RbCl和CsCl水溶液结构的X射线散射及经验势结构精修模拟（英文）

采用X射线散射法研究了Rb Cl和Cs Cl水溶液的结构,利用基于经验势的结构精修(EPSR)方法获得了溶液中的水合Cl~-、Rb~+、Cs~+、离子缔合及本体水的对径向分布函数、配位数分布及空间密度分布(3D结构)等结构信息。在水溶液中,Cl~-具有相对稳定的6水合结构,其水合距离为0.321 nm,外加阳离子对其水合作用的影响不明显。7.3±1.4个水分子与Rb~+水合,其特征水合距离为0.297 nm,8.4±1.6个水分子与Cs~+水合其水合距离为0.312 nm。Cs~+不具有第二水合层,而Rb~+表现出了更强的水合能力,具有较明显的第二水合层。Cl~-、Rb~+及Cs~+常被认为是"结构破坏"型离子。从微观角度来看这种所谓的"结构破坏"主要体现在破坏了本体水分子的第二水合层保持四面体构型的趋势。Rb Cl和Cs Cl水溶液中部分存在着Rb-Cl和Cs-Cl直接接触离子对,在1.0 mol·dm~(-3)的溶液中Rb–Cl及Cs–Cl的特征距离分别为0.324和0.336nm,溶剂分割离子对的距离则都在0.6 nm左右。相对于Cs~+,Rb~+与Cl~-离子之间表现出了更强的缔合能力。     

盐水溶液中离子与丙氨酸极性基团间的作用对丙氨酸缔合的影响:密度泛函理论与分子动力学模拟

采用密度泛函理论和经典分子动力学模拟研究了盐水溶液中Na⁺、Cu²⁺、Zn²⁺、Cl^-与丙氨酸分子间的相互作用对丙氨酸分子缔合的影响. 密度泛函理论的计算结果显示丙氨酸分子与Na⁺、Cu²⁺、Zn²⁺、Cl^-之间的相互作用可增强其电荷分离. 经典分子动力学模拟结果显示在水溶液中两性离子形式的丙氨酸存在三种缔合结构.盐水溶液中, 阳离子、阴离子与丙氨酸间的相互作用均能一定程度上减弱丙氨酸分子的缔合. 但是阳离子与丙氨酸间的相互作用明显受离子水合作用的影响. 由于Cu²⁺水合作用较强, 虽在气相中Cu²⁺与丙氨酸分子之间相互作用明显比Na⁺强, 但是在水溶液中则情况刚好相反. 在ZnCl₂稀溶液中, Zn²⁺与丙氨酸间的相互作用被其第一水合壳层隔开. 但这种相互作用仍能明显影响丙氨酸分子的缔合, 这与Zn²⁺的水合壳层特征有关. 另外, 离子与丙氨酸之间的相互作用, 不仅会削弱丙氨酸的缔合, 也可导致丙氨酸分子间的缔合结构发生转变. 离子浓度也会影响其与丙氨酸分子间的缔合形式以及丙氨酸的缔合结构.     

Li~2SO~4·20H~2O溶液结构的X射线衍射研究

用θ-2θ型X射线衍射仪研究了25℃Li~2SO~4·20H~2O溶液的结构。用经验公式r~x~-~y=0.618λ/sinθ进行溶液衍射曲线I-θ定性结构的分析,而用另一经验公式r~x~-~y=7.766/s计算加权结构函数曲线s·i(s)-s上某些强峰的原子间距。结构模型的精修研究表明,溶液中占优势的物种是四水合锂离子和八水合硫酸根离子。四面体水合锂离子Li-H~2O距离为0.20nm,配位数为4。四个顶点上水分子间距为0.321nm,相互作用数目为6。锂离子与第二配位层的水分子距离大约为0.425nm,配位数为12。水合硫酸根离子S-W距离为0.386nm,配位数为8。用对称模型描述了水合硫酸根离子中氧原子与水分子的四种相互作用,O~s-W(1),O~s-W(2),O~s-W(3)和O~s-W(4)距离分别精修为0.288nm,0.316nm,0.396nm和0.469nm。由于锂离子散射能力低,没有足够的证据表明溶液中存在接触离子对和溶剂共享离子对。     

抗衡离子对硫酸盐表面活性剂气/液界面性质影响的分子动力学模拟

采用全原子分子动力学方法研究了抗衡离子为第一主族离子(Li⁺、Na⁺、K⁺、Rb⁺和Cs⁺)的十二烷基硫酸盐表面活性剂的气/液界面性质. 通过分析体系中各组分的密度分布曲线, 考察表面活性剂单分子层在界面的聚集形态, 并利用径向分布函数分析了表面活性剂极性头基与抗衡离子间的相互作用. 研究结果表明: 随着抗衡离子半径的增大, 不同体系的界面水层厚度依次增加, 表面活性剂极性头基与抗衡离子形成的Stern和扩散层厚度也相应增加. 但表面活性剂吸附层的抗衡离子缔合度以及体系表面张力却随抗衡离子半径的增大而减小. 研究表明抗衡离子的差异对十二烷基硫酸盐表面活性剂气/液界面性质有很大影响.     

电解质水溶液结构研究进展及前景*

叙述盐湖中主要离子Li⁺ 、Na⁺ 、K⁺ 、Mg²⁺ 、Ca²⁺ 、Cl^- 、SO^2-₄ 、NO^-₃ 的水溶液和纯水的结构, 简单介绍了主要的研究方法, 分析讨论了溶液结构研究的现状和发展前景。     

Sr2+和Ba2+水分子体系结构和结合能的从头算和ABEEM/MM研究

应用从头算方法和ABEEM/MM浮动电荷分子力场, 研究了水合碱土离子团簇Sr²⁺/Ba²⁺(H₂O)_n (n=1-6), 构建了离子-水相互作用的ABEEM/MM势能函数, 获得了水合离子团簇的稳定结构, 计算了结合能. 计算结果表明, ABEEM/MM方法的结果和从头算方法的结果有很好的一致性. 进一步应用ABEEM/MM对Sr²⁺和Ba²⁺水溶液进行了分子动力学模拟. 对Sr²⁺水溶液, 得到的Sr²⁺-水中氧原子的径向分布函数的第一和第二最高峰分别位于0.257和0.464 nm处, 第一和第二水合层的配位水分子数分别为9.2和11.4; 对Ba²⁺水溶液, 得到的Ba²⁺与水中氧原子的径向分布函数的第一和第二最高峰分别位于0.269和0.467 nm处, 第一和第二水合层的配位水分子数分别为9.9和12.4. 这与实验值或其它理论模拟结果有较好的一致性. 对比外层的水分子, 金属离子的极化作用使得溶液中第一水合层中水分子的O―H键长增长, HOH键角减小.     

应用ABEEMσπ极化力场对Zn2+水溶液配位微结构和水交换反应进行分子动力学模拟研究

应用ABEEMσπ极化力场,对Zn²⁺水溶液体系进行分子动力学模拟,探讨Zn²⁺的配位微结构和配体水交换反应。水分子模型采用ABEEM-7P精细水模型。模拟后对体系结构、电荷及动力学性质进行细致分析。结构分析表明,平衡体系中Zn²⁺的第一层配位数为6,这与实验值是一致的。水交换反应过程中,溶剂水由O-Zn-O角分线斜上（下）方进攻Zn²⁺,配位水由O-Zn-O角分线斜下（上）方逐渐远离。极化力场模拟时Zn²⁺与交换水间的距离变化波动较大,而固定电荷力场的波动较小。模拟发现,极化力场的径向分布函数能精细地展示第二、三层配体的配位微结构,第二配位层存在靠近Zn²⁺的亚壳层,能与第一水合层发生水交换反应,充分体现了Zn²⁺的极化效应。本文阐明了水交换反应中,Zn²⁺位点电荷与交换水中氧原子孤对电子位点电荷的规律性变化,从电荷的角度解释了水交换反应的合理性。ABEEMσπ极化力场模拟Zn²⁺水溶液获得第一水合层的平均配位驻留时间为2.0×10^-9 s,在实验值范围内,说明ABEEMσπ极化力场可以合理地模拟Zn²⁺水溶液体系。     

拉曼光谱法研究Na+, Mg2+//SO42-, Cl-, H2O四元体系中SO42-离子缔合结构特征及其变化规律

复杂水盐体系存在稳态和介稳固液相平衡以及复杂的成盐规律。为了解固液平衡状态下液相的结构特征,本文采用拉曼光谱技术并结合高斯-洛伦兹去卷积分峰拟合程序对Na⁺, Mg²⁺//SO₄^2-, Cl^-, H₂O四元体系及其二元和三元子体系中ν₁-SO₄^2-的离子缔合结构特征进行了分析。研究结果表明:SO₄^2-在Na₂SO₄-H₂O体系存在自由态SO₄^2-和SO₄^2-离子簇两种结构,在MgSO₄-H₂O, MgSO₄-MgCl₂-H₂O及Na⁺, Mg²⁺//SO₄^2-, Cl^-, H₂O等含镁体系中,还有Mg²⁺-H₂O-SO₄^2-和Mg²⁺-OSO₃^2-两种缔合结构。在二元和三元体系中ν₁-SO₄^2-的离子缔合结构以自由态SO₄^2-为主,随着SO₄^2-离子总浓度的变化,上述四种结构所占比例会发生规律性变化。Na⁺, Mg²⁺//SO₄^2-, Cl^-, H₂O四元体系在NaCl减少及等温蒸发过程中,自由态SO₄^2-结构比例逐步降低, Mg²⁺和SO₄^2-相结合形成Mg²⁺-H₂O-SO₄^2-或Mg²⁺-OSO₃^2-结构的机会增多,在复盐区还会形成SO₄^2-离子簇结构。由此判断溶液结构的适应性变化是导致介稳现象的重要原因。进一步的相关分析表明:SO₄^2-的浓度和耶涅克指数J与ν₁-SO₄^2-峰的峰强度和峰面积存在正相关关系, Mg²⁺浓度是影响ν₁-SO₄^2-峰中四种缔合结构的比例发生变化的主要因素。     

从头算量子化学计算方法对高氯酸镁溶液中存在的离子缔合物种及缔合过程的研究

使用了量子化学计算方法在HF/6-31＋G*水平下对高氯酸镁溶液中的高氯酸根水合, 可能存在的离子缔合物种以及离子缔合过程进行了研究. 高氯酸根的第一水合层至少需要6个水分子才能填满, 在水合数6以下时, 每增加一个水分子可以造成v₁-频率1.7 cm^－1的蓝移. 高氯酸根与第一个无水镁离子结合可以造成较大的红移, 与第二个和第三个镁离子结合后, 可使v₁-频率连续的反向蓝移, 这种变化与镁离子的极化作用相关. 高氯酸根与水合镁离子可形成水合的缔合物种, 包括溶剂共享离子对、接触离子对、溶剂共享型三离子团簇和接触型三离子团簇, 其中溶剂共享型离子对和含有两个高氯酸根和一个镁离子的三离子团簇, 可对v₁-频率造成较小的蓝移, 与实验的拉曼光谱符合较好. 高氯酸镁在溶液浓度升高时发生的离子缔合过程被推测为: 自由水合离子→溶剂共享型离子对→含有两个高氯酸根的溶剂共享型三离子团簇→六水合高氯酸镁晶体, 这一过程与硫酸镁有较大不同而与硝酸镁接近.     

天然高分子壳聚糖作为吸附剂的吸附特性研究

甲壳素经化学改性制得的壳聚糖吸附Cu²⁺、Ni²⁺、Zn²⁺、Ca²⁺、Rb⁺、Cs⁺、Cd²⁺、Pb²⁺等离子的研究已有报道^[1],但吸附Pd²⁺等贵金属离子的研究尚不多见.本文报道了壳聚糖及其交联产物的造粒方法,并测定了该糖吸附Hg²⁺、Cu²⁺、Ag⁺、Pd²⁺等离子的特性.结果表明,化学交联后的颗粒(作吸附剂)在酸性条件下仍保持相当好的刚性,对Pd²⁺离子的吸附容量较大,在Pd²⁺、Cu²⁺共存时可选择性吸附Pd²⁺.     

Metastable Phase Equilibrium of the Quaternary System Na+, Rb+, Mg2+//Cl--H2O at 298.2 K

The component solubilities, densities and refractive indices of the quaternary system Na⁺, Rb⁺, Mg²⁺//Cl^--H₂O at 298.2 K were measured using an isothermal evaporation method. Based on the gathered data, a metastable phase diagram, a water content diagram, and a density/refractive index vs. composition diagram were constructed. The results show that this system is of a complex type with a double salt rubidium carnallite (RbCl·MgCl₂·6H₂O) formed at 298.2 K. Double salt rubidium carnallite, whose component point locates in its own crystallization zone in the dry salt phase diagram, belongs to congruent double salt at 298.2 K. Accompanied by the double salt that was formed, there are two invariant points in the phase diagram that cosaturated with three salts and an equilibrated solution. The cosaturated salts for the two invariant points are MgCl₂·6H₂O+RbCl·MgCl₂·6H₂O+ NaCl and NaCl+RbCl+RbCl·MgCl₂·6H₂O, respectively. Both invariant points are commensurate invariant points in the evaporation process, and the two invariant points are evaporative dry points. The sizes of the crystalline regions of the salts are in the order of NaCl > RbCl > RbCl·MgCl₂·6H₂O > MgCl₂·6H₂O.     

溶液中杯[4]芳烃双冠-6与Cs~+配位化学研究

研究了溶液中杯[4]芳烃双冠-6(BisC₆)与Cs⁺配位行为.常温下,BisC₆/NPME(邻硝基苯甲醚)体系单级萃铯百分率达99.36%,模拟料液中,Cs⁺/Na⁺和Cs⁺/K²⁺分离系数分别为3.92×10⁴和2.21×10⁴.局域结构模型实验表明,配合物分子中可能存在水或(和)硝酸(根).ESI-MS谱表明,NPME体系中,铯离子与BisC₆同时形成1:1(单核)和2:1(双核)的配合物,并且存在[BisC₆·H₂O],[BisC₆·Cs⁺]⁺,[BisC₆·2Cs⁺·H₂O]₂+和[BisC₆·2Cs₁₀⁺·No₁₀^-3]10⁺等多种配合物分子.EXAFS实验表明,溶液中铯离子的配位数为7,形成7个氧配位的稳定结构,ADF计算验证了EXAFS实验结果.     

Fundamental equilibrium analysis on the ion-pair extraction of dibenzo-18-crown-6 complex of alkali metal ions with picrate ion into 1,2-dichloroethane

The ion-pair extraction equilibria of dibenzo-18-crown-6 (DB18C6) complexes of Na⁺, K⁺, Rb⁺ and Cs⁺ (M⁺) with picrate ion (Pic⁻) into 1,2-dichloroethane (1,2-DCE) have been studied at 25.0°C. In the case of the Rb⁺ and Cs⁺ systems, the extraction results were interpreted by taking into consideration the formation of a (DB18C6)₂ -M⁺ complex in 1,2-DCE. The thermodynamic constants of extraction, , and ion-pair formation in 1,2-DCE, , of ion pairs of the DB18C6-M⁺ complexes with Pic⁻ were determined. By using the distribution coefficient of M⁺·Pic⁻ the thermodynamic formation constants of the DB18C6-M⁺ complexes in 1,2-DCE, , were evaluated. Consequently the component equilibrium constants of the ion-pair extraction were completely determined and a contribution of these constants to the difference of value was discussed. The value in 1,2-DCE is quite high compared with that in solvating solvents and log decreases linearly with increasing Gutmann donor number of solvents.     

Isothermal Evaporation of Quaternary System Li^＋, K^＋, Mg^2＋//Cl^--H2O at 348K

The solubilities of the quaternary system Li^＋,K^＋,Mg2^＋//Cl^--H2O were investigated at 348 K via isothermal evaporation.The densities and refractive indices of its equilibrated solution were also determined experimentally.On the basis of the obtained data,the metastable phase diagram,the water content diagram,the diagrams of the density and refractive index against the composition of this quaternary system were constructed.The quaternary system Li^＋,K^＋,Mg^2＋//Cl^--H2O at 348 K belongs to a complex type with the formation of two carnallite double salts,which are potassium carnallite（K-carnallite） and lithium carnallite（Li-carnallite）.There are five salts like potassium chloride （KCl）,lithium chloride monohydrate（LiCl.H2O）,bischofite（MgCl2·6H2O）,K-carnallite（KCl·MgCl2·6H2O） and Li-carnallite（LiCl·MgCl2·7H2O）,seven unvariant curves named AH3,BH2,CH3,DH1,EH1,H1H2 and H2H3,and three invariant points,namely H1,H2 and H3,included in this metastable phase diagram.Comparisons between the stable phase diagram at 298 K and metastable phase diagram at 348 K of this quaternary system show that all the crystalline forms of the salts are not changed,whereas the crystallization areas of salts are changed significantly with temperature.The scope of KCl crystallization increases from 82% to 95% and that of K-carnallite decreases from 15.80% to 0.32% along with the temperature increasing from 298 K to 348 K,respectively.     

Highly Uniform Alkali Doped Cobalt Oxide Derived from Anionic Metal-Organic Framework: Improving Activity and Water Tolerance for CO Oxidation

A sequence of alkali metal cation-exchanged Co metal-organic frameworks(Co-MOFs), therein after denoted as M@Co-MOF, M=Na⁺, K⁺, Rb⁺, and Cs⁺, was prepared and used as the precursors to obtain the corresponding alkali doped cobalt oxide(defined as M/Co₃O₄, M=Na⁺, K⁺, Rb⁺, and Cs⁺) through calcination under air atmosphere. The cobalt oxide modified by uniform alkali metals exhibited a significant promotion of catalytic activity for CO oxidation. The activity of M/Co₃O₄ decreased in the order of Cs⁺ > Na⁺ > K⁺ > Rb⁺. Experimental and theoretical results revealed that the anionic skeleton of Co-MOF could facilely adsorb alkali metal cations and play a crucial role in the formation of highly uniform alkali doped cobalt oxide. The further characterizations, such as temperature-programmed reduction of H₂(H₂-TPR), oxygen temperature-programmed desorption(O₂-TPD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS), and in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform(DRIFT) spectra demonstrated that the enhanced catalytic activity is originated from the interfacial electron transfer as well as weakened the Co-O bond strength, which promoted oxygen desorption from Co₃O₄ and formation of cobalt species with the lower valence state. The Cs/Co₃O₄ catalyst was maintained for 60 h without deactivation and still showed a high activity in the presence of water.     

Chloride concentration and temperature effects on the hydration of Th(IV) ion: a molecular dynamics simulation

Molecular dynamics simulations have been performed to investigate the structural and dynamical properties of the second hydration shell of Th⁴⁺ ion at various chloride concentrations and temperatures. When the concentration increases (ca. 5 M), the hydration of Th⁴⁺ ion involves the displacement of the water molecules by Cl⁻ ligand and slightly decreases the total coordination number. The residence time of water molecules in the second hydration shell decreases as a function of increasing solution temperature.     

Water vapor sorption in naphthalenic sulfonated polyimide membranes

The water vapor uptake of sulfonated polyimides (SP) was investigated by electronic microbalance (IGA, Hiden) from 15 to 55°C. The sigmoïdal isotherms obtained (BET II type) are considered as dual sorption (concave part) plus clustering (convex part) and are fitted with good agreement by Park’s equation. Zimm–Lundberg’s method is used to study the clustering process of water molecules: limit clustering activity, a^*, and the number of molecules per cluster are estimated.

To obtain a better understanding of polymer structure and isotherm analysis, H⁺ (counter-ions of sulfonic groups) were replaced by ions with a smaller hydration shell (Cs⁺ and EDAH⁺). Comparison of the three isotherms shows no significant difference in the water affinity of the cations. This is attributed to a partial control of the sorption by microcavities existing in the membrane.     

双冠醚研究(Ⅴ)——Schiff碱型和仲胺型双-(苯并-18-冠-6)对碱金属苦味酸盐的萃取性质

用两类结构不同的Schiff碱型、仲胺型双-(苯并-18-冠-6)在氯仿-水体系中对碱金属苦味酸盐进行萃取,测量了配合物组成比和萃取平衡常数。