醋酸钯和四氯对苯醌催化氧化低浓度煤矿瓦斯制甲醇（英文）

利用自制的实验系统进行了醋酸溶液中低浓度瓦斯催化氧化制甲醇研究。实验结果表明,以Pd(OAc)_2为催化剂,反应体系中添加对苯醌或四氯对苯醌可改善甲烷活化环境,四氯对苯醌对瓦斯催化氧化过程的作用效果好于对苯醌。四氯对苯醌用量、反应压力和反应温度对瓦斯催化氧化具有重要影响。甲醇生成量随四氯对苯醌用量、反应压力和反应温度升高而增加。CH_3OH是通过反应过程中产生的H_2O_2与CH_4相互作用形成的。CH_3COOCH_3一部分是由Pd~(2+)直接氧化CH_4得到的;另一部分是由CH_3OH与反应溶剂CH_3COOH通过酯化反应形成的。     

2,2 -联吡啶钌配合物催化CO2制备环状碳酸酯机理研究

研究了2,2 -联吡啶钌配合物RuCl₃(2,2 -bipy)(CH₃OH)与十六烷基三甲基氯化铵(CTAC)组成的催化体系催化二氧化碳与不同的环氧化合物进行环加成反应制备环状碳酸酯. 在此基础上, 利用电喷雾质谱(ESI-MS)对RuCl₃(2,2 -bipy)(CH₃OH)/CTAC催化CO₂与环氧丙烷(PO)反应制备碳酸丙烯酯(PC)进行了研究, 检测到了反应中间态配合物RuCl₃(2,2 -bipy)(PO)与RuCl₃(2,2 -bipy)(PC), 为该反应机理研究提供了实验证据. 研究结果表明, RuCl₃(2,2 -bipy)(CH₃OH)/CTAC催化体系催化CO₂与环氧化合物的反应首先是通过环氧化合物与RuCl₃(2,2 -bipy)(CH₃OH)中的甲醇分子发生配体交换引发的, 经CTAC中的氯离子进攻环氧化合物开环、二氧化碳插入Ru—O键、分子内关环及消去生成环状碳酸酯.     

双氧水对于单核铜分子筛催化甲烷直接氧化制甲醇反应性能的利弊（英文）

直接催化甲烷(CH₄)氧化转化制备甲醇(DMTM)是具有较高绿色化学原子经济性的反应过程,且可在常温下进行,是潜在的实现CH₄转化升级的重要过程.作为“圣杯反应”, DMTM性能通常显著受氧化剂影响,使用氧气(O₂)作为氧化剂一步实现DMTM仍然极具挑战性.至今,双氧水(H₂O₂)仍是被报道最多的具有较高CH₄转化速率和甲醇(CH₃OH)选择性的绿色氧化剂.为了深入理解氧化剂如何影响DMTM反应性能,本文基于密度泛函理论计算和微观动力学分析研究了在Cu-ZSM-5, Cu-MOR和Cu-SSZ-13三种具有不同微孔尺寸的单核铜分子筛上DMTM反应机理,以确定H₂O₂作为氧化剂在DMTM反应中的优势和局限性.通过理论计算对比在反应条件下O2和H₂O₂的O–O键活化以及CH₄的C–H键活化过程,发现在单核Cu分子筛中, H     

醋酸溶液中Pd-CuPc/Y催化甲烷选择氧化制甲醇

以氯化铜、钼酸铵、苯酐、氯化铵、尿素和NaY分子筛为原料,采用苯酐-尿素法制备了酞菁铜/分子筛复合物CuPc/Y.采用等体积浸渍法将金属钯担载在CuPc/Y上制备了Pd-CuPc/Y催化剂,并在醋酸水溶液中考察了其催化甲烷选择氧化合成甲醇反应的性能,结果表明,催化性能与反应温度、溶剂中CH₃COOH与H₂O的混合比例、对苯醌用量、反应时间等因素有关,在0.5%Pd-0.5%CuPc/Y添加量0.5 g、CH₃COOH与H₂O体积比4∶1、对苯醌用量1 000 μmol、反应时间3 h、反应温度150 ℃的条件下,甲醇的最佳生成量为1 840 μmol.Pd-CuPc/Y催化剂可以多次循环使用,但由于催化剂流失和催化剂表面的钯粒子聚集的原因,循环使用后的催化剂催化活性有所下降.Pd-CuPc/Y在醋酸溶液中催化甲烷选择氧化合成甲醇是亲电取代反应和活性氧物种氧化共同作用的结果.     

等离子体引发CH3OH/NH3偶联反应合成腈类化合物

腈类化合物广泛用于医药和精细化学品合成。然而,许多腈类的生产过程产生大量污染物。本文采用介质阻挡放电(DBD)等离子体活化甲醇和氨气分子,发现等离子体引发的CH₃OH/NH₃偶联反应可合成二甲基氰胺、二甲基氨基乙腈和氨基乙腈等高附加值含N有机化合物。系统研究了反应器结构、放电条件、反应条件和填充材料对甲醇转化率和产物选择性的影响。实验结果表明,在最优条件下,甲醇的转化率达到51.5%,腈类化合物选择性达到22.1%。CH₃OH/NH₃等离子体发射光谱结果表明,C≡N自由基物种可能是生成腈类化合物的重要中间体。该CH₃OH/NH₃等离子体偶联反应为二甲基氰胺、二甲基氨基乙腈和氨基乙腈提供了一种绿色合成方法,也为甲醇和氨气精细化利用开辟了一种新途径。     

乙醇在Co(111)表面脱氢反应机理的第一性原理研究

采用密度泛函理论和周期平板模型相结合的方法针对Co（111）表面上乙醇脱氢反应的反应机理进行了细致的研究,同时,对反应过程中涉及到的各个物种在表面上不同吸附位（顶位（top）,桥位（bridge）,三重空穴位（fcc和hcp））的吸附模型进行了结构优化以及相关能量的计算,确定了各物种的最佳吸附位点.研究结果表明,CH₃CH₂OH在Co（111）表面的脱氢反应可具体描述为三条反应路径：反应路径I为CH₃CH₂OH逐步脱氢经由中间体CH₃CHO,最终生成CH₄和CO的反应;反应路径Ⅱ为CH₃CH₂OH脱氢产生的CH₃CH₂O基和CH₃CHO相互作用通过CH₃COOH分子最终生成CH₄和CO₂的反应;反应路径Ⅲ为CH₃CH₂O基和CH₃CO基作用生成CH₃COOC₂H₅的过程,其中,反应路径I为最优路径（CH₃CH₂OH→CH₃CH₂O→CH₃CHO→CH₃CO→CH₃+CO→CH₂→CH→CH₄+CO+C+H）,该反应路径中的CH₃CH₂O基脱氢生成CH₃CHO为速控步骤,反应能垒为1.61 eV.     

化学链重整过程中LaFeO3载氧体的CH4部分氧化反应机理研究

本研究基于密度泛函理论(DFT)计算揭示了化学链重整过程中LaFeO₃载氧体的CH₄部分氧化反应机理,通过系统研究CH₄吸附活化、H₂和CO形成以及氧扩散等基元反应步骤,构建了CH₄部分氧化反应网络。研究发现,CH₄发生逐步脱氢反应形成H原子,其中,CH₃脱氢反应所需要克服的能垒(1.50 eV)最高,是CH₄逐步脱氢反应的限速步骤。载氧体表面H₂形成有两种路径,其中,H原子从O顶位迁移到Fe顶位,然后与另外O顶位的H原子成键形成H₂分子是主要途径。由于其相对较低的能垒(1.27 eV),CO的形成过程较易发生。氧扩散需要克服1.35 eV的能垒,表明氧扩散过程需要在高温下进行且扩散速率较低。通过比较各基元反应能垒,发现H₂形成是LaFeO₃载氧体CH₄部分氧化反应动力学的限速步骤,而H迁移是限制H     

过渡金属甲基磺酸盐催化醇的四氢吡喃化反应

以过渡金属甲基磺酸盐［Mn(CH₃SO₃)₂·2H₂O, Cu(CH₃SO₃)₂·4H₂O, Co(CH₃SO₃)₂·4H₂O和Zn(CH₃SO₃)₂·4H₂O］为催化剂,在室温条件下催化醇的四氢吡喃化反应,并对反应条件进行了优化。结果表明：当醇用量为30 mmol,醇和3,4-二氢吡喃摩尔比为1.0 ：1.1,甲基磺酸盐用量为1 mmol,二氯甲烷20 mL时,可高效催化醇的四氢吡喃化反应。与路易斯酸催化活性相比,过渡金属甲基磺酸盐催化醇的四氢吡喃化反应效果最好,催化酚的效果较差。用Mn(CH₃SO₃)₂·2H₂O和Cu(CH₃SO₃)₂·4H₂O催化正丁醇的四氢吡喃化反应,重复使用5次,收率分别为89%和92%。     

醇-二苯甲酮光化夺氢反应活泼自由基的ESR研究

本文用自由基捕捉剂2,3,4,6-四甲基亚硝基苯(ND)及苯亚甲基叔丁基氮氧化合物(PBN)与ESR相结合的方法研究了CnH_2n+1OH(n=1,2,…8)、(CH₃)₂CH(CH₂)_nOH(n=0,1,2)、CH₂=CHCH₂OH及C₆H₅CH₂OH等十三种醇与二苯甲酮的光化夺氢反应中的活泼自由基,结果表明: 1.用ND时,二苯酮分别夺取CnH_2n+1OH、(CH₃)₂CH(CH₂)_nOH及RCH₂OH(R=CH₂=CH、C₆H₅)中α-C、叔-C及α-C上的氢,而捕捉到C_n-1H_2n-1CHOH、(CH₃)₂CH(CH₂)_nOH及RCHOH自由基。 2.用PBN时,捕捉的自由基与ND捕获的相同。     

锗硅烯与CH3OH加成反应机理及区域选择性

采用密度泛函理论方法,在B3LYP/6-311++G(d, p)水平,研究了几种锗硅烯与CH₃OH的加成反应的微观机理和势能剖面,分析了锗硅烯中Si=Ge双键的极性对加成反应区域选择性的影响.研究结果表明,锗硅烯可分别与CH₃OH的单聚体或二聚体发生加成反应.所有加成反应均从初始亲核或亲电复合物的形成开始.母体锗硅烯H₂Si=GeH₂与CH₃OH二聚体的加成反应比其与CH₃OH单聚体的相应反应在动力学上更容易些,但在其它锗硅烯与CH₃OH的反应中情况则相反.用Ph或SiMe₃基团取代H₂Si=GeH₂中的H原子在动力学上使反应变得不利且SiMe₃基团的影响更显著.加成反应的区域选择性与锗硅烯中Si=Ge双键的极性以及Si-O(Ge-H)和Ge-O (Si-H)键的相对强弱都有关.     

Catalytic activity of manganese(III)-oxazoline complexes in urea hydrogen peroxide epoxidation of olefins: The effect of axial ligands

The catalytic activity of two manganese(III)-oxazoline complexes [Mn(phox)₂(CH₃OH)₂]ClO₄ and Mn(phox)₃ (Hphox = 2-(2′-hydroxylphenyl)oxazoline), was studied in the epoxidation of various olefins. All of epoxidation reactions were carried out in (1:1) mixture of methanol:dichloromethane at room temperature using urea hydrogen peroxide (UHP) as oxidant and imidazole as co-catalyst. The epoxide yields clearly demonstrate the influence of steric and electronic properties of olefins, the catalysts and nitrogenous bases as axial ligand. [Mn(phox)₂(CH₃OH)₂]ClO₄ catalyst with low steric properties has higher catalytic activity than Mn(phox)₃. The highest epoxide yield (95%) was achieved for indene at the presence of [Mn(phox)₂(CH₃OH)₂]ClO₄ within 5 min. The proximal and distal interactions of strong π-donor axial ligands such as imidazole with the active intermediate are efficiently increased activity of the catalytic system.     

Methanol—hydrogen separation by capillary condensation in inorganic membranes

A NaOH-poisoned γ-alumina membrane with 4-nm diameter pores was used to separate CH₃OH from a H₂/CH₃OH mixture. Between 373 and 473 K, CH₃OH condensed in the pores for certain pressure ranges, and was preferentially removed through the pores. Separation factors as high as 600 for CH₃OH over H₂ were obtained. Capillary condensation was observed at CH₃OH pressures (0.60 ± 0.05 P^sat) much lower than those predicted by the Kelvin equation. Causes for the deviations are indicated.     

Theoretical Study on the Kinetics for the Reactions of Heptyl Radicals with Methanol

Ab initio study of the reactions of n-heptyl radicals(1-C₇H₁₅, 2-C₇H₁₅, 3-C₇H₁₅, and 4-C₇H₁₅) with methanol was conducted over the temperature range of 300-1500 K. Transition states for the reaction channels producing C₇H₁₅OH, CH₃, C₇H₁₅OCH₃, H, C₇H₁₆, CH₂OH and CH₃O were identified and the geometries of all stationary points were calculated at BB1K/MG3S level of theory. The potential barrier heights of the corresponding transition states were predicted by the CBS-QB3//BB1K and G4//BB1K methods, indicating that the eight H-abstraction channels are more kinetically favorable than the channels where OH transfers from CH₃OH to C₇H₁₅ and where the C₇H₁₅OCH₃+H products are given. The rate constants of H-abstraction channels were calculated with TST and TST/Eck. Both the forward and reverse rate constants have positive temperature dependence and the tunneling effect is only important at the temperature lower than 700 K. For the reactions of H-atom abstraction from methyl in CH₃OH by n-heptyl, a reverse and the corresponding forward rate constant are roughly equal. For the reactions of H-atom abstraction from OH in CH₃OH by n-heptyl, a reverse rate constant is larger by several orders of magnitude than the corresponding forward one.     

负载型铼催化剂体系与甲醇选择氧化性能的关系

以铼酸铵为前驱体,制备了氧化物负载型铼催化剂并研究其甲醇选择氧化反应的催化性能.结果表明,Fe₂O₃和V₂O₅等氧化物负载型铼催化剂表现出很高的甲醇选择氧化制备二甲氧基甲烷的催化性能,选择性可达90%～94%(摩尔分数).选择氧化反应活性与铼担载量有关.在α－Fe₂O₃担载的铼催化剂中,以担载质量分数为1%～3%铼的催化剂活性最高[450mmol/(h·gRe)],而高于3%的铼担载量,单位铼催化活性逐渐下降.XRD,XPS和脉冲反应等结果表明,铼酸铰负载于α-Fe₂O₃载体上,并于He气氛中焙烧后,所得表面铼物种与担载量有关,当低于单层担载量时以Re⁶⁺占主导,而高于单层担载量时则Re⁶⁺与Re⁴⁺物种共存.     

Primary yields of CH3O and CH2OH radicals resulting in the radiolysis of high purity methanol

The triethylsilane radical R₃^•Si, produced by radiolysis in an airfree methanol/silane-system, acts as a specific scavenger for the CH₃^•O and ^•CH₂OH transients with rate constants, k₁₄(R₃^•Si + CH₃^•O) = 1.1 x 10⁸ dm³ mol^-1s^-1 and k₁₅(R₃^•Si + ^•CH₂OH) = 0.7 x 10⁸ dm³ mol^-1s^-1, resulting in R₃Si—OCH₃ (triethylmethoxysilane) and R₃Si—CH₂OH (triethylsilylmethanol). By increasing the silane concentration (range: 10^-2-6 mol dm^-3 R₃SiH) the formation of the otherwise major products of methanol radiolysis, formaldehyde and glycol, is successively reduced to nil. The yield of R₃Si—CH₂OH, studied under the same conditions, passes a maximum at about 0.8 mol dm^-3 R₃SiH and then also diminishes. On the other hand, the yield of R₃Si—OCH₃ is increased correspondingly and reaches an interpolated value of G = 3.75 ± 0.1 at 4 mol dm^-3R₃SiH. This indicates that the radical CH₃^•O (G = 3.75 ± 0.1) is the primary radiolytic transient of methanol in addition to H, e^-_sol etc., but not ^•CH₂OH species. The latter one is obviously formed by the secondary reaction: CH₃^•O + CH₃OH→ CH₃OH + ^•CH₂OH.     

面向CO2电化学转化的铜基催化剂研究进展

Burning of fossil fuels increases CO₂ concentration in the atmosphere, resulting in a series of climate- and environment-related concerns such as global warming, sea-level rise, and melting of glaciers. Therefore, utilization of renewable energy to reduce the CO₂ concentration, in order to realize a sustainable development, is urgent. Capturing and utilizing CO₂, a greenhouse gas, can not only address these concerns but also alleviate the current scenario of energy shortage. Thermal catalytic CO₂ hydrogenation offers various pathways with high conversion efficiencies to produce fuels and industrial chemicals including CO, HCOOH, CH₃OH, and CH₄. However, CO₂ is chemically inert due to the highly stable C＝O bond. Thus, harsh reaction conditions such as high temperature and pressure are required for CO₂ hydrogenation.     

Synthesis, characterization of new Rh---Co mixed-metal clusters and reactions of clusters containing [Rh2Co2C2] core with 1-alkynes and/or carbon monoxide

Six new cluster derivatives [Rh₂Co₂(CO)₆(μ-CO)₄(μ₄,η²-HCCR)] (R=FeCp₂ 1, CH₂OH 2, (CH₃O)C₁₀H₆CH(CH₃)COOCH₂CCH 3) and [RhCo₃(CO)₆(μ-CO)₄(μ₄,η²-HCCR)] (R=FeCp₂ 4, CH₂OH 5, (CH₃O)C₁₀H₆CH(CH₃)COOCH₂CCH 6) were obtained by the reactions of [Rh₂Co₂(CO)₁₂] and [RhCo₃(CO)₁₂] with substituted 1-alkyne ligands HCCR [R=FeCp₂ 7, CH₂OH 8, (CH₃O)C₁₀H₆CH(CH₃) COOCH₂CCH 9] in n-hexane at room temperature, respectively. Alkynes insert into the Co---Co bond of the tetranuclear clusters to give butterfly clusters. [Rh₂Co₂(CO)₆(μ-CO)₄(μ₄,η²-HCCFeCp₂)] (1) was characterized by a single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Reactions of 1, 2 with 7, 8 and ambient pressure of carbon monoxide at 25 °C gave two known cluster complexes [Co₂(CO)₆(μ₂, η²-HCCR)] (R=FeCp₂ 10, CH₂OH 11), respectively. All clusters were characterized by element analysis, IR and ¹H-NMR spectroscopy.     

CH3CF2O2与HO2自由基反应机理的理论研究

用密度泛函理论(DFT)的B3LYP方法，在6-311G、6-311+G(d)、6-311++G(d, p) 基组水平上研究了CH₃CF₂O₂与HO₂自由基反应机理. 结果表明, CH3CF₂O₂与HO₂自由基反应存在两条可行的通道. 通道CH3CF₂O₂＋HO₂→IM1→TS1→CH₃CF₂OOH＋O₂的活化能为77.21 kJ•mol^－1，活化能较低，为主要反应通道，其产物是O₂和CH₃CF₂OOH. 这与实验结果是一致的；而通道CH₃CF₂O₂＋HO₂→IM2→TS2→IM3→TS3→IM4＋IM5→IM4＋TS4→IM4＋OH＋O₂→TS5＋OH＋O₂→CH₃＋CF₂O＋OH＋O₂→CH₃OH＋CF₂O＋O₂的控制步骤活化能为93.42 kJ•mol^－1，其产物是CH₃OH、CF₂O和O₂. 结果表明这条通道也能发生，这与前人的实验结果一致.     

Synthesis of Tc(IV) alcoholato complexes with methanol, ethyleneglycol and 1,2,4-butanetriol

The preparation of three Tc(IV) alcoholato complexes: K₂[⁹⁹Tc(OMe)₆], K₂[⁹⁹Tc(glyc)₃·3C₂H₅OH (H₂glyc = CH₂OHCH₂OH), and K₂[⁹⁹Tc(butri)₂]·CH₃OH (H₃butri = CH₂OHCHOHCH₂CH₂OH) is described.