三嵌段刷状共聚物的合成及溶液组装制备多孔纳米粒子

结合可控自由基聚合和铜催化的叠氮-炔环加成(Cu AAC)反应,合成了coil-brush-coil型三嵌段刷状共聚物.其中coil段为亲水性的聚(N,N′-二甲基丙烯酰胺)(PDMA),brush段为高密度接枝V形侧链的疏水性聚丙烯酸酯.由于其两亲性特征及刷状拓扑结构所赋予的主链刚性,该嵌段共聚物在选择性溶剂甲醇和乙醇中可分别自组装得到片状胶束和囊泡.刷状嵌段的V形侧链包含聚苯乙烯(PS)和聚左旋丙交酯(PLLA)2条链,它们在胶束(或囊泡)组装体的核(或壁)区发生微相分离得到有序的柱状相分离形貌.将离散柱状PLLA相水解,即可得到核或壁具有多孔结构的片状胶束或囊泡.     

两亲性嵌段共聚物在选择性溶液中吸附行为的理论研究

通过自洽场理论方法研究了在圆形孔道以及水平基板受限情况下两亲性嵌段共聚物在选择性稀溶液中的自组装形态,考察受限管壁、管壁极性以及基板间距对聚合物吸附行为的影响.中性圆形孔道中,随着溶剂对疏水链的排斥作用增强和对亲水段的亲水作用增大,聚合物以蘑菇形状吸附于管壁上.疏水链、亲水链与溶剂的相互作用差异性越大,越容易产生吸附现象.在亲水性孔道中,吸附现象有所缓解,随着管壁对亲水段吸引作用的增强,聚合物在管壁附近形成规则排列的球状胶束.当疏水链、亲水链与溶剂的相互作用相差非常大时,即使管壁对亲水嵌段的吸附作用增强,也不能消除聚合物吸附现象.在中性水平基板中,随着基板间距的增加,两亲性嵌段共聚物在基板附近依次出现球状胶束-蘑菇状胶束-单层球状胶束-高分子刷-双层球状胶束-对称高分子刷的自组装形态.     

由可控聚合反应直接制备不同形貌的聚集体

由可控聚合,包括活性阴离子和自由基聚合直接制备不同形貌纳米材料,是近几年来合成化学领域的一个重要研究成果.与两亲性嵌段共聚物在选择性溶剂中自组装方法不同,在选择性溶剂中进行的分散聚合,首先生成两亲性嵌段共聚物,并逐渐增加第二段聚合物的链长,以实现相分离,形成球形胶束;聚合物链继续增长,实现形貌转变,从而制备预期的聚合物形貌,包括球形胶束、纳米棒、纳米线、囊泡和复合囊泡等.本文综述了乳液聚合法制备球形胶束等形貌;描述了不同聚合体系形成的形貌以及它们的性质和应用,讨论了形貌的形成机理和控制方法,同时指出了存在的问题.     

聚合诱导自组装制备多腔室囊泡以及成核链段中亲溶剂片段的影响

聚合物纳米材料的形貌对于其性能具有重要的影响, 其中囊泡(特别是多腔室囊泡)由于其具备空心结构备受关注. 聚合诱导自组装(PISA)是一种高效的制备聚合物纳米材料的方法. 然而, 目前利用PISA高效制备多腔室囊泡的报道则相对较少. 本工作中, 以聚乙二醇为大分子可逆加成-断裂链转移(RAFT)试剂(PEG₄₅-PETTC)调控苯乙烯(St)在混合溶剂乙醇/水(质量比7/3)中的RAFT聚合诱导自组装, 成功制备了多腔室囊泡. 同时开展了St和寡聚乙二醇甲醚甲基丙烯酸酯(OEGMA)的RAFT共聚合诱导自组装, 探索在成核链段中引入亲溶剂基元OEGMA对所得纳米材料形貌的影响. 由于聚苯乙烯的链刚性较强, 在聚苯乙烯链段中引入亲溶剂链段来增加成核链段的柔顺性是一种已报道的促进形貌转变的方法. 然而St和OEGMA在混合溶剂乙醇/水(质量比7/3)的聚合诱导自组装体系中, 发现亲溶剂基元(OEGMA)的引入, 导致所得纳米材料的形貌退化. 随着成核链段中亲溶剂基元的增加, 所得纳米材料逐渐由多腔室囊泡转变为单腔室囊泡和球形胶束.     

聚乙二醇-接枝-聚(γ-苄基L-谷氨酸酯)刚-柔接枝共聚物的合成及其自组装行为研究

通过负离子开环聚合,合成了以柔性亲水的聚乙二醇(PEG)为主链,刚性疏水的聚(γ-苄基L-谷氨酸酯)(PBLG)为侧链的PEG-g-PBLG刚-柔接枝共聚物.运用核磁共振氢谱(1H-NMR)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)和凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)等表征了共聚物的结构、分子量及其分布.以共溶剂溶解、选择性溶剂透析的方法制备了自组装聚集体.利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、原子力显微镜(AFM)和激光光散射(LLS)等表征了共聚物自组装体的形貌和结构.研究发现,基于其特殊的拓扑结构,接枝共聚物的自组装行为表现出与一般规律不同的变化趋势.具有较短疏水PBLG侧链的PEG-g-PBLG可以自组装形成球形复合胶束,随着疏水PBLG侧链的增长,聚集体逐渐由复合胶束转变为囊泡,这种现象在已有的研究中鲜有报道.此外,降低初始聚合物溶液的浓度,共聚物自组装得到的聚集体的尺寸变小而分布变宽;反之,聚集体的尺寸增大而分布变窄.还利用耗散粒子动力学方法,验证了实验中聚集体的形貌变化,并给出了聚集体中的链段分布等在实验中较难得到的信息.     

ABA两亲性嵌段共聚物在双选择性溶剂中自组装行为的Monte Carlo模拟

采用Monte Carlo模拟方法研究了ABA两亲性三嵌段共聚物在两种选择性溶剂中的自组装行为.模拟结果表明,在保证溶剂总浓度一定的情况下,改变两种选择性溶剂的体积比对于ABA两亲性嵌段共聚物自组装所形成的胶束形貌结构有很大影响.随着双选择性溶剂体积比的改变,体系中胶束形貌结构将会发生由囊泡到层状,再到环状、棒状直至球...     

无规共聚物自组装球形胶束表面亲水性的耗散粒子动力学模拟

建立了含不同亲疏水粒子比的双亲性无规共聚物粗粒化模型. 采用耗散粒子动力学方法模拟了两亲性无规共聚物选择性溶剂自组装球形胶束表面的亲水性能. 模拟结果表明, 无规共聚物在选择性溶剂中自组装得到实心球形胶束, 球形胶束表面的亲水性与聚合物链亲水粒子含量、溶剂的选择性有关. 随着聚合物链所含亲水粒子增加, 球形胶束表面的亲水性增强. 球形胶束表面的亲水性随着疏水粒子与溶剂粒子间的排斥参数增大而增强, 模拟结果与实验结论一致. 该模拟方法给出的胶束微结构信息可以为双亲无规共聚物分子设计及自组装双亲胶束制备提供一定的理论指导.     

从折叠体构筑囊泡和有机凝胶：溶剂调控的自组装过程

两亲性离子或中性分子受疏溶剂作用驱动在水相中聚集形成胶束、膜及囊泡等结构是非常普遍的自组装现象,也是生命现象产生的基础．但非两亲性分子在极性溶剂中形成囊泡结构,文献报道极少．中国科学院上海有机化学研究所黎占亭等以近年来发展的酰肼折叠体为刚性骨架,在其外侧引入带有长脂肪链的酰胺侧链．     

两亲性树枝状嵌段共聚物刷的合成与构象研究

近期研究发现两亲性嵌段共聚物刷能引发“有序自发乳化”,一步法制备有序多孔光晶微球.上述研究主要基于侧链为线形聚合物的嵌段共聚物刷,而侧链拓扑结构变化对乳液受限自组装的影响尚不明确.本工作中设计合成了亲水和疏水的降冰片烯基楔形单体,并通过顺序开环易位聚合(ROMP)成功合成了一类两亲性树枝状嵌段共聚物刷.通过核磁氢谱(¹H-NMR)清晰表征了产物的化学结构,凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)表明共聚物的分子量呈较窄的单峰分布,聚合反应过程具有较好的可控性.通过改变单体和催化剂的比例获得不同分子量的共聚物刷,利用凝胶渗透色谱联用光散射(GPC-MALS)研究了侧链结构对聚合物溶液构象的影响,结果显示一代树枝状共聚物刷表现为无规线团构象,而二代产物则呈现棒状构象,单个聚合物链的原子力(AFM)表征证实了上述结果.     

两亲性杂侧链聚合物刷的合成及其乳化功能

报道了一种随机高密度接枝亲水、疏水聚合物侧链的刷形两亲性聚合物.首先,结合可逆加成-断裂链转移(RAFT)聚合和后修饰方法,得到含叠氮侧基的聚甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯(PGMA-N3)作为主链;再分别合成端炔基聚苯乙烯(PS)和端炔基聚环氧乙烷(PEO),然后通过铜催化的叠氮-炔环加成反应,将疏水性PS和亲水性PEO同时高效的接到PGMA主链上,制得两亲性杂侧链的聚合物刷.由凝胶渗透色谱(SEC)分析得知,在主链叠氮基团与两侧链总炔基的摩尔投料比为1∶1的条件下,PS和PEO的接枝效率很高,都大于90%.通过调节主链长度和2种侧链的投料比,获得不同组成的聚合物刷.通过等质量的甲苯/水混合体系,考察两亲性聚合物刷的乳化能力,发现主链聚合度为100,PS∶PEO比例为70∶30的聚合物刷表现出最佳的乳化性能.     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

Synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives

Different approaches for the synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives from simple amino acids have been investigated. A library of 33 precursors for the preparation of N-hydroxy pyrazinones was obtained in moderate to good yields.     

α-Amino acid derived enaminones and their application in the synthesis of N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates and other heterocycles

A new and simple synthesis of novel N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates, which exist in equilibrium with their 4-oxo tautomers, has been developed in two steps starting from N-protected α-amino acids. The key intermediates are enaminones, which can also be isolated, characterized, and used for the construction of other functionalized heterocycles, before they spontaneously decompose to pyrrole products. 4-Hydroxypyrroles are prone to partial aerial oxidation but can be efficiently alkylated or reduced to stable polysubstituted pyrrolidine derivatives.     

Specific intramolecular aromatic CH insertion of diazosulfonamides

The chemoselectivity in the intramolecular CH insertion of various diazosulfonamides has been experimentally studied. The results reveal that the aliphatic 1,4-, 1,5-, or 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions of diazosulfonamides are not accessible, while the aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion can be realized specifically by adjusting the diazo-adjacent group. In addition, the general chemoselectivities in the intramolecular CH insertions of diazosulfonyl compounds are summarized. Generally, diazosulfones undergo both aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H and aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions, while diazosulfonates undergo aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions. However, diazosulfonamides only undergo aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion.     

A general and convenient synthesis of 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones and their use in amidoalkylation of hydrogen,heteroatom, and carbon nucleophiles

A general synthesis of previously unknown semicarbazone-based α-amidoalkylating reagents, 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones, has been developed. The synthesis involved three-component condensation of semicarbazones of aliphatic or aromatic aldehydes with the same or other aldehydes and p-toluenesulfinic acid. The scope and limitations of this reaction were investigated. The compounds obtained were demonstrated to be an efficient α-(4-semicarbazono)alkylating agents. They were reacted with H- (sodium borohydride), O- (sodium methylate), S- (sodium phenylthiolate), N- (pyrrolidine, sodium succinimide), P- (trialkyl phosphites), and C-nucleophiles (sodium diethyl malonate) to give the corresponding products of the tosyl group substitution, 4-substituted semicarbazones, including analogues of nitrofurazone. Among the prepared compounds tested in vitro for antibacterial and antifungal activity, three nitrofuryl-containing semicarbazones exhibited high biological activities with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 8–32 μg/mL.     

Synthesis of novel chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-N-heterocyclic carbene ligands and their application in palladium-catalyzed Mizoroki–Heck couplings and asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde

A small library of new chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-imidazolium salts 1 is conveniently synthesized on multi-gram scale from inexpensive and commercially available chiral pool amino acids. The corresponding carbenes, generated by deprotonation of imidazolium salts 1, in combination with palladium(II) chloride were tested in the Mizoroki–Heck coupling reaction. The most significant results in terms of yields and reactivities were achieved with low catalyst loading. The catalytic activities of these imidazolium salts were also investigated in the asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde. The use of MgO nanoparticles as an additive in conjunction with these ligands played a crucial role in increasing the efficiency of these reactions.     

Toward new camptothecins. Part 6: Synthesis of crucial ketones and their use in Friedländer reaction

In the context of the preparation of camptothecin and luotonin A analogs, the synthesis of some key keto-precursors and their use in Friedländer condensation are described. This paper also focuses on the stability of these keto intermediates and emphasizes the major differences between indolizinones and pyrroloquinazolinones series. Noteworthy is also the report of some original structures isolated as by-products of some experiments.     

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes: synthesis,characterization and their applications in the C-N coupling and α-arylation of ketones using aryl chlorides

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes 3 were successfully achieved in a one-pot procedure under mild conditions. The structure of 3a was unambiguously confirmed by X-ray single crystal diffraction and it was an active catalyst in the Buchwald-Hartwig amination and α-arylation of ketones even at very low catalyst loadings (0.01?mol%).     

Iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction using terminal alkyne as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines and fused-nitrogen heterocycles

An efficient iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) using terminal alkynes as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of aryl (9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-1-yl)methanones is described. The scope of the protocol includes the total synthesis of Fascaplysin, Eudistomins Y₁ and Y₂. The methodology is extended for preparing pyrrolo[1,2-a]-quinoxaline and indolo[1,5-a]quinoxaline derivatives. The utility of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines was demonstrated by performing palladium-catalyzed β-carboline directed ortho-C(sp2)-H functionalization of the phenyl ring with thiomethyl (SMe) group using DMSO as source and for accessing 4-aryl-canthin-6-ones.     

Facile synthesis of bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones

In this Letter, we described a facile method for constructing fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-one ring system. We employed various methylene-containing carboxylic acids as the substrates and proved that the pyrazolone ring closure requires activated methylene group in intermediate II. Accordingly, a series of structurally diversified, fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones was prepared in moderate to high yields using the requisite substrates.