好的稳像效果。     

微光光子数字化摄象机

美国自适应光学联合公司(AOA)在哈佛大学 PAPA 探测器的基础上研制成功的光子数字化编址摄象机是一种具有极高探测灵敏度的光子计数式二维微光摄象机。采用多通道光学编码方法,可对光电倍增管探测到的每一个光电于事件产生相应的(x,y,T)时-空坐标数据,微机采集来自光子摄象机的数据流供实时图象显示和处理。     

光子成像静止点目标的管道滤波探测方法

构建了具有单光子成像能力的光子成像系统,提出应用管道滤波方法实现对光子受限静止点目标的探测。分析了光子图像静止点目标与点状噪声特征,根据静止点目标在序列图像中位置的确定性以及噪声点的不相关性,研究了基于管道滤波的光子成像静止点目标探测方法。为降低目标探测的虚警概率,优化了管道滤波直径。以实验采集得到的多组光子图像序列为样本,获得了探测概率、虚警概率与信号光子数、噪声光子数、管道长度以及检测阈值的关系。检测结果显示,对信号与噪声的平均发生率为0.4和5.215的序列图像,当管道长度为9、检测阈值为2时,探测概率达0.9以上且虚警概率〈0.08。对比多组图像序列的检测结果表明,影响探测概率的主要参数是信号光子数,而影响虚警概率的主要参数是噪声光子数。     

Photon tunneling scanning image separation method and instrument

A patent for the new photon scanning tunneling microscopy (PSTM) is described in this paper, called the Tunneling Scanning Image Separation Method and Instrument. We call the new instrument described here the Image Separated-PSTM (IS-PSTM). There may be some false image information with the first generation PSTM in the mixed image of the topography and refractive index of a general optical sample. With this new method and instrument we can eliminate this false image information and separate the surface topography image and the distribution image of varying refractive indices of a general optical sample from a mixed image of PSTM.     

超导单光子探测器件直流特性研究

超导单光子探测技术是基于超薄超导薄膜的非平衡态热电子效应的一种新型的单光子探测方法。超导单光子探测器(SNSPD)的计数率可达到GHz,时间抖动小于100ps,因而在未来量子通信系统中有着广阔的应用前景。介绍了NbN超导单光子探测器件的工作原理和器件超导性能测试系统;测试了超导单光子探测器件的电阻-温度、电流-电压等特性。并对测试结果进行了分析和讨论。     

基于Boltzmann输运方程的SPECT系统解析建模方法

在单光子发射断层成像(SPECT)中, 为了校正劣化因素的影响, 提高图像质量, 需要对SPECT成像的物理过程进行准确建模. 本文提出了基于Boltzmann输运方程及其Neumann级数解理论的SPECT系统解析建模方法, 并采用数论高维数值积分算法对解析建模公式进行数值求解. 分别对点源、均匀圆柱体模型和NCAT模型进行SPECT投影过程计算, 将其结果与传统的Monte Carlo建模方法进行比较. 结果表明解析建模方法的计算速度和精度综合性能优于Monte Carlo建模方法, 且具有不受统计噪声影响的优点, 因而更适于进行SPECT成像过程的建模.     

PET image reconstruction with a system matrix containing point spread function derived from single photon incidence response

A point spread function(PSF)for the blurring component in positron emission tomography(PET)is studied.The PSF matrix is derived from the single photon incidence response function.A statistical iterative reconstruction(IR)method based on the system matrix containing the PSF is developed.More specifically,the gamma photon incidence upon a crystal array is simulated by Monte Carlo(MC)simulation,and then the single photon incidence response functions are calculated.Subsequently,the single photon incidence response functions are used to compute the coincidence blurring factor according to the physical process of PET coincidence detection.Through weighting the ordinary system matrix response by the coincidence blurring factors,the IR system matrix containing the PSF is finally established.By using this system matrix,the image is reconstructed by an ordered subset expectation maximization(OSEM)algorithm.The experimental results show that the proposed system matrix can substantially improve the image radial resolution,contrast,and noise property.Furthermore,the simulated single gamma-ray incidence response function depends only on the crystal configuration,so the method could be extended to any PET scanner with the same detector crystal configuration.     

Reciprocity in quantum,electromagnetic and other wave scattering

The reciprocity principle is that, when an emitted wave gets scattered on an object, the scattering transition amplitude does not change if we interchange the source and the detector—in other words, if incoming waves are interchanged with appropriate outgoing ones. Reciprocity is sometimes confused with time reversal invariance, or with invariance under the rotation that interchanges the location of the source and the location of the detector. Actually, reciprocity covers the former as a special case, and is fundamentally different from–but can be usefully combined with–the latter. Reciprocity can be proved as a theorem in many situations and is found violated in other cases. The paper presents a general treatment of reciprocity, discusses important examples, shows applications in the field of photon (Mössbauer) scattering, and establishes a fruitful connection with a recently developing area of mathematics.     

样品转动方式对中子全息成像结果的影响

在中子全息成像实验中, 为避免透射中子干扰, 入射中子束方向与样品-探测器方向不能在一条直线上, 同时采用探测器移动结合样品转动或仅样品转动的方式, 避免探测系统的大范围移动. 因此在样品的转动过程中, 入射中子束和探测器相对于样品的位置同时发生改变, 内源全息项和内探测器全息项作为变量被记录在同一幅全息图中, 并在重建过程中相互干扰. 本文对基于中子三轴谱仪和四圆谱仪的三种不同转动方式进行了中子全息记录和重建模拟研究, 并讨论其修正方法. 结果表明, 各转动方式都可以通过适当的方法消除或减轻相关影响, 而其中基于三轴谱仪的纯样品转动方式可以使用两个探测器记录的方式, 避开入射中子束方向与样品-探测器方向不能在一条直线上的限制, 得到完整的全息图, 同时通过数据处理能基本消除相对转动造成的干扰, 达到理想的重建结果, 在条件允许的情况下应予优先采用.     

基于小波树和哈达玛矩阵的自适应快速三维压缩成像方法

针对光子计数系统实现三维成像速度缓慢的问题,提出一种基于小波树和哈达玛矩阵的自适应快速三维压缩成像方法。利用哈达玛矩阵调制投影图案提高采样效率,被调制的短脉冲结构光照射场景,单像素光子计数探测器采集回波。通过分析低分辨率图像的小波树选择采样区域,使用哈达玛矩阵调制所选采样区域得到的投影图案,可采集图像细节,多阶段采样后利用哈达玛反变换恢复出高分辨率图像。实验结果表明,采集并恢复出一幅512×512像素的三维图像的时间最快可达到41 s。     

快速SUSAN-Laplace角点算法

提出了一种新的SUSAN-Laplace角点算子。新算子首先使用拉普拉斯-高斯核对图像进行卷积,并将图像转换为二值或三值图像,然后使用SUSAN算子检测角点。这样既快速又具有SUSAN算子的位置精确性。SUSAN- Laplace角子具有较好的旋转、仿射、光照、尺度和噪声不变性,其计算速度也较快,比Harris角点快1.5倍,比SUSAN角点快6倍。应用中SUSAN-Laplace角子有一种快速算法,快速算法在计算拉普拉斯-高斯卷积时使用移位运算代替全部乘除法运算,能进一步提高计算速度。SUSAN-Laplace角子较其它角点算法能产生更丰富的角点,应用到SIFT算法中可提高对小目标的识别能力。     

Two-dimensional photon counting imaging detector based on a Vernier position sensitive anode readout

A two-dimensional photon counting imaging detector based on a Vernier position sensitive anode is reported. The decode principle and design of a two-dimensionai Vernier anode axe introduced in detail. A photon counting imaging system was built based on a Vernier anode. The image of very weak optical radiation can be reconstructed by image processing in a period of integration time. The resolution is superior to 100 μm according to the resolution test. The detector may realize the imaging of very weak particle flow of high- energy photons, electrons and ions, so it can be used for high-energy physics, deep space exploration, spectral measurement and bio-luminescence detection.     

Robust Ghost Imaging Based on Degenerate Spontaneous Parametric Down-Conversion

In traditional ghost imaging, the entangled photon pairs produced from the spontaneous parametric down conversion(SPDC) process are used. There is an intrinsic disadvantage that the utilization efficiency of the photon pairs is very low. Inasmuch as all the correlated photon pairs produced by the degenerate SPDC process can be used to record the image of an object, the ghost imaging scheme we present here has a higher utilization efficiency of the photon pairs. We also investigate the robustness of our experimental scheme. The experimental results show that, no matter whether the photon-pair source is two light cones or two beam-like spots, the clear image of the object can be obtained. The slight rotation of the nonlinear crystal has no influence on the imaging quality.Our experimental results also demonstrate that when the part of the photon-pair source in the signal path or the idler path is blocked by unwanted things, the clear ghost image of the object can still be recorded.     

基于特征圆单目视觉的飞机舵面角位移标定技术

提出了一种基于特征圆单目视觉的非接触式飞机舵面角位移标定技术。用一台数码摄像机对固定在飞机舵面上的特征圆进行拍照,经数字图像处理后确定五个特征点的坐标,利用针孔成像和射影变换原理建立物像空间坐标解算模型,计算出特征圆的法线相对方向和圆心的相对位置,舵面角位移由该圆的法线方向确定。仿真结果表明,该方法具有标定过程简单、实时、快速和准确的特点,标定精度可达到0.1°。该技术也可用于航天器上实时测量交会对接时的相对位姿参数。     

Artifact reduction in the CSPAD detectors used for LCLS experiments

The existence of noise and column‐wise artifacts in the CSPAD‐140K detector and in a module of the CSPAD‐2.3M large camera, respectively, is reported for the L730 and L867 experiments performed at the CXI Instrument at the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS), in low‐flux and low signal‐to‐noise ratio regime. Possible remedies are discussed and an additional step in the preprocessing of data is introduced, which consists of performing a median subtraction along the columns of the detector modules. Thus, we reduce the overall variation in the photon count distribution, lowering the mean false‐positive photon detection rate by about 4% (from 5.57 × 10^?5 to 5.32 × 10^?5 photon counts pixel^?1 frame^?1 in L867, cxi86715) and 7% (from 1.70 × 10^‐3 to 1.58 × 10^?3 photon counts pixel^?1 frame^?1 in L730, cxi73013), and the standard deviation in false‐positive photon count per shot by 15% and 35%, while not making our average photon detection threshold more stringent. Such improvements in detector noise reduction and artifact removal constitute a step forward in the development of flash X‐ray imaging techniques for high‐resolution, low‐signal and in serial nano‐crystallography experiments at X‐ray free‐electron laser facilities.     

针孔单光子发射计算机断层成像的空间分辨率研究

针孔单光子发射计算机断层(SPECT)成像的空间分辨率通常是根据Anger经验公式来进行估算,与实际测量存在较大偏差.本文通过对针孔成像的物理过程进行分析,提出了一个近似度更高的计算公式.利用精确的蒙特卡罗方法模拟针孔SPECT成像,采用OSEM(ordered subsets expectation maximization)算法对投影数据进行图像重建,并与模具实验进行比较,验证了理论公式的适用性.同时还讨论了体素尺寸、几何映射获取投影矩阵以及探测器尺寸与成像物体尺寸比值对断层图像空间分辨率的影响.实验结果显示,该理论公式所估算的空间分辨率比实验值平均偏小约10%,而Anger经验公式所估算的空间分辨率比实验值平均偏大约60%.因此,该理论公式能更好地估算针孔SPECT成像的空间分辨率,可为针孔SPECT系统的设计和使用提供有价值的参考.     

FNTD radiation dosimetry system enhanced with dual-color wide-field imaging

At high neutron and photon doses Fluorescent Nuclear Track Detectors (FNTDs) require operation in analog mode and the measurement results depend on individual crystal color center concentration (coloration). We describe a new method for radiation dosimetry using FNTDs, which includes non-destructive, automatic sensitivity calibration for each individual FNTD. In the method presented, confocal laser scanning fluorescent imaging of FNTDs is combined with dual-color wide field imaging of the FNTD. The calibration is achieved by measuring the color center concentration in the detector through fluorescence imaging and reducing the effect of diffuse reflection on the lapped surface of the FNTD by imaging with infra-red (IR) light. The dual-color imaging of FNTDs is shown to provide a good estimation of the detector sensitivity at high doses of photons and neutrons, where conventional track counting is impeded by track overlap.     

Correction for Shift-variant Characteristics of Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography Acquisition System Using Sensitivity Functions

The single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging system has shift-variant characteristics due to non-uniform attenuation of gamma-ray, collimator design, scattered photons, etc. In order to provide quantitatively accurate SPECT images, these characteristics should be compensated in the reconstruction. This paper presents a new method to correct the shift-variant characteristics, which is based on a continuous-discrete mapping model and filtered backprojection (FBP) method, in which the projection data are assumed to be acquired by narrow ray sum beams in the FBP method and the assumed data set is expressed as a linear combination of the actual projection data. Narrow ray sum beams are approximated by a weighted sum of the original sensitivity functions. Thus, at the reconstruction the projection data are first modified using an approximation and the FBP method is then applied to the corrected projection data and a SPECT image is reconstructed. We further propose a technique that requires the inversion of smaller matrices than the conventional algebraic method; the amount of calculation and memory space become smaller and the stability of the calculation is greatly improved as well. The results of the numerical simulations are also demonstrated.