脉冲源法测量次临界系统裂变衰减特性的理论分析和数值模拟

针对点堆动力学理论解释脉冲源法测试原理时存在的问题, 基于无源中子输运方程分析次临界系统总中子数、泄漏γ射线计数率随时间的变化关系。理论分析表明: 脉冲中子源作用结束后(无源条件下), 在一定时间范围内, 泄漏γ射线计数率和总中子数近似成正比, 两者随时间变化服从近似指数衰减规律, 反映系统本身的裂变衰减特性, 可以由总中子数和γ射线计数率求解瞬发中子衰减时间常数。基于蒙特卡罗程序构造类Godiva裸铀球次临界系统, 模拟脉冲中子源作用下中子和γ射线输运过程, 计算总中子数、泄漏γ射线计数率及两者比值随时间的变化关系, 结果与理论分析一致; 利用脉冲源法由总中子数、泄漏γ射线计数率计算瞬发中子衰减时间常数α₀, 得到与α-k迭代一致的α₀。说明总中子数、泄漏γ射线计数率可以准确反映系统本身的裂变衰减特性。此外, 根据理论分析和模拟计算给出脉冲源法可用数据的时间范围, 分析泄漏γ射线计数率和总中子数比值的影响因素。     

类型γ射线能谱指纹的识别机理

放射源的辐射指纹能起到标识和鉴别放射性物体的作用.在涉及核弹头不可逆销毁过程的深度核裁军核查中,核弹头的辐射指纹对标识和鉴别裁减下来的核弹头将起到关键作用.预先研究辐射指纹的有关技术,如识别机理的研究,将有助于深度核裁军的核弹头核查技术发展.以实验室放射源为研究对象,探索了类型γ射线能谱指纹的同一性识别机理.类型γ射线指纹识别机理的研究,就是要找出一种合适的方法,以较高的置信度,描述两个正在进行比较的γ射线指纹是否为同一放射源的指纹.采用了谱形比较法,并用谱相似度概念来描述两个指纹的相似程度.在谱形比较思想的指导下,编制了放射源类型指纹识别软件,并通过放射源同一性的识别实验验证了软件的有效性,同时研究了谱相似度随统计涨落和测量条件,如时间、源强和本底等因素的变化情况.研究结果表明:1)用相似度概念来描述两个指纹的相似程度,回答两个待比较的γ射线能谱是否代表同一类型放射源,是切实可行的;2)该识别机理只具备识别放射源类型的能力,而对同一类型、差异甚微的放射源个体还不能识别 关键词： γ射线能谱指纹 辐射指纹 识别机理 核查技术     

无放射源伽马能谱测量实验设计

为了在无放射源的前提下开设γ能谱测量实验,本文使用氯化钾样品中的40K代替常规放射源,研究了所需的实验样品含量、实验装置和实验内容,并分析了本实验的辐射危害情况.研究表明:使用氯化钾样品不仅可以满足常规γ能谱测量的实验要求,还比仅使用137Cs放射源丰富了实验内容,且经计算和测量本实验的辐射剂量达不到放射源的下限标准,可以保证学生在安全的前提下完成实验内容.本研究设计的实验方法不受放射源使用手续及环保部门的制约,有利于消除学生的放射性恐惧心理,减少放射源的管理成本及非核类院校的γ能谱测量实验课程的开设.     

γγ符合测量中反冲电子谱的利用

符合测量是一种常规的测量手段.除了在核物理中的应用,它还被广泛应用于基本物理参数测量、材料分析等领域.此工作讨论了反冲电子谱对γγ符合测量计数率的影响.并设计强、弱两种干扰条件下,γγ符合测量中真符合计数率随不同阈值的变化.实验结果证实,增加反冲电子谱的符合测量能够提高真符合计数率;强、弱本底干扰对总符合计数率有一定影响,但此影响可以通过数据修正的方式消除.     

3×3锗酸铋晶体阵列探测器对于0.5—21MeV光子能量响应的研究

建造了由九块国产锗酸铋晶体组成的采用光电倍增管读出的阵列式探测器. 应用γ放射源、中子放射源、静电加速器(p,γ)反应以及核反应堆(n,γ)反应得到0.5—21MeV γ射线. 在这个能量范围内进行的测试显示了线性的能量响应. 能量分辨率在低能量下满足预期的E^1/2关系, 而能量在4.43MeV以上实际测得的数值较预期为大. 实验中还考察了光子在晶体阵列中沉积能量的横向分布情况, 结果与蒙特卡罗模拟一致. 本工作表明, 采用放射源及低能(p,γ)反应作为锗酸铋电磁量能器定标和监测的手段是实际可行的.     

验证辐射强度与距离平方反比率的实验

利用Nal闪烁谱仪测量了在探测器与放射源间某个距离下对应的计数率.对测量的数据分别利用等精度最小二乘法和未知参数逼近法进行了处理,观察到在某些未知参数下,最小二乘法引起的误差很大,利用未知参数逼近法得到的值能和真实值较好接近,从而验证了辐射强度与距离平方反比率.     

利用γ-γ符合测量~(60)Co放射源活度

利用NaI(Tl)闪烁探测器测量了60 Co的γ能谱,根据测量的1.173 MeV和1.332 MeV射线的峰面积以及它们符合峰的峰面积,得到了放射源的活度,与实际的源活度偏差为(6.64±0.40)%.说明用此种办法可以测量放射源的活度.     

γ测厚仪的物理设计

本文用蒙特卡罗方法研究了宽束γ射线通过介质的衰减情况,指出只要使用等效吸收系数(表观μ'值),仍可按指数规律处理,从而提出了γ测厚仪新的设计思想,以减小源强、增加计数率,提高测量精度。本工作用60keV的宽束γ射线在铝中的吸收实验,验证了蒙特卡罗理论计算结果。     

γ能谱仪的教与学：一,能谱仪的线性

γ能谱仪的教与学──一、能谱仪的线性戴乐山，李白云（复旦大学材料科学系，上海２００４３３）γ能谱仪有两个重要指标：能量分辨率与能量定标曲线的非线性度．如果需要分辨一个放射源中的不同能量的γ光子，则能量分辨率是一个重要的指标；测量γ光子的能量时，γ能谱...     

虚实结合的核物理综合实验系统的设计与教学实践

为解决核物理教学实验安全难题,设计了虚实结合的核物理教学实验仪器.采用先进的虚拟放射源、可重构理念和技术,通过虚实结合开发了放射源模拟器、教学通用型的多功能数字多道和实验控制系统,可对放射源及探测分析系统仪器及参量进行灵活的重构配置,拓宽传统核物理实验教学的内容.利用该系统可开设放射性测量的统计规律、闪烁体探测器与γ射线吸收、康普顿散射等10余个实验项目,学生可以重构实验系统,研究射线(粒子)与物质相互作用的规律.     

差分吸收光谱技术监测大气气溶胶粒谱分布

介绍了利用双光路差分吸收光谱(DOAS)技术监测大气气溶胶并反演其粒谱分布的新方法.该方法解决了DOAS技术中光源绝对光强难以测量的难题，去除了由于光源自身波动造成的影响，在250—650nm范围内成功的反演出气溶胶的消光系数以及0.1—1.75μm谱段的粒谱分布.通过与光学粒子计数器的对比实验证实该方法的可行性. 关键词： 差分吸收光谱 双光路 气溶胶 粒谱分布     

Luminosity monitoring and calibration of BLM

The BEPCⅡLuminosity Monitor(BLM)monitors relative luminosity per bunch.The counting rates of gamma photons,which are proportional to the luminosities from the BLM at the center of mass system energy of the ψ(3770)resonance,are obtained with a statistical error of 0.01% and a systematic error of 4.1%.Absolute luminosities are also determined by the BESⅢ End-cap Electro-Magnetic Calorimeter(EEMC)using Bhabha events with a statistical error of 2.3% and a systematic error of 3.5%.The calibration constant between the luminosities obtained with the EEMC and the counting rates of the BLM are found to be 0.84±0.03(x1026 cm-2·count-1).With the calibration constant,the counting rates of the BLM can be scaled up to absolute luminosities.     

Fluorescence methods to study lipid-protein association: The interaction of protein kinase C with lipid-loaded mixed micelles

The interaction of protein kinase C with lipids was studied in a mixed micellar system. Two fluorescence spectroscopic methods are presented with a different but complementary information content. Diffusion monitored by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy provides information on the interaction of the protein with the whole lipid aggregate. Resonance energy transfer from tryptophans to pyrene-labeled lipids monitored by time-correlated single-photon counting supplies information on the interaction of the protein with specific lipid cofactors within the micelle. The results can be extended to postulate new mechanisms for the activation of protein kinase C by the signal transduction cascades in the cell. Both fluorescence spectroscopic methods can be easily applied to other protein systems which interact with lipids.     

显微光子计数成像系统及其应用

光子计数成像系统可以探测生物超微弱发光,但是只能探测生物的宏观图像,若要深入到细胞、分子水平,必须有显微光子计数成像系统。二者的区别类于显微光子计数成像系统是噪声受限系统。本文报道的显微光子计数成像系统,采用＾１４Ｃ同位素光源来监测系统的状态,保证实现极限探测。该系统可以用来研究痕量生物分子的分布和功能,显示钙离子在细胞内外的分布,活性氧、基因表达的监测等。由单光子到单分子、组织学图像到功能图像的     

Quantum theory of continuous measurements and its applications in quantum optics

We present an overview of the quantum theory of continuous measurements and discuss some of its important applications in quantum optics. Quantum theory of continuous measurements is the appropriate generalization of the conventional formulation of quantum theory, which is adequate to deal with counting experiments where a detector monitors a system continuously over an interval of time and records the times of occurrence of a given type of event, such as the emission or arrival of a particle. We first discuss the classical theory of counting processes and indicate how one arrives at the celebrated photon counting formula of Mandel for classical optical fields. We then discuss the inadequacies of the so called quantum Mandel formula. We explain how the unphysical results that arise from the quantum Mandel formula are due to the fact that the formula is obtained on the basis of an erroneous identification of the coincidence probability densities associated with a continuous measurement situation. We then summarize the basic framework of the quantum theory of continuous measurements as developed by Davies. We explain how a complete characterization of the counting process can be achieved by specifying merely the measurement transformation associated with the change in the state of the system when a single event is observed in an infinitesimal interval of time. In order to illustrate the applications of the quantum theory of continuoius measurements in quantum optics, we first derive the photon counting probabilities of a single-mode free field and also of a single-mode field in interaction with an external source. We then discuss the general quantum counting formula of Chmara for a multi-mode electromagnetic field coupled to an external source. We explain how the Chmara counting formula is indeed the appropriate quantum generalization of the classical Mandel formula. To illustrate the fact that the quantum theory of continuous measurements has other diverse applications in quantum optics, besides the theory of photodetection, we summarize the theory of ‘quantum jumps’ developed by Zoller, Marte and Walls and Barchielli, where the continuous measurements framework is employed to evaluate the statistics of photon emission events in the resonance fluorescence of an atomic system.     

单分子光子源光子统计的非平衡探测

研究了在Hanbury Brown Twiss探测方式下，非平衡探测系统对光子统计测量的影响。通过记录2个单光子计数器响应的单分子光子源输出的每一个事件，分析具有泊松统计背景的实际单分子光子源的光子统计特性，讨论并给出了非平衡探测系统的单分子光子源Mandel参数。研究表明：非理想的50／50分束器、非理想的线性传输效率和非理想的探测器都会使单分子光子源Mandel参数的实际测量结果小于平衡系统的Mandel参数，最后给出了单分子光子源Mandel参数的非理想探测的校正表达式。     

Decaying source model: Alternative approach to determination of true counting rates at X and gamma ray counting systems

The counting systems consisting of electronic devices are used for detection of radiation due to X or gamma rays. The dead time of the counting system is based on time limitations of these electronic devices. The dead time causes counting losses. Determination of counting rate losses in quantitative and qualitative analysis become a vital step for correction of analysis. Therefore, compensating for counting rate losses is of great importance. These counting rate losses are due to piled up reject time, paralyzable or non-paralyzable system dead time or a combination of these mechanisms. Paralyzable and non-paralyzable models are well-known and frequently used for correction of counting rate losses dependent on the system dead time. However, these two models do not provide enough correction at medium and high counting rates. Therefore, the new models for corrections of counting rate losses are needed. For this reason, both an alternative approach is proposed and a simulation program is coded for counting rate losses in this study. A good agreement is obtained between theoretical model and simulation program.     

Monochromator versus deconvolution for XPS studies using a kratos ES300 system

Deconvolution has been used by several workers to reduce or eliminate X-ray and analyzer-induced broadenings of XPS spectra, but there is a 30% limit on the amount of improvement in the FWHM of XPS peaks. Deconvolution algorithms generally used also increase the noise in the spectrum. Monochromatic X-ray sources can give high resolution data directly, but the count rates are generally low. Given these limitations, a comparison has been made to see which method of high resolution data acquisition. can achieve data of a certain quality in the least amount of time, for a given system, namely a Kratos ES300 photoelectron spectrometer. Signal-to-noise ratios are used as a means of comparing spectral quality at a given resolution. Results for the Kratos ES300 show that if the desired resolution could be achieved without deconvolution, an order of magnitude less counting time was needed for the Mg Kα standard source. If deconvolution is necessary, the counting times for both sources to achieve a given S/N ratio were found to depend mainly upon the signal-to-background ratios of the peak measured with each source. These results are illustrated for the S 2p doublet from MoS₂ and the Ni 2p peaks from oxidized stainless steel.     

光子计数剪切干涉仪波前探测自适应光学系统噪声分析

在自适应光学系统中，波前探测器的噪声是主要误差源。针对我们建立的２．１６ｍ望远镜红外自适应光学系统，从伺服控制系统的角度分析了光子计数噪声及其在系统闭环过程中的传递，从理论上推导了系统的噪声功率谱、伺服传递函数以及开环和闭环噪声公式。另外，还给出了在系统中实测的开环和闭环噪声     

Identification of two simultaneous partial discharge sources in an oil-pressboard insulation system using acoustic emission techniques

Insulation failure is one of the major causes of catastrophic failure of transformers. It is established that partial discharge (PD) causes insulation degradation and premature failure of insulation. In power apparatus, more than one PD source may be active simultaneously. The nature of insulation degradation for multiple PD sources is different from that due to single PD source. Therefore, it will be helpful for severity assessment of insulation degradation, if the number of active PD sources are identified and classified. This paper presents a method for identification and classification of two simultaneously active PD sources using acoustic emission techniques. The acoustic emission (AE) signals are measured for laboratory simulated PD in an oil-pressboard insulation system for three different electrode systems. The measurements of partial discharge acoustic emission (PDAE) signals are carried out for single PD source and for two simultaneous PD sources. The measured signals are analyzed using discrete wavelet transform (DWT), box counting fractal dimension and lacunarity. Box counting fractal dimension and lacunarity are calculated for DWT decomposed signal of major frequency band. Energy distribution in different frequency bands of DWT decomposed signal along with box counting fractal dimension and lacunarity is used for classification of two simultaneous PD sources.