聚电解质──壳聚糖浓溶液流变学性质研究：浓度、温度、溶剂pH值和外加盐对粘度及流动性的影响

本工作用日本岩本ＲＰＸ－７０５多功能流变仪测定了在不同浓度，温度，溶剂ｐＨ值和外加盐浓度对壳聚糖在甲酸水溶液中其浓溶液粘度η随剪切速率γ的变化关系，讨论了浓度，温度等对溶液粘度，流动活化能Ｅγ和流动指数ｎ的影响。发现溶剂ｐＨ值减小或溶液中外加盐浓度增加，溶液粘度变小，ｎ增大，表明非牛顿流动性减弱，并且进一步了零剪切粘度ηｏ和外加盐浓度Ｃｓ的依赖关系。     

壳聚糖浓溶液流变性质研究──零剪切粘度的测定和外推

用落球法测定了不同溶剂体系和浓度的壳聚糖浓溶液的零剪切粘度η０，用ＲＰＸ－７０５多功能流变仪同轴圆筒方法测定了各浓溶液的粘度随剪切速率的变化关系，并用Ｐｅｒｒｒ、Ｃｒｏｓｓ和Ｂａｌｌａｕｆｆ方法进行了求η０的外推．将外推结果与落球法结果进行了比较，认为Ｃｒｏｓｓ方法的结果与实际测得结果更接近，可以代替落球法，这样可以简单地得到壳聚糖浓溶液η０的信息．     

四种哌啶系氮氧自由基的ESR特性研究——固态特性、溶液中的浓度效应和溶剂效应

本文研究四种哌啶系氮氧自由基在固态与在溶液中的ESR特性.它们在固态均显示单峰波谱,而在浓度小于1×10~(-2)M的溶液中则显示三峰波谱.观察并比较溶液中的自由基浓度、溶剂的极性和粘度对ESR波谱五种参数的影响。在超精细分裂常数 A_N与溶剂极性参数 Kosower Z值之间得出线性关系.实验数据表明,自由基的旋转相关时间τ亦与溶剂粘度η成线性关系.并发现高场峰的相对高度与η成反比.对氮氧自由基的这些ESR特性作了讨论。     

氟碳改性聚丙烯酰胺共聚物的溶液性质

研究了氟碳链改性的聚丙烯酰胺水溶液性质及其对盐浓度的依赖性，重点考察 了氟碳疏水组分含量、盐浓度对特性粘数的影响，以及粘度随剪切速率和温度的变 化关系。结果表明聚合物溶液的粘度随盐的引入而增大，但在两种溶液中最小值对 应的共聚单体含量一致。随温度的增加，共聚物溶液粘度依次出现了最小和最大值 。所有实验结果均归于溶液中存在的疏水和氢键两种相反作用的综合结果。     

一个新的一点法测定特性粘数方程

本文从高分子溶液粘度和浓度依赖性中的斜率系数和高分子溶液流动时的流体力学及热力学因素之间关系着手,由9种高分子-溶剂体系的粘度数据,建立了一个新的一点法测定特性粘数方程。即: [η]=η_(sp)/c/(1+1/2(1-x)η_(sp)) 此式不仅是一个一点法测定特性粘数的新的方程,而且也是一个由高分子溶液粘度数据估计高分子-溶剂相互作用参数X的方程。     

特性粘数测定中的动能改正问题

液体的粘度这个物理量是表征流体在受到切应力后在层流情况下对流动的阻力,是流体的一个重要物理常数。当高聚物溶解在溶剂中,其溶液有一个很明显的特征,那就是即使高聚物在溶液中的浓度非常小,溶液的粘度增加很多,可以大大超过原来纯溶剂的粘度。1930年斯陶丁格(Staudinger)提出此浓粘度(单位浓度的溶液粘度的增值百分数)η_(sp)/C 与高聚物的分子量成正比,从而可以由粘度来测定分子量。这个方法经过不断改善和充实后得到了很大的成功,溶液粘度法已程成为目前应用最广泛的高聚物分子量测定     

聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯混合溶剂体系 Ⅴ.在乙酸甲酯-乙醇中的特性粘数与末端距关系

1.一个聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯级分(M=2.63×10~6)在等折射率的溶剂-非溶剂体系(乙酸甲酯-乙醇)中测定粘度和光散射,得到的结果证实dlog[η]/dlog(?)~(1/2)=3。 2.试样的乙酸甲酯溶液粘度在通常的测定条件下已达到低切变速度区域的牛顿流动范围。 3.在25.0°时θ-溶剂组分是γ_w(乙醇)=0.509。 4.从θ-溶剂中测定试样的沉降系数累积分布I(s),再结合_w,[η]_θ实验值,可以计算单分散体系的 s=(?)_sM~(1/2),[η]_θ=(?)_θM~(1/2)关系中的(?)_s,(?)_θ值。25.0°时聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯的 (?)_s=3.02×10~(-15),(?)_θ=4.59×10~(-2)。 5.经多分散性改正后的Flory常数Φ=1.6_1×10~(23),聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯高分子链的((?)/M)~(1/2)=66×10~(-10)。     

聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯混合溶剂体系Ⅰ.——在甲苯-乙醇溶液中的渗透压和粘度

作者等使用一种全部由玻璃制成的管形渗透计,半透膜用硝化纤维素溶液涂在熔结玻璃筒的外面,经脱硝基处理后使用。玻璃筒内置溶剂,筒外置溶液。这种渗透计构造简单,操作简便,特别适合于对混合溶剂、粘度大的溶液和在几个温度下的渗透压测量。聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯一个级份(M_n=6.3×10~5)在甲苯-乙醇溶液里的渗透压和粘度数据(25°)指示γ=0.17(沉淀剂的体积分数)时A_2和[η]都呈现最大值。各溶液的粘度都微有切变速度依赖性,与牛顿流动的偏差亦在γ=0.17附近最大。在C=1×10~(-3)克/厘米~3时的沉淀点γ=0.68_2。     

动能改正对赫金斯常数k′的影响

高分子溶液粘度的浓度依賴关系,在很稀的浓度范围內可表达为: (ηsp)/C=[η]+k′[η]~2Ck′卽为赫金斯常数,表征溶液中高分子間、高分子和溶剂分子之間的相互作用,对于柔性結构之綫型高分子在良溶剂內,k′值一般在0.3—0.4之間,如分子鏈有     

关于高分子极稀溶液粘度测定问题的探讨

对聚苯乙烯(PS)／甲苯稀及极稀溶液的粘度用常规的乌氏粘度法进行了测定．发现高分子在毛细管壁上无稳固吸附．在极稀浓度区，粘数(ηsp/c)值波动较大，在时间测量精度不变的条件下，粘数测量误差与浓度成反比，以致ηsp／c-c曲线的线性及重现性变差，并推导出了粘数测量误差与浓度及时间测量误差间的关系式．在此基础上，讨论了确定浓度测量下限的原则及计算公式，认为常规的乌氏粘度测定方法对极稀溶液的应用值得商榷．     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

Synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives

Different approaches for the synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives from simple amino acids have been investigated. A library of 33 precursors for the preparation of N-hydroxy pyrazinones was obtained in moderate to good yields.     

A general and convenient synthesis of 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones and their use in amidoalkylation of hydrogen,heteroatom, and carbon nucleophiles

A general synthesis of previously unknown semicarbazone-based α-amidoalkylating reagents, 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones, has been developed. The synthesis involved three-component condensation of semicarbazones of aliphatic or aromatic aldehydes with the same or other aldehydes and p-toluenesulfinic acid. The scope and limitations of this reaction were investigated. The compounds obtained were demonstrated to be an efficient α-(4-semicarbazono)alkylating agents. They were reacted with H- (sodium borohydride), O- (sodium methylate), S- (sodium phenylthiolate), N- (pyrrolidine, sodium succinimide), P- (trialkyl phosphites), and C-nucleophiles (sodium diethyl malonate) to give the corresponding products of the tosyl group substitution, 4-substituted semicarbazones, including analogues of nitrofurazone. Among the prepared compounds tested in vitro for antibacterial and antifungal activity, three nitrofuryl-containing semicarbazones exhibited high biological activities with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 8–32 μg/mL.     

Synthesis of novel chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-N-heterocyclic carbene ligands and their application in palladium-catalyzed Mizoroki–Heck couplings and asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde

A small library of new chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-imidazolium salts 1 is conveniently synthesized on multi-gram scale from inexpensive and commercially available chiral pool amino acids. The corresponding carbenes, generated by deprotonation of imidazolium salts 1, in combination with palladium(II) chloride were tested in the Mizoroki–Heck coupling reaction. The most significant results in terms of yields and reactivities were achieved with low catalyst loading. The catalytic activities of these imidazolium salts were also investigated in the asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde. The use of MgO nanoparticles as an additive in conjunction with these ligands played a crucial role in increasing the efficiency of these reactions.     

α-Amino acid derived enaminones and their application in the synthesis of N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates and other heterocycles

A new and simple synthesis of novel N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates, which exist in equilibrium with their 4-oxo tautomers, has been developed in two steps starting from N-protected α-amino acids. The key intermediates are enaminones, which can also be isolated, characterized, and used for the construction of other functionalized heterocycles, before they spontaneously decompose to pyrrole products. 4-Hydroxypyrroles are prone to partial aerial oxidation but can be efficiently alkylated or reduced to stable polysubstituted pyrrolidine derivatives.     

Specific intramolecular aromatic CH insertion of diazosulfonamides

The chemoselectivity in the intramolecular CH insertion of various diazosulfonamides has been experimentally studied. The results reveal that the aliphatic 1,4-, 1,5-, or 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions of diazosulfonamides are not accessible, while the aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion can be realized specifically by adjusting the diazo-adjacent group. In addition, the general chemoselectivities in the intramolecular CH insertions of diazosulfonyl compounds are summarized. Generally, diazosulfones undergo both aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H and aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions, while diazosulfonates undergo aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions. However, diazosulfonamides only undergo aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

Microwave-assisted copper-catalyzed stereoselective ring expansion of three-membered heterocycles with α-diazo-β-dicarbonyl compounds

Microwave-assisted copper-catalyzed ring expansions of three-membered heterocycles with α-diazo-β-dicarbonyl compounds were investigated. Thiiranes generated 3-acyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-oxathiines in the presence of copper sulfate and trans-3-acyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-oxathiines as stereospecific products for 1,2-disubstituted cis-thiiranes through an intramolecular S_N2 process. Oxiranes gave rise to 2-acyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-dioxines under the catalysis of copper hexafluoroacetylacetonate and cis-3-acyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-dioxines as stereospecific products for 1,2-disubstituted cis-oxiranes via an intimate ion-pair mechanism. The current method provides a direct and simple strategy in efficient preparation of 3-acyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-oxathiines and 2-acyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-dioxines, important agents in medicinal and agricultural chemistry, from readily available thiiranes and oxiranes, respectively.     

Highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of 2,4-dichloropyridine enabling a novel approach to 2,4-bisanilinopyridine (BAPyd) libraries

The highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of the cheap and readily accessible reagent, 2,4-dichloropyridine with a range of anilines and heterocyclic amines is described. This new methodology is robust and provides a facile access to 4-chloro-N-phenylpyridin-2-amines on 0.25 mol scale. These intermediates undergo a further Buchwald–Hartwig amination at higher temperature to enable rapid exploration of the chemical space at C-4 and to provide a library of 2,4-bisaminopyridines.     

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes: synthesis,characterization and their applications in the C-N coupling and α-arylation of ketones using aryl chlorides

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes 3 were successfully achieved in a one-pot procedure under mild conditions. The structure of 3a was unambiguously confirmed by X-ray single crystal diffraction and it was an active catalyst in the Buchwald-Hartwig amination and α-arylation of ketones even at very low catalyst loadings (0.01?mol%).