纳米二氧化硅为核的树枝状分子中荧光素激基缔合物和基态复合物的形成

在以二氧化硅为核的聚酰胺(PAMAM)树枝状聚合物的外端, 通过表面化学修饰引入了具有发射荧光能力的荧光素分子. 通过稳态荧光方法研究其固体和在水和丙酮的悬浮液中的光物理行为. 试验结果表明, 固体样品中, 在零代树枝状分子(G0F)中, 荧光发射主要是激基缔合物的发射, 在第一(G1F)和第二代(G2F)中只有基态复合物的发射. 在不同的悬浮液中不同的光物理行为表明, 树枝状分子中树枝链间的氢键作用的大小决定荧光素基团间是形成激基缔合物还是形成基态复合物. 这为设计和开发新型“壳-核”型纳米二氧化硅荧光传感器提供了有用的实验依据.     

外端为偶氮苯基团的聚酰胺-胺树枝状分子对光和H~+的响应行为

合成了1到5代外端修饰有偶氮苯基团的聚酰胺-胺(PAMAM)树枝状分子.H-NMR、FTIR和元素分析等表明得到了目标产物,外端接枝率在70%~90%.结构分析表明经修饰的PAMAM分子在3代和4代之间存在一个结构转变.UV-Vis和H-NMR分析结构显示,在中性条件下,Gn-azo表现出类似于小分子偶氮苯基团的光响应行为.而在酸性条件下,偶氮苯基团的顺反异构转化率较质子化前低.包裹及释放实验表明,虽然G4-azo包裹水杨酸分子的能力弱于G4PAMAM,但它对于客体小分子具有缓释作用,光照使偶氮苯基团发生由反式到顺式的异构转化之后,缓释效应更明显.     

疏水作用对光化学和光物理过程的影响 Ⅳ.不良溶剂中双-β-萘甲酸多亚甲基二醇酯分子的构象及分子内激基缔合物

本文研究了双-β-萘甲酸多亚甲基二醇酯(B_n)在二甲基亚砜-水(DMSO-H_2O)和乙二醇-水(EG-H_2O)两种混合溶剂中的稳态和时间分辨荧光光谱以及温度、溶剂组成对荧光光谱的影响.发现疏水作用使B_3、B_4、B_5和B_(10)的两个发色团在基态时相互重叠,因此被激发时,很容易形成分子内激基缔合物.B_2的激基缔合物中,两个亚甲基为顺叠式构象,在基态时两个发色团只能相互靠近.以减小排斥能.受激后,两个发色团需稍作运动,才能形成激基缔合物,测定了B_2激基缔合物形成的动力学和热力学参数,并和β-萘甲酸酯发色团形成分子间激基缔合物的参数进行了比较.     

疏水作用对光化学和光物理过程的影响 IV: 不良溶剂中双-β-萘甲酸多亚甲基二醇酯分子的构象及分子内激基缔合物

本文研究了双-β-萘甲酸多亚甲基二醇酯(Bn)在二甲基亚砜-水(DMSO-H2O)和乙二醇-水(EG-H2O)两种混合溶剂中的稳态和时间辨荧光光谱以及温度、溶剂组成对荧光光谱的影响. 发现疏水作用使B3、B4、B5和B10的两个发色团在基态时相互重叠, 因此被激发时, 很容易形成分子内激基缔合物. B2的激基缔合物中, 两个亚甲基为顺叠式构象, 在基态时两个发色团只能相互靠近. 以减小排斥能. 受激后, 两个发色团需稍作运动, 才能形成激基缔合物, 测定了B2激基缔合物形成的动力学和热力学参数, 并和β-萘甲酸酯发色团形成分子间激基缔合物的参数进行了比较.     

新型树枝状分子3,5-二[3,5-二(4-羧基苯甲氧基)苯甲氧基]苯甲醇的合成

采用收敛法,以对氰基苄溴和3,5-二羟基苯甲醇为原料,依次合成了端基为腈基的芳醚树枝状分子3,5-二(4-腈基苯甲氧基)苯甲醇(4)和3,5-二[3,5-二(4-腈基苯甲氧基)苯甲氧基]苯甲醇(6);4与6分别经水解制得以羧基为端基的新型芳基苄醚树枝状分子3,5-二(4-羧基苯甲氧基)苯甲醇和3,5-二[3,5-二(4-羧基苯甲氧基)苯甲氧基]苯甲醇,其结构经UV-Vis,1H NMR,IR,MS和元素分析表征.     

一种新型的交联极化聚合物的合成及性能研究

以成膜性能优异、主链上含有多个羟基的聚双酚A二缩水甘油醚-苯胺(BPAN)为骨架,将二阶非线性光学活性发色团分子以键合形式挂接到聚合物主链上,形成新型侧链型聚合物.此聚合物保留了原聚合物体系成膜性好和可进一步交联等优点.极化过程中以含有异氰酸酯基的同种发色团分子作为交联剂,得到发色团含量进一步提高的交联型极化聚合物.采用衰减全反射法(ATR)测得体系的电光系数(r₃₃)为6.7 pm/V(1315 nm).     

枝化苯胺-吡咯啉发色团的合成及其电光性质的研究

为了减少发色团偶极相互作用,在二阶非线性发色团苯胺-吡咯啉分子的受体吡咯啉的N原子上分别接入三种不同的枝化基团,将其高μβ值有效转化为高电光性能.研究了三种枝化发色团的电光性能和相关化学物理性质,比较了不同枝化基团对发色团的综合性能的影响.结果表明,枝化基团的接入引起发色团分子的紫外吸收红移,枝化基团修饰的发色团,改善了苯胺-吡咯啉发色团分子与聚碳酸酯(APC)的相容性,并明显减少了发色团偶极静电相互作用,提高了发色团在电场下的极化效率,使其在聚碳酸酯(APC)薄膜中的极化序列参数可高达44%.并测得当枝化发色团在APC中掺杂的含量为9%时,聚合物体系电光系数高达75 pm/V(1315 nm激光测定).     

一种以环戊并双噻吩作为π电子桥的新型发色团的合成和电光性质的表征

本文以4,4-二己基-4H-环戊并[2,1-b:3,4-b′]二噻吩为π电子桥,合成了一种新型非线性光学发色团,并通过紫外-可见吸收光谱、热重分析以及密度泛函理论计算等对其物理和化学性质系统地进行了表征。结果表明,4,4-二己基-4H-环戊并[2,1-b:3,4-b′]二噻吩作为π电子桥能有效地提高分子内的电荷转移速率和分子的一阶超极化率。同时,侧链二己基的空间位阻效应能很好地削弱分子间静电相互作用。最后,将发色团掺杂到主体聚合物聚碳酸酯中,测试得到发色团浓度为20%的极化聚合物薄膜的电光系数r33为85pm/V。     

以二苯甲酮为端基的第一代树状取代酞菁锌的合成

4-甲基二苯甲酮经N-溴代丁二酰亚胺溴代制得4-溴甲基二苯甲酮(1);1与3,5-二羟基苯甲醇反应合成了外围带有二苯甲酮取代基的第一代树枝状分子3,5-二(二苯甲酮-4-甲氧基)苯甲醇(2);2与4-硝基邻苯二甲腈缩合制得外围带有二苯甲酮取代基的第一代树枝状分子4-[3,5-二(二苯甲酮-4-甲氧基)苯甲氧基]邻苯二甲腈(3);3经"液相法"环合生成外围带有二苯甲酮取代基的第一代树枝状分子取代的酞菁锌配合物——四[3,5-二(二苯甲酮-4-甲氧基)苯甲氧基]锌酞菁[ZnPc(C35H27O5)4],其结构经UV,1HNMR,IR和MS表征。     

基于氢键的侧链型超分子电光聚合物的制备与表征

设计并制备了一种基于氢键的侧链型超分子聚乙烯基吡啶电光聚合物,非线性发色团与聚合物主链之间的氢键作用经红外光谱进行表征。采用氢键将发色团挂接到聚合物,可一定程度地抑制发色团分子的聚集,防止宏观相分离,实现发色团的高浓度掺杂。同时,利用超分子氢键作用挂接也可在一定程度上抑制发色团间的偶极-偶极相互作用力,测得此体系极化电光聚合物薄膜的最大电光系数为17.6 pm/V。     

Synthesis and energy-transfer properties of poly(amidoamine) dendrons modified with naphthyl and dansyl groups

Poly(amidoamine) dendrons of 1-3 generations with naphthyl groups at the periphery and a dansyl group at the focal point were synthesized and carefully characterized. Intramolecular energy-transfer properties of these flexible aliphatic-scaffold light-harvesting dendrons were investigated by UV-vis absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. Efficient energy transfer from the naphthyl groups to the dansyl group occurred for both the first and the second generation dendrons (the energy-transfer efficiency was 94.3% and 76.9%, respectively), whereas the third generation dendron exhibited a low energy-transfer efficiency of 17.8%. The average donor-acceptor distances between the naphthyl and dansyl groups were calculated for different generation dendrons. Different degrees of the backfolding of dendritic branches were used to interpret the different donor-acceptor distances.     

Photoinduced energy transfer in bichromophoric co-assemblies based on amphiphilic poly(amidoamine) dendrons

Spherical co-assemblies were generated from an equivalent-molar-ratio mixture of amphiphilic poly(amidoamine) dendrons that were modified with focal carbazole and/or pyrene chromophores from the first to the third generation (DnCz I and DnPy, where n=1, 2, 3 denotes the generation of dendrons) in water at a concentration of 3.0 x 10(-6) M, lower than the individual critical aggregation concentrations (CAC) of either DnCz I or DnPy. UV-vis absorption and fluorescence emission spectra indicated that fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) from carbazole to pyrene units occurred efficiently within the co-assemblies. Further study implied that part of the carbazole and/or pyrene units stacked homogeneously in the co-assemblies via pi-pi stacking and the dendritic branches served as connectors due to the hydrogen-bonding interaction.     

Fluorescence and aggregation behavior of poly(amidoamine) dendrimers peripherally modified with aromatic chromophores: the effect of dendritic architectures

PAMAM dendrimers of the zeroth to fifth generation (G0-5) have been peripherally modified with phenyl, naphthyl, pyrenyl, and dansyl chromophores. Their fluorescence behaviors are strongly affected by the dendritic architectures at different generations. These dendrimers modified with hydrophobic chromphores can self-organize into vesicular aggregates at the low generations G0-3 in water. The size and aggregation number of these vesicles decrease with increasing generation from G0 to G3. Critical aggregation concentration determined by fluorescence spectroscopy reveals that these aggregates can be favorably formed in the order of G3 > G2 > G1. In contrast to the vesicles made from traditional amphiphilic compounds, these dendrimer-based vesicles are very adhesive due to the H-bonding interaction and entanglement of dendritic branches located in the outer layer. A large number of multivesicle assemblies, i.e., "twins" and "quins" consisting of two and five vesicles, were clearly identifiable with transmission electron (TEM) and atomic force microscopy. For the dendrimers with peripheral pyrenyl chromophores, triangle-like vesicles were observed in water. The hydrophobic interphase thickness of the vesicular bilayer is ca. 2.0-3.2 nm determined by fluorescence resonance energy transfer methods, which agrees well with the thickness directly observed with TEM.     

Synthesis and micellar characteristics of dendron-PEG conjugates

Urethane-amide dendrons of up to the third generation were synthesized via a convergent route. These dendrons were coupled with MeO-PEG (Mn = 2000), and the micellar characteristics of dendron-PEG conjugates in water were investigated. The conjugates with the second or third generation dendron (PEG-2GOc and PEG-30c) formed micellar aggregates in an aqueous phase. However, the conjugate with the first generation dendron (PEG-1GOc) did not exhibit micellar aggregates detectable by dynamic light scattering possibly due to the high ratio of the hydrophilic moiety to hydrophobic periphery. The critical aggregation concentrations of PEG-2GOc and PEG-3GOc determined by fluorescence techniques were 7.5 and 2.0 mg/L, respectively. The mean diameters of the micelles ofPEG-2GOc and PEG-3GOc, measured by dynamic light scattering, were 90 and 170 nm. The partition equilibrium constants (Kv) of pyrene in the micellar solution increased by increasing the size of the dendritic block, for example, 6.17 x 10(4) for PEG-2GOc and 1.58 x 10(5) for PEG-3GOc. The steady-state fluorescence anisotropy values (r) of 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH) were 0.107 for PEG-2GOc and 0.178 for PEG-3GOc. When the third generation dendritic moiety is incorporated into the conjugates, the Kv and r values become comparable to those for typical block copolymer micelles.     

Dendrimers as Nd3+ ligands: Effect of Generation on the Efficiency of the Sensitized Lanthanide Emission

We have designed two novel dendrimers with cyclam cores with appended poly(amido amine) (PAMAM) dendrons, decorated at the periphery with four and eight dansyl chromophores, respectively. The photophysical properties of the dendrimers and their Nd³⁺ complexes have been investigated. The energy‐transfer efficiency to the lanthanide ions from these dendrimers has been studied as a function of the generation. It has been observed that an increase in the dendrimer generation as well as the number of amide units enhances the energy transfer to the lanthanide ion.     

Amphiphilic Fluorescence Resonance Energy-Transfer Dyes: Synthesis,Fluorescence, and Aggregation Behavior in Water

Amphiphilic pyrene/perylene bis-chromophore dyes were synthesized from unsymmetrically substituted perylene bisimide dyes, which were obtained through three synthetic methods. The optical and aggregation behaviors of these functional dyes were studied by means of UV/Vis absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, and TEM. These dyes are highly fluorescent and cover the whole visible-light region. A donor/acceptor dye displays intramolecular fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), with a high efficiency of up to 96.4 % from pyrene to perylene bisimide chromophores, which leads to a high fluorescence color sensitivity to environmental polarity. Under a λ=365 nm UV lamp, the light-emitting colors of the donor/acceptor dye change from green to yellow with increasing solvent polarity, which demonstrates application potential as a new class of FERT probes. The donor/acceptor dye in water was assembled into hollow vesicles with a narrow size distribution. The bilayer structure of the vesicular wall was directly observed by means of TEM. These vesicular aggregates in water are fluorescent at λ=650–850 nm within the near-infrared region.     

Photophysical and self‐assembly behavior of poly(amidoamine) dendrons with chromophore as scaffold: The effect of dendritic architecture

Two series of amphiphiles composed of hydrophilic poly(amidoamine) dendrons (from the first to the third generation) as the shell and hydrophobic aromatic chromophores (3,6‐di(maleimidyl)‐9‐phenyl carbazole and 9‐(4′‐maleimidyl phenyl)‐3‐maleimidyl carbazole) as the central scaffold were synthesized. The effect of dendritic architecture on the photophysical properties and the self‐assembly behavior of these amphiphiles were studied by UV–vis absorption spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) measurements. Both the generation of dendritic shell and the location of dendrons at the chromophoric scaffold had great effect on the photophysical properties of these amphiphiles. In addition, different spherical aggregates were formed from these amphiphiles in the aqueous solution at different concentrations. Because of the combined effects of steric hindrance and architecture of dendritic shells, the amphiphiles from G2 dendron with central chromophore self‐organized into ordered aggregates more readily than that from G1 and G3. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 4584–4593, 2008     

Synthesis and characterization of novel pyrene-dendronized porphyrins exhibiting efficient fluorescence resonance energy transfer: optical and photophysical properties

A novel series of pyrene dendronized porphyrins bearing two and four pyrenyl groups (Py(2)-TMEG1 and Py(4)-TMEG2) were successfully synthesized. First and second generation Fréchet type dendrons (Py(2)-G1OH and Py(4)-G2OH) were prepared from 1-pyrenylbutanol and 3,5-dihydroxybenzyl alcohol. These compounds were further linked to a trimesitylphenylporphyrin containing a butyric acid spacer via an esterification reaction to obtain the desired products. Dendrons and dendronized porphyrins were fully characterized by FTIR and (1)H NMR spectroscopy and their molecular weights were determined by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry. Their optical and photophysical properties were studied by absorption and fluorescence spectroscopies. The formation of dynamic excimers was detected in the pyrene-labeled dendrons, with more excimer being produced in the higher generation dendron. The fluorescence spectra of the pyrene dendronized porphyrins exhibited a significant decrease in the amount of pyrene monomer and excimer emission, jointly with the appearance of a new emission band at 661 nm characteristic of porphyrin emission, an indication that fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) occurred from one of the excited pyrene species to the porphyrin. The FRET efficiency was found to be almost quantitative ranging between 97% and 99% depending on the construct. Model Free analysis of the fluorescence decays acquired with the pyrene monomer, excimer, and porphyrin core established that only residual pyrene excimer formation in the dendrons could occur before FRET from the excited pyrene monomer to the ground-state porphyrin core.     

Investigation of the association and flexibility of cationic lipidic peptide dendrons by NMR spectroscopy

The cationic peptide dendrons synthesized and studied are lower generation polylysine-based partial dendrimers with or without lipid chains in the core. The dendrons with lipidic chains can be utilized as protein and liposomal mimics because of their unique structural properties. The full assignments of three different dendrons (L)7(NH2)8, (C14)1(L)7(NH2)8 and (C14)3(L)7(NH2)8 were obtained in D2O and H2O/D2O using a 500 MHz NMR spectrometer. The hydrophobic lipidic core of branched polylysine dendrons was found to induce aggregation upon increasing concentration. Because non-lipidic dendrons do not self-assemble, the behaviour and internal structural features of two different dendrons with one and three C14 hydrocarbon chains were explored. The critical association concentration clearly depends on the number of core hydrophobic residues and the association starts at 0.025 mM for (C14)1(L)7(NH2)8 and 0.05 mM for (C14)3(L(7(NH2)8. Chemical shift analysis also revealed that the hydrophobic chains of the dendrons associate in the core, whereas the polar head groups (NH2) are mainly located at the surfaces of the aggregates. The T1 relaxation time measurements showed that the mobility of the hydrocarbon chain is greater with the monomeric form of dendron (C14)1(L)7(NH2)8) than that of monomer (C14)3(L)7(NH2)8. The inter-chain hydrophobic interactions restrict the flexibility of the dendron with three hydrocarbon chains. As expected, the flexibility of the monomeric form is higher than that of the aggregated state for both of the dendrons.     

Hybrid gold-nanoparticle-cored conjugated thiophene dendrimers: synthesis, characterization, and energy-transfer studies

A series of hybrid Au-nanoparticle-dendrimer materials: nanoparticle-cored thiophene dendrimers (NCTDs) were synthesized, characterized, and investigated for their energy-transfer properties. These hybrid nanoparticles were obtained by the simultaneous and in situ reduction of gold(III) chloride and self-assembly of the thiol-containing thiophene dendritic ligands. The dendron ligands were radially attached to the gold nanoparticles and were analyzed by TEM, UV/Vis, (1)H NMR, and FTIR spectroscopies. The solution fluorescence of the attached thiophene dendrons are quenched progressively. Both alkyl-chain length and dendron size have significant influence on the energy-transfer efficiency, as well as on core sizes and size distribution of the Au nanoparticles. In spite of the phenomenon's dependence on nanoparticle size, the energy transfer generally follows the 1/d(2) distance dependence. Single NCTD nanoparticles were also adsorbed on highly ordered pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) and uniform aggregates were observed on mica flat substrates.