卟啉衍生物π离子自由基二聚体的电子光谱研究

根据四甲基吡啶铜叶啉（CuTMPyP）的光谱电化学和部分质子化的5，10，15-三（4-羟基苯基）-20－（4-十六烷氧苯基）卟啉（P31）LB膜的荧光光谱，研究了卟琳衍生物离子自由基二聚体的电子光谱．电还原产生的CuTMPyP负离子自由基与基态分子通过SOMO’-LUMO作用形成面对面二聚体，在480nm处出现二聚体的Q带，在820nm处出现π*→π*带．质子化产生的P31正离子自由基与基态分子通过SOMO-HOMO作用形成面对面二聚体，在470～515nm处出现二聚体的Q带吸收，在710nm出现π→π带．与单体Q带相比这些Q带发生蓝移．     

有机化学中关于自由基的一组演示实验

Gomberg在1900年发现了三苯甲基自由基,奠定了自由基化学的基础。为了加深学生对有关教学内容的理解,我们演示了几个自由基反应的实验,效果较好。三苯甲基的生成Gomberg为了合成六苯乙烷,用三苯氯甲烷和锌粉反应,结果得到三苯甲基。     

新型离子负载羟基(对甲苯磺酰氧基)碘苯对α,β-查尔酮及其衍生物的加成产物用于1,4,5-三芳基吡唑的合成

以吡啶和2,4-二硝基氯苯为起始原料,经过三步反应,合成了三种N-(4-碘苯基)吡啶盐新化合物7~9,然后在间氯过氧苯甲酸氧化下,7~9分别与对甲苯磺酸反应制备了三种新的吡啶盐负载羟基(对甲苯磺酰氧基)碘苯共轭试剂:N-[4-羟基(对甲苯磺酰氧基)碘苯基]吡啶对甲苯磺酸盐10、四氟硼酸盐11和六氟锑酸盐12.三种新试剂室温下都是固体,在空气中没有吸湿性.分别研究了试剂10、11和N-[4-羟基(对甲苯磺酰氧基)碘苯甲基]吡啶四氟硼酸盐4对α,β-查尔酮及其衍生物的加成反应,成功地合成了1,3-二芳基-2,3-二对甲苯磺酰氧基-1-丙酮14(其中二个是新化合物),共轭试剂10、11和α,β-查尔酮及其衍生物的加成产率比非共轭试剂4高.然后14和苯肼发生环合反应制备了1-苯基-4,5-二芳基吡唑(其中二个是新化合物).回收后的离子负载碘苯容易再生成试剂,而再生试剂和查尔酮及其衍生物的加成反应活性几乎保持不变.     

单分散的还原态和中间氧化态聚苯胺齐聚物的合成与紫外光谱研究

提出了一条合成苯胺齐聚物的新路线:由高氧化态的苯胺四聚体与二苯胺或N-苯基-1,4-对苯二胺反应合成苯基封端的苯胺五聚体和六聚体,用红外、质谱、核磁共振、基底辅助激光解吸质谱(MALDI-MS)进行了表征.提出一条可能的机理,即高氧化态的苯胺四聚体与二苯胺或N-苯基-1,4-对苯二胺在酸性溶液中混合时,四聚体、二苯胺和N-苯基-1,4-对苯二胺的分子中均形成阳离子自由基,四聚体的阳离子自由基与后二者的阳离子自由基耦合形成苯胺五聚体和六聚体.还原态的苯胺齐聚物氧化成中间氧化态的苯胺齐聚物,使用硫酸铵和六水和三氯化铁等氧化剂能打断苯胺五聚体和六聚体的分子链.实验发现,氧化银是将还原态苯胺齐聚物氧化成中间氧化态的齐聚物的最好的氧化剂.用紫外可见光谱对中间氧化态的五聚体和六聚体进行了研究,对其分子中醌环的数目进行了讨论.     

三(4-咪唑-2,6-二氯苯基)甲基自由基(TTM-3Im)的合成及其性质研究

本文报道了一种新的三苯甲基自由基衍生物,即三(4-咪唑-2,6-二氯苯基)甲基自由基(TTM-3Im)的合成与性质研究.TTM-3Im展示了有趣的发光性能和良好的稳定性.此外,由于TTM-3Im含有3个咪唑基元,因此可以作为配体用于构筑自由基金属有机框架结构(MOFs).基于此,本工作成功地将稳定发光自由基TTM-3Im与Cd~Ⅱ配位组装形成金属有机框架TTM-3Im-CdCl_2(MOF-1).X射线单晶衍射测试表明MOF-1具有二维有序结构,Cd~Ⅱ离子分别与咪唑和Cl离子形成Cd—N和Cd—Cl键,从而交织形成连续的孔状结构.     

环糊精二聚体的分子动力学模拟与自由能计算

采用分子动力学方法模拟了天然α,β,γ-环糊精（cyclodextrin,CD）二聚体以及6-O-（4-hydroxybenzoyl）-β-CD（HB-β-CD）二聚体在真空和水溶液环境下的结构和相互作用．利用自由能微扰方法计算了三种取向二聚体的结合自由能,以判断其稳定性差异．结果表明,在真空中由于分子间氢键作用,3种天然CD均以大口端．大口端为优势稳定取向,在溶液中三种天然CD二聚体平衡后的结构受到水的影响发生了很大的变化,且稳定性降低,而两个HB—β-CD形成的相互包结的二聚体的结构变化不大．自由能计算的结果表明,无论在真空还是溶液中,由于包结作用HB-β-CD二聚体的小口端-小口端为明显的优势取向,且稳定性要远远大于天然β-CD二聚体．     

乙烯基溴化镁与苯基取代氯甲烷的单电子转移反应

本文研究了CH2=CHMgBr(1)与Ph3CCl(2)的反应,反应产物为Ph3CH3(3)(81%),CH≡CH(4)(74%),三苯甲基过氧化物(6)(4%),微量的三苯基丙烯(7)和对二苯甲基-四苯甲烷(8),结果表明1具有还原性,检测反应混合物得到三苯甲基自由基的ESR谱和1-二苯甲叉-4-三苯甲基-2,5-环己二烯(9)4-位氢增强吸收的CIDNP效应,用苯乙烯进行捕获实验只减少3的量而对4无影响。根据实验结果对1的还原性进行了讨论,提出1向2发生单电子转移的反应机理,Ph3C.和.MgBr之间发生S-T0混合,极化的Ph3C.与另一Ph3C.的偶联造成9的极化,由2和Ph2CHCl(10)的接受电子的强弱讨论了1与2及1与10的反应所表现的不同行为。根据Kaptein的符号规则解释了9和四苯乙烷(11)的CIDNP效应。     

钛、锆、铪有机化合物的研究——四(环戊二烯基)二(邻甲苯基)和四(甲基环戊二烯基)二(对甲苯基)-μ-氧合二锆的晶体结构和分子结构

本文报道了四(环戊二烯基)二(邻甲苯基)-μ-氧合二锆[二聚物(Ⅰ)]和四(甲基环戊二烯基)二(对甲苯基)-μ-氧合二锆[二聚物(Ⅱ)]的晶体结构和分子结构。二者均属单斜晶系,具有相同的空间群C_(2h)~5-P (21)/a。二聚物(Ⅰ)晶胞中含有四个分子,晶胞参数为a=19.122,b=16.319,c=9.296,β=92°1′。二聚物(Ⅱ)晶胞中含有两个分子,晶胞参数为a=20.076,b=8.205,c=10.016,β=104°41。两种二聚物分子构型的主要差别在于:二聚物(Ⅰ)不具有对称中心,Zr—O—Zr氧桥稍呈弯曲;二聚物(Ⅱ)以氧原子为对称中心,Zr—O—Zr氧桥呈直线型,据此讨论了空间效应和分子的电子结构。     

煤加氢液化研究—模型化合物的加氢裂解

在快速升温和冷却的共振搅拌反应管中,以四氢萘为溶剂,进行了六种模型化合物的加氢裂解试验。反应条件如下:反应温度300—450℃,氢初压3.0—9.0MPa,表观反应时间5—45 min。试验结果表明,这六种化合物加氢裂解稳定性顺序为:二苯甲烷>二苯醚>二苯乙烷>苯基苄基醚>二苄基硫醚和二苄基二硫醚。裂解为一级反应,根据试验结果计算了苯基苄基醚和二苯乙烷的表观反应速度常数和活化能,前者ΔE 为83.9 kJ/mol,后者ΔE 为150kJ/mol。提高氢初压,使用预硫化的Mo-Ni 催化剂、Y 型和5A 型分子筛或添加易裂解化合物作自由基引发剂对模型化合物的加氢裂解均有利。     

与煤结构和煤液化有关的五个模型化合物热解反应动力学的研究

本文对二苯甲烷、二苯乙烷、二苯醚、苯基苄基醚和二苄醚等五个与煤的化学结构和煤液化有关的模型化合物在供氢溶剂四氢萘中、N_2压力为50—60大气压下的热解反应动力学及反应机理进行了研究。结果表明: (1) 二苯甲烷和=苯醚在435 ℃/2 h条件下依然比较稳定, 这意味着, 在实际煤液化过程中, C—C、C—O键的断裂不能靠这些简单结构方式的裂解加以解释; (2) 二苯乙烷和苯基苄基醚的热解有一级反应特征, 其反应机理为自由基过程, 反应速度方程和速度常数的理论计算与实验结果完全一致; (3) 二苄醚的热解可用分子内氢转移模型得到较好解释, 热解产物苯甲醛进一步脱氧生成甲苯, 这可能是煤液化中除氧的一条很重要的途径。     

A carbon-centered radical unreactive toward oxygen: unusual radical stabilization by a lactone ring

A lactone ring confers unusual stability to a diphenylmethyl-like radical that is virtually unreactive toward oxygen. Thus, the radical derived from HP-136 is about 10,000 times less reactive than typical carbon-centered radicals. A reversible reaction with oxygen is proposed by analogy with triphenylmethyl; however, the association constant is about 1000 times smaller for HP-136 than for triphenylmethyl. While the lactone ring greatly influences the reactivity, the spectroscopy of the HP-136-derived radical is in line with that expected for a substituted diphenylmethyl radical.     

A Stable Room‐Temperature Luminescent Biphenylmethyl Radical

There is only one family of room‐temperature luminescent radicals, the triphenylmethyl radicals, to date. Herein, we synthesize a new stable room‐temperature luminescent radical, (N‐carbazolyl)bis(2,4,6‐tirchlorophenyl)methyl radical (CzBTM), which has improved properties compared to the triphenylmethyl radicals. X‐ray crystallography, electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, and magnetic susceptibility measurements confirmed the radical structure. CzBTM shows room‐temperature deep‐red to near‐infrared emission in various solutions. Both thermal and photo stability were significantly enhanced by the replacement of trichlorobenzene by the carbazole moiety. The electroluminescence results of CzBTM verify its potential application to circumvent the problem of triplet harvesting in traditional fluorescent OLEDs. A new family of stable luminescent radicals based on CzBTM is anticipated.     

PHOTOLYSIS OF SOME ARYLALKYL THIOCYANATES, ISOTHIOCYANATES AND DISULFIDES IN RIGID GLASSES AT 77K: FORMATION AND TRAPPING OF ARYLALKYL FREE RADICALS

Abstract Photolysis of benzyl and benzhydryl thiocyanates and of benzyl, benzhydryl and trityl isothiocyanates and disulfides has been studied in rigid glasses at liquid nitrogen temperature. Most intermediate and final products of photolysis have been identified by absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. Evidence has been obtained for benzyl, diphenylmethyl and triphenylmethyl trapped radicals. A number of new luminescence bands of benzyl radical, in the 550–610 nm region, and the hitherto unknown lowest energy luminescence spectrum (doublet-doublet) of diphenylmethyl radical, are reported.     

EPR and ENDOR study of thermally produced triphenylmethyl radicals

The ENDOR spectrum of the triphenylmethyl radical formed by heat treatment of triphenylmethane has been measured in solution at 131°C. The derived hyperfine coupling constants of 2.770, 2.556 and 1.138 G were used to simulate the extremely well resolved EPR spectrum. These coupling constants are in good agreement with spin densities determined for the planar radical by the McLachlan method.     

An unusually stable trinuclear manganese(II) complex bearing bulk carboxylic radical ligands

A trinuclear MnII cluster based on the versatile polychlorinated triphenylmethyl carboxylic radical ligand has been characterized by X-ray crystallography and magnetic measurements, representing a rare example of a MnII trinuclear linear structure with six open-shell ligands.     

Radical para-benzoic acid derivatives: transmission of ferromagnetic interactions through hydrogen bonds at long distances

Investigation of the transmission of magnetic interactions through hydrogen bonds has been carried out for two different benzoic acid derivatives which bear either a tert-butyl nitroxide (NOA) or a poly(chloro)triphenylmethyl (PTMA) radical moiety. In the solid state, both radical acids formed dimer aggregates by the complementary association of two carboxylic groups though hydrogen bonding. This association ensured that atoms with most spin density are separated from one another by more than 15 A. Thus, no competing through-space magnetic exchange interactions are expected in these dimers and, hence, they provide good models to investigate whether noncovalent hydrogen bonds play a role in the long-range transmission of magnetic interactions. The nature of the magnetic exchange interaction and their strengths within similar dimer aggregates in solution was assessed by electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy. In the case of radical NOA, low-temperature ESR experiments showed a weak ferromagnetic interaction between the two radicals in the dimer aggregates (which have the same geometry as in the solid state). In contrast, the corresponding solution ESR study performed with radical PTMA did not lead to any conclusive results, as aggregates were formed by noncovalent interactions other than hydrogen bonds. However, the bulkiness of the poly(chloro)triphenylmethyl radical prevented interdimer contacts in the solid state between regions of high spin density. Hence, solid-state measurements of the alpha phase of PTMA radical provided evidence of the intradimer interaction to confirm the transmission of a weak ferromagnetic interaction through the carboxylic acid bridges, as found for the NOA radical. Moreover, crystallization of the PTMA radical in presence of ethanol to form the beta phase of PTMA radical prevented the dimer formation; this resulted in the suppression of this interaction and provides further evidence of the magnetic exchange mechanism through noncovalent hydrogen bonds at long distances.     

The hexaphenylethane riddle

The correct quinoid structure for the dimer of triphenylmethyl radicals was proposed in 1904. By 1906 there existed three independent lines of evidence which support this structure: acid-catalyzed aromatization, para-halogen lability, and radical chain autoxidation. Despite this evidence, and the skill and insight of the numerous chemists who studied the system, the incorrect hexaphenylethane structure was assigned to the dimer until 1968. This paper attempts to explain how this could have happened by tracing the evolution of triphenylmethyl theory and of attitudes toward the evidence from 1900 until 1968.     

Synthesis and properties of [4-(triphenylmethyl)phenoxy]acetic and 3-[4-(triphenylmethyl)phenoxy]propionic acids and their condensation with phthalimide leading to <Emphasis Type="Italic">meso</Emphasis>-substituted tetrabenzoporphyrins

Condensation of 4-(triphenylmethyl)phenol with monochloroacetic and 3-bromopropionic acids gave, respectively, [4-(triphenylmethyl)phenoxy]acetic and 3-[4-(triphenylmethyl)phenoxy]propionic acids which reacted with phthalimide in the presence of zinc acetate to produce meso-substituted zinc tetrabenzoporphyrins having bulky triphenylmethyl groups in the substituent. The corresponding free ligands were obtained by demetalation of the zinc complexes. Spectral properties of the synthesized compounds were studied.     

The first ESR observation of radical species in subcritical water

Triphenylmethanol was treated in subcritical and supercritical water. A radical species, triphenylmethyl radical, was directly generated from triphenylmethanol in subcritical and supercritical water without using any radical initiator. The radical formation was confirmed by direct electron spin resonance (ESR) measurement in high-temperature and high-pressure subcritical water and by capturing the radical intermediate using hydrogen donors in supercritical water.     

Structural and solvent effects on the C-S bond cleavage in aryl triphenylmethyl sulfide radical cations

Steady-state and laser flash photolysis (LFP) studies of a series of aryl triphenylmethyl sulfides [1, 3,4-(CH(3)O)(2)-C(6)H(3)SC(C(6)H(5))(3); 2, 4-CH(3)O-C(6)H(4)SC(C(6)H(5))(3); 3, 4-CH(3)-C(6)H(4)SC(C(6)H(5))(3); 4, C(6)H(5)SC(C(6)H(5))(3); and 5, 4-Br-C(6)H(4)SC(C(6)H(5))(3)] has been carried out in the presence of N-methoxyphenanthridinium hexafluorophosphate in CH(3)CN, CH(2)Cl(2), CH(2)Cl(2)/CH(3)CN, and CH(2)Cl(2)/CH(3)OH mixtures. Products deriving from the C-S bond cleavage in the radical cations 1(?+)-5(?+) have been observed in the steady-state photolysis experiments. Time-resolved LFP showed first-order decay of the radical cations accompanied by formation of the triphenylmethyl cation. A significant decrease of the C-S bond cleavage rate constants was observed by increasing the electron-donating power of the arylsulfenyl substituent, that is, by increasing the stability of the radical cations. DFT calculations showed that, in 2(?+) and 3(?+), charge and spin densities are mainly localized in the ArS group. In the TS of the C-S bond cleavage an increase of the positive charge in the trityl moiety and of the spin density on the ArS group is observed. The higher delocalization of the charge in the TS as compared to the initial state is probably at the origin of the observation that the C-S bond cleavage rates decrease by increasing the polarity of the solvent.