最早的三种晶体管及其发明三杰——纪念晶体管发明60周年

介绍了为最早三种晶体管的发明做出重大贡献的三位科学家,称为“三杰”,并阐述三种晶体管在原理、结构、性能上的差异,实事求是地反映了在他们中发生的一些鲜为人知的事例,再现他们那严谨的科学态度和超凡的创造力的形象;也谈了他们的一些遗憾和不足,为后人提供借鉴与启示．     

晶体管发明60年

回顾了晶体管的发明,对最早3种晶体管在原理、性能上作了比较,谈了3位发明者肖克莱、巴丁、布拉顿的重大贡献和一些性格特点;并对晶体管诞生后60年来的后续发展如集成电路等作了回顾;总结了这一发明对我们的启示和教训.     

喷墨打印垂直有机光晶体管及其性能优化

通过旋涂透明源极并在其上采用喷墨打印的方式制备有源层及源漏电极,从而得到一种垂直结构光晶体管,并获得了较好的光电性能,其响应率为～1 500A/W,探测率可达1.6×10~(14) Jones。向有源层中掺杂一定比例的电子捕获材料PCBM,使有源层中光生空穴复合减小,光生电流增大,从而进一步提高其光探测性能。研究发现当掺杂5wt%电子捕获材料时,垂直结构光晶体管性能达到最优,响应率为～6 000A/W,探测率可达1.4×10~(15) Jones.     

单载流子传输的双异质结光敏晶体管探测器的研究

基于器件仿真器Atlas, 建立了InP/InGaAsP单向载流子传输的双异质结光敏晶体管(UTC-DHPT)的二维模型, 分析讨论了器件性能与外延结构参数的关系. 设计出同时具有高响应度(≥17.93 A/W)和高特征频率(≥121.68 GHz)的UTC-DHPT, 缓解了传统的异质结光敏晶体管光电探测器中探测效率和工作速度的矛盾. 关键词： 单向载流子 光敏晶体管 电流放大倍数 响应度     

偏置条件对NPN及PNP双极晶体管电离辐射损伤的影响研究

本文采用低能电子辐照源对NPN及PNP晶体管进行辐照试验. 在辐照试验过程中, 针对NPN及PNP晶体管发射结施加不同的偏置条件, 研究偏置条件对NPN及PNP晶体管辐射损伤的影响. 使用Keithley 4200-SCS半导体特性测试仪在原位条件下测试了双极晶体管电性能参数随低能电子辐照注量的变化关系. 测试结果表明, 在相同的辐照注量条件下, 发射结反向偏置时双极晶体管的辐照损伤程度最大; 发射结正向偏置时双极晶体管的辐照损伤程度最小; 发射结零偏时双极晶体管的辐照损伤程度居于上述情况之间. 关键词： 双极晶体管 低能电子 电离辐射     

柔性神经形态晶体管及其仿生感知应用

生物感知系统具有高并行、高容错、自适应和低功耗等独特优点.采用神经形态器件实现生物感知功能的仿生,在脑机接口、智能感知、生物假体等领域具有重大应用前景.与其他神经形态器件相比,多端口神经形态晶体管不仅可以同时实现信号的传输和训练学习,还可以对多路信号进行非线性的时空整合与协同调控.然而,传统刚性神经形态晶体管很难实现弯曲变形以及和人体密切贴合,限制了神经形态器件应用范围.所以,具有良好弯曲特性的柔性神经形态晶体管的研究成为了最近的研究重点.本文首先介绍了多种柔性神经形态晶体管的研究进展,包括器件结构、工作原理和基本功能;另外,本文还将介绍上述柔性神经形态晶体管在仿生感知领域中的应用;最后给出上述研究领域的总结和简单展望.     

碳纳米管晶体管研制成功

我们所使用的每一台电脑,至少包含有数十亿只（由半导体硅制成的）晶体管.它们在计算机中接受软件的指挥,或开启或关闭,共同协调完成一部部电子表演的音乐舞蹈.过去的几十年,半导体科技人员的努力已经将硅晶体管的尺寸从几十微米减少到20—30nm,令世人享受到计算机的小型化以及功能的多样化.然而,硅晶体管尺寸的进一步缩小遭遇到挑战.近十年来,人们把硅晶体管的替代物设定为由碳纳米管制成的晶体管,然而研制碳纳米管晶体管的工作成效甚微．     

单电子晶体管

介绍了单电子晶体管是一种每当在栅压作用下在沟道内加进一个电子，晶体管就可以导通和截止一次的奇妙的器件。阐述了单电子晶体管的发现过程，工作原理以及它的一些可能的应用。     

不同发射极面积npn晶体管高低剂量率辐射损伤特性

影响npn晶体管辐射损伤的因素有很多,如晶体管工艺、剂量率以及辐照偏置等.主要研究了三种发射极面积的国产npn晶体管在高低剂量率下的辐射损伤特性,分析了发射极尺寸对辐射损伤的影响.研究结果表明,国产npn晶体管具有低剂量率损伤增强效应,且发现当小电流注入下晶体管的辐射损伤会表现得愈加显著.比较三种发射极尺寸的晶体管辐照响应发现,发射极周长面积比P/A越大时晶体管归一化过剩基极电流ΔI_B/I_B0也越大.详细阐述了npn晶体管辐射损伤机制,从发射极尺寸和晶体管工作电压角度对npn晶体管的加固保证方法进行了探索. 关键词： 发射极面积 国产npn晶体管 剂量率 辐射损伤     

基于石墨烯-钙钛矿量子点场效应晶体管的光电探测器

以等离子增强化学气相沉积法制备的石墨烯作为导电沟道材料,将其与无机CsPbI_3钙钛矿量子点结合,设计并制备了石墨烯-钙钛矿量子点场效应晶体管光电探测器.研究和分析了石墨烯作为场效应晶体管的电学特性及其与钙钛矿量子点结合作为光电探测器的光电特性.结果表明,石墨烯在场效应晶体管中表现出良好的电学性质,其与钙钛矿量子点的结合对波长为400 nm的光辐射具有明显的光响应,在光强为12μW时器件光生电流最大为64μA,响应率达6.4 A·W~(-1),对应的光电导增益和探测率分别为3.7×10~4,6×10~7Jones(1 Jones=1 cm·Hz~(1/2)·W~(-1)).     

关于"太阳在银河系中所受引力与到银心距离r的关系"的讨论

讨论了银道面内的引力场强分布和太阳在银河系中所受引力与到银心距离r的关系，指出引力场强g并不是与r的平方成反比，这是由于银河系的大小和形状不能忽略造成的．强调了万有引力定律的适用条件．     

On the calculation of the bremsstrahlung in the region of the plasma frequency

On the basis of the classical theory of radiation produced in incomplete Coulomb interaction, a formula is derived for the coefficient of the bremsstrahlung of fully ionized plasma. In the region of rectilinear approximation a comparison is made with the results of the quantum formula derived from the Born approximation. Furthermore, the influence of dispersion upon the emission coefficient is taken into account; some relations for the region of dispersion are given.     

Dependence of the Intensity of the Spectral Lines and the Composition of the Sample and the Plasma Parameters of the Unipolar Arc

The investigation was made of the dependence of the intensity of Tl, Ga, Mo, Mg, Mn, Sn, Bi, Ni, Zn, Pt and Au spectral lines and the plasma parameters (temperature T, electron concentration n_e, degree of 6 ionnization α) from concentration of lithium additive.     

On the predictability of the positions of the convergence zones in the ocean

The disagreement between the experimental and calculated positions of the first convergence zone are known from many publications. The most probable cause for such a disagreement, namely, the incorrect specification of the input data for the calculations, is considered. The lack of simultaneity between the hydrological surveys of the region and the acoustic experiments is emphasized. The experimental data obtained by the author in five ocean regions are presented. These data characterize the diurnal variability of the distance from the source to the nearest boundary of the convergence zone. The relations proposed by different researchers for calculating the sound speed from the temperature, salinity, and hydrostatic pressure are analyzed. It is shown that these relations lead to a substantial difference in the estimated depth dependence of the hydrostatic gradient of the sound speed. The position of the first convergence zone is calculated for the propagation conditions determined by vertical temperature and salinity profiles with the subsequent recalculation of these profiles into sound speed profiles by using eight different formulas known from the literature. It is shown that different formulas lead to different values of the distance to the first zone; this difference is substantially greater than that between the calculations and experiment. The necessity of improving the recalculation relations in view of the experimental data on sound propagation in natural oceanic waveguides, including the data on the actual positions of the convergence zones, is emphasized.     

Extracting the wavefunction of the LSP at the LHC

We consider associated production of squarks and gluinos with the lightest supersymmetric particle (LSP), or states nearly degenerate in mass with it. Though sub-dominant to pair production of color SU(3)-charged superpartners, these processes are directly sensitive to the wavefunction composition of the lightest neutralinos. Exploiting event-shape variables - including some introduced here for the first time - we are able to identify the composition of the LSP by selecting events involving a single high-pT jet recoiling against missing transverse energy. We illustrate the proposed technique on a set of benchmark cases and propose methods for applying these results in more realistic experimental environments.     

Set the controls for the heart of the Sun

In this paper we describe experiments conducted with high-power lasers that are attempting to replicate, for a very short time and in miniature, conditions found in the Sun. Experiments to date have reached conditions in the outer part of the Sun. To reach the Sun's centre requires compression of material to very much greater than solid density and heating to over ten million degrees. To achieve this, a new class of experiments and a new generation of high-power lasers are required.     

On the Question of the Source of the Apokamp

Technical Physics - The object of this work is the apokamp—a new type of plasma jet, which is formed from a bright offshoot emerging at the bending point of a channel of a high-voltage...