光学元件激光预处理技术研究进展及其应用

光学元件中的杂质和缺陷会引起其激光损伤阈值的大幅降低,现阶段这一问题已成为激光装置向高功率、高能量方向发展的“瓶颈”,亟待解决。在对光学元件激光损伤的研究中发现,用低于光学元件损伤阈值的激光对元件表面进行预处理,可以有效提高光学元件的抗激光损伤能力。对激光预处理技术的提出背景、定性作用机理、定量理论模型及国内外技术应用现状进行了概述。并且介绍了一种可在薄膜制备过程中进行原位实时激光预处理的新型薄膜制备技术。最后指出,激光预处理技术作为一种无污染,可有效改善光学薄膜、光学玻璃、光学晶体元件损伤阈值的最有效方法之一,其作用机理、实用化、仪器化还有待进一步发展。     

光学元件激光预处理技术研究进展及其应用

光学元件中的杂质和缺陷会引起其激光损伤阈值的大幅降低,现阶段这一问题已成为激光装置向高功率、高能量方向发展的“瓶颈”,亟待解决。在对光学元件激光损伤的研究中发现,用低于光学元件损伤阈值的激光对元件表面进行预处理,可以有效提高光学元件的抗激光损伤能力。对激光预处理技术的提出背景、定性作用机理、定量理论模型及国内外技术应用现状进行了概述。并且介绍了一种可在薄膜制备过程中进行原位实时激光预处理的新型薄膜制备技术。最后指出,激光预处理技术作为一种无污染,可有效改善光学薄膜、光学玻璃、光学晶体元件损伤阈值的最有效方法之一,其作用机理、实用化、仪器化还有待进一步发展。     

熔石英表面热致应力对激光损伤行为影响的研究

为了研究热致应力对光学元件损伤特性的影响,通过实验测试退火处理消除热应力和未消热应力石英基片的激光损伤特性,研究了热致应力对石英元件初始损伤阈值、损伤增长阈值以及损伤增长规律的影响.结果表明,热致应力对熔石英光学元件的初始损伤阈值有影响,初始损伤阈值随着热致应力增大而降低;热致应力会加剧激光引发的损伤增长,相同的激光通量下,表面应力越大的区域拥有越高的损伤增长因子,但损伤增长仍遵从指数增长规律.热致应力对损伤增长阈值没有明显的影响.本文的研究将为CO2激光预处理工艺能否被应用于大口径光学元件提供一个必要的技术参考.     

双谐激光场作用下SBS过程诱导的光学材料破坏

 提出了光学 力学相干耦合的概念，采用非线性光学的耦合波理论，建立了高功率激光辐照下透明光学材料中相干声波的产生、演化的动力学模型。探讨了在泵浦激光场和Stokes激光场共同作用下受激布里渊过程对光学材料破坏的可能性，计算了稳态情况下激光场在材料内部激发出的应力幅度，结合弹性力学，建立了透明光学材料的相干破坏阈值理论，研究了破坏阈值与Stokes光强的关系，发现在稳态下破坏阈值对Stokes光强并不敏感。分析了在实际情况下一些因素对材料破坏的影响。     

一种激光损伤阈值测试新方法

随着激光器朝向大功率、高能量的方向发展,激光损伤阈值成为了衡量光学元件抗激光损伤能力的重要参数之一,因此,能否准确地测量出光学元件的激光损伤阈值成为研究的重点。而光学元件激光损伤阈值测试的关键是能否准确地判别光学元件是否发生激光损伤。为解决目前常见的损伤判别方法存在的精度低、识别时间长、适用材料范围窄、操作复杂等不足,提出了一种新的激光损伤的判别方法,即等离子体诊断法。以K9玻璃为例,搭建激光损伤阈值的测试平台,利用光纤光谱仪采集强激光辐照K9玻璃时所产生的激光等离子体闪光光谱,并对该光谱进行诊断分析,将该光谱中是否含有待测试光学元件材料中特征元素的光谱峰作为其是否收到激光损伤的标准。同时,对K9玻璃进行了激光损伤阈值的测试,并将测试结果与等离子体闪光法和显微镜法所测的激光损伤阈值进行了对比分析。实验表明,提出的等离子体诊断方法的判别精度高、速度快、测试装置结构简单,易实现在线测量,可以大大地提高光学元件激光损伤阈值测试工作的效率。     

光学膜层激光预处理过程研究

 光学元件经过激光预处理后，其抗激光破坏能力最大提高2倍以上，系统研究激光预处理机理和工艺，能安全可靠地提高光学元件损伤阈值，提升高功率激光系统的能量密度。研究了几种sol gel膜、PVD膜在预处理前后膜层表面的变化（损伤形貌）以及损伤阈值的增幅，发现预处理过程膜层仍然发生了一定程度的轻微损伤，这种损伤和膜层本身缺陷、激光参数密切相关，预处理过程可逐步消除膜层缺陷。     

强激光作用下非热平衡状态光学元件的热透镜效应

 研究了强激光作用下非热平衡状态光学元件的热透镜效应。对在强激光作用下的光学元件的透射激光方向角进行了时序观测。实验发现,光学元件在达到热平衡状态之前,其热透镜效应呈现某种波动起伏的特征。对这一现象提出了初步解释,并指出其实际意义。     

K9和熔石英玻璃纳秒基频激光损伤特性的实验对比研究

利用光学元件基频激光损伤测试平台,通过实验测试相同条件下K9和熔石英两类常用 光学元件的初始损伤阈值、损伤增长阈值和损伤增长规律,对比研究了两类光学元件的基频激光损伤特性.结果表明,K9和熔石英光学元件的初始损伤阈值基本相同,损伤面积增长都遵循指数性增长规律,损伤深度成线性增长.但两者损伤增长特性仍有很大的差别,与熔石英相比,K9激光损伤增长阈值较低,并且相同通量下的激光损伤增长更为迅速,通过两类光学材料抗压性能的巨大差异很好地解释了这一现象.该研究结果对国内高功率激光装置的透射光学材料工程应用有非常重要的参考价值.     

激光对电荷耦合器件硬破坏机理研究

就激光对组成ＭＯＳ结构电荷耦合器件材料和整个器件的产生硬破坏的过程进行了理论和实验研究。提出激光的热作用和等离子体冲击波的机械作用是导致电荷耦合器件结构被破坏的主要原因。得到了ＹＡＧ激光致使组成电荷耦合器件的半导体材料的光学击穿阈值、视见损伤阈值、热熔融阈值和致使整个器件失效的激光功率阈值等有关结果。 关键词：     

半导体材料的激光辐照效应计算和损伤阈值分析

在激光对抗中,探测器容易受到激光损伤,为此研究了连续强激光对半导体材料的损伤机理,建立了氧碘化学激光器辐照InSb圆板型靶材的二维物理模型。在圆柱坐标系中利用积分变换法,求解热传导和热弹性力学方程组。得到由激光辐照引起的温度场和热应力场的瞬态分布。经过严格的理论分析,计算出InSb材料的激光破坏阈值,讨论了,不同的辐照时间和光斑半径对破坏阈值的影响。研究发现其破坏形态为熔融破坏,一般不会出现解理或炸裂现象,这一结果与相关实验报道一致。最后分析了与温度有关的非线性参量对损伤阈值的影响。     

预应力对熔石英损伤的影响

采用ANSYS进行形变-应力模拟。对不同应力状态下的熔石英表面进行三倍频激光损伤测试,结果发现,预加压应力为0~50 MPa时损伤阈值有明显提高的趋势,用应力耦合作用对此给出了解释:0~50 MPa的预加压应力可以降低和抵消激光辐照产生的张应力破坏,大于50 MPa预应力的耦合作用会使得该处机械性能下降,另外,损伤增长在预应力存在时更容易发生。因此,0~50 MPa预加压应力时的表面预应力可以提高熔石英的抗激光辐照能力。     

高平均功率开关晶体热力学特性有限元分析

 基于有限元数值方法，就不同的光强分布模型以及电光晶体固定或自由的边界条件，模拟分析了KDP，DKDP，LiNbO₃，BBO开关晶体材料在高平均功率激光负载下的热力学特性。结果表明:激光作用数s后，温升分布基本与光强分布一致；晶体表面的最大轴向位移和最大拉应力随光斑填充因子增大而增大;晶体的力学边界约束对最大轴向位移及最大拉热应力的影响随着光斑填充因子的增大而增强;在相同的入射激光光源及相同的边界条件下,KDP上的温升最大，热畸变最严重，DKDP次之，而LiNbO₃和BBO具有较低的温升值或较低的热形变和热应力。     

Laser-induced nonthermal mechanical stresses and optical damage in a transparent dielectric

Optical damage of pure transparent dielectrics in laser fields is considered. An elasticity theory problem concerning mechanical stresses that appear in the crystal lattice subjected to arbitrary spherically symmetric forces with a specified density is stated. A mathematically rigorous general solution to this problem is found, and arising boundary conditions are studied. A model of volume forces due to the action of hot nonequilibrium electrons on the lattice is described. In general, the early approximate results [1] are confirmed. The mechanism behind radiation-induced mechanical fracture of dielectrics proposed in this work is found to be adequate. Ways for the further study of this nonthermal inertia-free mechanism of optical damage, which has a purely mechanical nature, are discussed.     

连续激光辐照下光学材料损伤阈值的光斑效应

实验发现，光学材料的激光损伤阈值对激光光斑大小有强烈的依赖关系。研究了连续激光和匀质材料相互作用的机制，针对小光斑情形的材料响应和大光斑情形的结构响应分别提出各自不同的物理模型来解释光斑效应。研究表明，材料响应中的光斑效应基于热传导引起的光斑区热弥散，边界条件不同，破坏阈值与光斑大小的依赖关系也不尽相同。     

Boundary condition effects on multiscale analysis of damage localization

The choice of boundary conditions used in multiscale analysis of heterogeneous materials affects the numerical results, including the macroscopic constitutive response, the type and extent of damage taking place at the microscale and the required size of the Representative Volume Element (RVE). We compare the performance of periodic boundary conditions and minimal kinematic boundary conditions applied to the unit cell of a particulate composite material, both in the absence and presence of damage at the particle–matrix interfaces. In particular, we investigate the response of the RVE under inherently non-periodic loading conditions, and the ability of both boundary conditions to capture localization events that are not aligned with the RVE boundaries. We observe that, although there are some variations in the evolution of the microscale damage between the two methods, there is no significant difference in homogenized responses even when localization is not aligned with the cell boundaries.     

Investigation of mechanical properties of twin gold crystal nanowires under uniaxial load by molecular dynamics method

Twin gold crystal nanowires, whose loading direction is parallel to the twin boundary orientation, are simulated.We calculate the nanowires under tensile or compressive loads, different length nanowires, and different twin boundary nanowires respectively. The Young modulus of nanowires under compressive load is about twice that under tensile load.The compressive properties of twin gold nanowires are superior to their tensile properties. For different length nanowires,there is a critical value of length with respect to the mechanical properties. When the length of nanowire is greater than the critical value, its mechanical properties are sensitive to length. The twin boundary spacing hardly affects the mechanical properties.     

The influence of tilt grain boundaries on the mechanical properties of bicrystalline graphene nanoribbons

The mechanical properties of bicrystalline graphene nanoribbons with various tilt grain boundaries (GBs) which typically consist of repeating pentagon–heptagon ring defects are investigated based on the method of molecular structural mechanics. The GB models are constructed via the theory of disclinations in crystals, and the elastic properties and ultimate strength of bicrystalline graphene nanoribbons are calculated under uniaxial tensile loads in perpendicular and parallel directions to grain boundaries. The dependence of mechanical properties is analyzed on the chirality and misorientation angles of graphene nanoribbons, and the experimental phenomena that Young's modulus and ultimate strength of bicrystalline graphene nanoribbons can either increase or decrease with the grain boundary angles are further verified and discussed. In addition, the influence of GB on the size effects of graphene Young's modulus is also analyzed.     

Deformation behaviour of body centered cubic iron nanopillars containing coherent twin boundaries

Molecular dynamics simulations were performed to understand the role of twin boundaries on deformation behaviour of body-centred cubic (BCC) iron (Fe) nanopillars. The twin boundaries varying from 1 to 5 providing twin boundary spacing in the range 8.5–2.8 nm were introduced perpendicular to the loading direction. The simulation results indicated that the twin boundaries in BCC Fe play a contrasting role during deformation under tensile and compressive loadings. During tensile deformation, a large reduction in yield stress was observed in twinned nanopillars compared to perfect nanopillar. However, the yield stress exhibited only marginal variation with respect to twin boundary spacing. On the contrary, a decrease in yield stress with increase in twin boundary spacing was obtained during compressive deformation. This contrasting behaviour originates from difference in operating mechanisms during yielding and subsequent plastic deformation. It has been observed that the deformation under tensile loading was dominated mainly by twin growth mechanism. On the other hand, the deformation was dominated by nucleation and slip of full dislocations under compressive loading. The twin boundaries offer a strong repulsive force on full dislocations resulting in the yield stress dependence on twin boundary spacing. The occurrence of twin–twin interaction during tensile deformation and dislocation–twin interaction during compressive deformation has been discussed.     

Macroscopic inhomogeneous deformation behavior arising in single crystal Ni–Mn–Ga foils under tensile loading

This study investigated macroscopic inhomogeneous deformation occurring in single-crystal Ni–Mn–Ga foils under uniaxial tensile loading. Two types of single-crystal Ni–Mn–Ga foil samples were examined as-received and after thermo-mechanical training. Local strain and the strain field were measured under tensile loading using laser speckle and digital image correlation. The as-received sample showed a strongly inhomogeneous strain field with intermittence under progressive deformation, but the trained sample result showed strain field homogeneity throughout the specimen surface. The as-received sample is a mainly polycrystalline-like state composed of the domain structure. The sample contains many domain boundaries and large domain structures in the body. Its structure would cause large local strain band nucleation with intermittence. However, the trained one is an ideal single-crystalline state with a transformation preferential orientation of variants after almost all domain boundary and large domain structures vanish during thermo-mechanical training. As a result, macroscopic homogeneous deformation occurs on the trained sample surface during deformation.     

纳米单晶与多晶铜薄膜力学行为的数值模拟研究

通过对不同温度下单晶薄膜的拉伸性能的分子动力学模拟，从微观角度揭示了温度效应对材料性能的影响. 结果表明温度效应对材料的变形机理影响很大.0K温度下由于缺乏热激活软化的影响, 粒子运动所受到的阻碍较大, 薄膜的强度较高, 塑性变形主要来自于粒子的短程滑移.温度升高，粒子的热运动加剧，屈服强度降低, 塑性变形将主要来自于大范围的位错长程扩展.多晶薄膜的模拟结果表明, 虽然其晶粒形状较为特殊, 但是它仍然遵循反Hall-Petch关系.在模拟过程中，侧向应力最大值比拉伸方向应力的最大值滞后出现.位错只会从晶界产生并向晶粒内部传播，晶粒间界滑移是多晶薄膜塑性变形的主要来源. 关键词： 纳米薄膜 变形机理 温度效应 分子动力学