有机-无机杂化氧化硅基介孔材料

有机基团可以通过嫁接或共聚的方法引入到氧化硅基介孔材料的孔表面或材料的骨架中,形成表面结合型和桥键型两大类有机-无机杂化氧化硅基介孔材料.本文综述了有机-无机杂化氧化硅基介孔材料的最新研究进展,介绍了其合成方法、应用及潜在的应用领域,详细总结了目前已报道的有机-无机杂化氧化硅基介孔材料的种类,展望了桥键型有机-无机杂化氧化硅基介孔材料的发展及应用前景.     

大粒径介孔氧化硅微球的优化合成及表征

以非离子型嵌段共聚物为模板剂、正硅酸乙酯为硅源,制备了一种比表面积为712m2·g-1、孔径6.93nm、孔容1.06cm3·g-1、粒径10μm的介孔SBA-15微球,采用扫描电镜考察了各种合成条件对介孔氧化硅微球形貌的影响,对SBA-15介孔微球的合成条件优化和形成机理进行了研究和探讨。结果表明:介孔氧化硅微球的生长可以看作一个由微小溶胶粒子发生渐进聚沉、成长为较大溶胶粒子的过程;共表面活性剂和无机盐的引入对介孔微球的形成具有辅助作用;合成体系的酸度和晶化阶段之前的陈化条件是介孔微球形成的关键所在。在共聚物的盐酸溶液(1mol·L-1)中,不添加共表面活性剂和无机盐,仅控制陈化条件于35℃静置24h,100℃水热处理24h,可得到大粒径的介孔SBA-15微球。     

高岭土微球原位晶化合成高岭土-NaY-MCM-41复合物

在高岭土微球上原位晶化合成了高岭土-NaY-MCM-41复合物．利用XRD、SEM、TEM和BET等测试手段对合成的样品进行了表征．研究了高岭土表面原位生长NaY-MCM-41复合分子筛的合成化学．考察了合成体系的pH值、模板剂、H2O用量和SiO2／Al2O3比的影响．高岭土-NaY-MCM-41复合物具有大、介、微梯度分布的孔结构和合理的酸性分布．克服了单独的微孔分子筛孔径和介孔分子筛的局限性．实现了介孔、微孔分子筛的优势互补．     

磺酸基功能化MCM-41有机-无机杂化材料的合成与表征

 利用直接合成法和后接枝法将含有磺酸基团的硅烷偶联剂引入MCM-41介孔分子筛中, 合成了酸性介孔有机-无机杂化材料. 利用XRD和TEM等方法对其结构进行了表征. 结果表明,利用直接合成法和后接枝法合成的杂化材料仍保持规整的介孔孔道,该材料作为酸催化剂在苯甲醛与乙二醇的缩醛反应中显示了较好的催化活性.     

有机-无机杂化介孔二氧化硅在环境保护中的应用

将有机基团通过后嫁接或共缩聚法引入到介孔二氧化硅的孔道表面或骨架中,根据有机基团在材料中的位置可得到表面结合型和桥键型两类功能化介孔材料.本文总结了有机-无机杂化介孔二氧化硅的分类及合成方法,重点介绍了该类材料作为吸附剂在环境保护中的应用,包括金属阳离子、含氧阴离子、有机污染物和气体的去除与回收.并展望了有机-无机杂化...     

纳米金/银修饰的空心/杂化微球的制备及其作为综合性能优异的三维拉曼增强基底的研究

以带正电的聚苯乙烯(PS)微球为模板分别制备出表面层为二氧化硅的杂化微球(PS@Si O2)及空心二氧化硅微球(HSSi,hollow spheres of Si O2).利用巯基硅烷偶联剂的桥联作用将金或银纳米粒子修饰到二氧化硅壳层的外表面,制备出4种结构均匀、体积窄分布的复合粒子:(1)纳米金修饰在空心二氧化硅微球的外表面(HSSi-Au NPs);(2)纳米金修饰在实心的PS/二氧化硅杂化微球(PS为核、二氧化硅为壳层)的外表面(PS@Si O2-Au NPs);(3)纳米银修饰在空心二氧化硅微球的外表面(HSSi-Ag NPs)以及(4)纳米银修饰在实心的PS/二氧化硅杂化微球的外表面(PS@Si O2-Ag NPs).分别利用上述4种复合粒子作为拉曼增强(SERS)基底,并以结晶紫(CV)为探针分子对各基底的拉曼增强效果进行了研究,其CV检测限依次为10-10、10-9、10-11和10-11mol/L,均具有较高的灵敏度.结果表明,以空心二氧化硅微球作为载体的增强效果优于以实心的杂化微球作为载体的增强效果(HSSi-Au NPs对CV的检测限比PS@Si O2-Au NPs对CV的检测限低1个数量级;虽然HSSi-Ag NPs和PS@Si O2-Ag NPs对CV的检测限相同,但对于相同浓度的CV,前者所获得的信号要明显强于后者).多次随机的重复测试表明,上述4种基底均具有优良的重复性.将上述4种基底在实验室放置3个月后用于CV的检测,各个基底仍具有相近的拉曼增强效果,即上述4种SERS基底的稳定性良好.     

不同酸对介孔二氧化硅球表面形貌和介相结构的影响

在室温、不同酸性条件下合成出微米级球形介孔二氧化硅材料，通过XRD、SEM以及氮气吸附等手段对介孔二氧化硅材料进行了表征。用TEM跟踪不同反应时间介孔二氧化硅球的形成，对这些球颗粒的合成机理进行了讨论，同时探讨了不同酸性条件下介孔二氧化硅表面形貌和介相结构的变化。     

一种新型介孔空腔二氧化硅纳米微球的制备与缓释行为

本文用十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)作为试剂,通过软模板法合成介孔二氧化硅,利用在合成过程中,由伪莫尔转动所引起的微粒内部的大量缺陷,通过溶剂抽提,形成了具有空腔结构的介孔二氧化硅纳米微球.采用透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X射线粉末衍射仪(XRD)、N2吸附-脱附等手段对产物的形貌和结构进行了详细的表征.并以溴甲酚绿作为目标物,通过改变压强和温度,调节溴甲酚绿进入空心SiO2微球中的不同部位,对所制备的空腔介孔二氧化硅微球进行染料的装载和释放试验.结果显示该微球腔壁具有可渗透性和缓释性,而且在负压蒸发溶剂的情况下可以得到较高的药物负载量和极大地提高缓释性能.     

网状多级孔结构氧化铁的制备、合成机理及其光催化性质

以九水合硝酸铁为原料, 利用改进的聚合诱导胶体聚集(PICA)的方法制备出三维网络状多级孔结构氧化铁(HPH). 此结构的制备关键是在合成过程中尿素和甲醛聚合生成脲醛树脂(UF). 脲醛树脂一方面在铁的羟基氧化物生长过程中与之杂化形成杂化产物Fe-UF, 另一方面则进一步聚合, 形成脲醛树脂微球(UFM). 脲醛树脂微球作为模板诱导杂化产物Fe-UF在其表面的聚集. 微球与微球之间则由于表面存在的脲醛树脂间的聚合会相互交联形成网络状结构. 经过煅烧处理后, 脲醛树脂及脲醛树脂微球的分解导致不同尺寸孔结构的生成. 光催化研究结果表明, 产物对罗丹明B的降解效率是商用纳米氧化铁的4倍.     

含铜有序介孔Cu-KIT-6的合成及其苯乙烯环氧化催化性能:pH值的影响

苯乙烯侧链C=C的选择性氧化一直是烯烃环氧化研究领域关注的热点之一.近几十年来,苯乙烯环氧化研究主要集中于多相过渡金属催化剂的开发与应用;以铜为主要活性物种的催化剂因具有较高的环氧苯乙烷选择性而备受瞩目.然而,采用pH调节法将铜离子引入三维六方介孔材料KIT-6阵列尚未见报道,尤其是pH值对合成材料的形貌、结构以及催化活性的影响尚未可知.基于此,本文采用pH调节法合成了铜嵌入KIT-6介孔材料Cu-KIT-6x(x代表初始溶胶的pH值,x=1.43,2.27,3.78,3.97,4.24,6.62),并将其应用于苯乙烯环氧化反应.采用X射线粉末衍射、氮气吸附脱附、透射电子显微镜以及X射线光电子能谱等手段对Cu-KIT-6x的表面结构及形貌进行了细致表征.结果表明,随着pH的变化,Cu-KIT-6x催化剂的物理特性、表面结构尤其是铜物种种类和含量均变化较大.较低的pH导致铜物种主要以Cu2+形式存在,难以引入到KIT-6骨架中,且不利于介孔材料的合成,最终导致产生无序介孔结构.当pH增大到3.78时,约有4.6 wt%的Cu(II)以?Cu?O?Si?形式成功引入KIT-6骨架中,获得了具有较高比表面积且有序的孔结构.此外,由于Cu2+的引入,骨架内部分Si4+被取代,促使Cu-KIT-63.78拥有可与载体KIT-6相媲美的大孔径.然而,当pH继续增大时,过量的Cu2+从KIT-6骨架中析出,以CuO形式存在于载体表面,从而导致Cu-KIT-6的孔径逐渐增大;同时NaOH对三维立方介孔结构的破坏,使得介孔结构坍塌及比表面积显著降低.以苯乙烯环氧化反应评价了Cu-KIT-6x系列催化剂的催化活性.当以叔丁基过氧化氢为氧化剂,乙腈为溶剂,在70 oC反应6 h后,Cu-KIT-63.78表现出最优的苯乙烯转化率(43.5%)及环氧苯乙烷选择性(86.6%).使用4次后,Cu-KIT-63.78展示了稳定的苯乙烯转化率、环氧苯乙烷选择性及有序的孔结构,充分表明其具有出色的稳定性.各表征结果揭示了在适宜pH下合成的Cu-KIT-63.78催化剂具有较高的铜含量、有序的立方Ia3d介孔结构及合适的结构参数,因而在苯乙烯环氧化反应中表现优异活性和良好稳定性.     

Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil over Mesoporous SO42-/Zr-SBA-15

Biodiesel production from waste cooking oils over SO₄^2-/Zr-SBA-15 catalyst was successfully carried out and investigated. SO₄^2-/Zr-SBA-15 catalyst was prepared by one-step process using anhydrous zirconium nitrate as zirconium resource, and endowed with the strong Lewis acid sites formed by supporting the zirconium species onto the SBA-15 surface. The asprepared SO₄^2-/Zr-SBA-15 showed excellent triglyceride conversion efficiency of 92.3% and fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) yield of 91.7% for the transesteriffication of waste cooking oil with methanol under the optimized reaction conditions: the methanol/oil molar ratio of 30, the reaction temperature of 160 oC, the reaction time of 12 h and 10wt% of catalyst. It was noticed that the as-prepared SO₄^2-/Zr-SBA-15 materials with the higher area surface of mesoporous framework and the surface acidity displayed excellent stability and reusability, maintaining high FAME yield of (74±1)% after seven runs of reaction.     

Synthesis and characterization of Zr-SBA-15 supported tungsten oxide as a new mesoporous solid acid

A series of materials WO₃/Zr-SBA-15 were synthesized by modifying zirconium-incorporated SBA-15 mesoporous molecular sieve with various loadings of tungsten oxide, followed by calcining at different temperatures. The structures and the surface states of these materials were determined by XRD, TEM, N₂ adsorption–desorption and Raman spectroscopy, while the surface acidities were characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy of pyridine adsorption, NH₃-TPD, and the Hammett indicator method. To evaluate the catalytic activities of the prepared materials, the benzoylation of anisole was chosen as the model reaction. All the results reveal that the synthesized samples are strong solid acids, even solid superacids under some conditions, with uniform mesoporous structure and high surface area. The dispersion state of the supported WO₃, which depends on the WO₃ loading and the calcination temperature, has a direct influence on the acidity and catalytic activity of the materials. Moreover, the high acid strength is attributed to the WO bond nature of the complex formed by the interaction between WO₃ and the surface of Zr-SBA-15.     

VO<Subscript>x</Subscript>/Zr–SBA-15 catalysts for selective oxidation of ethanol to acetaldehyde

Effect of zirconium presence in the silica framework and content and speciation of vanadium surface oxo-complexes on the catalytic behavior of VO_x/Zr–SBA-15 catalysts in oxidative dehydrogenation of ethanol was investigated. Experimental results bring evidence of successful incorporation of zirconium into ordered mesoporous silica framework with the preservation of ordered mesoporosity by hydrothermal template base synthesis method. The presence of zirconium in the SBA-15 framework increases reducibility of vanadium species and acidity of the catalysts. It is reflected in higher activity of vanadium species expressed as turn-over frequency (e.g., TOF of 20 h^?1 for 5%VO_x/Zr–SBA-15 sample in comparison with TOF of 12 h^?1 for 5%VO_x/SBA-15 sample) and also in significant decrease of selectivity to acetaldehyde (65% in comparison with 90% for mentioned samples) followed by increase in selectivity to ethylene (25% in comparison with 5%). This change in distribution of reaction products is related to stronger acidity character of surface OH groups and inhibition effect of formed water vapours on the oxidative dehydrogenation products (acetaldehyde). Catalytic data also reveal that oligomeric/polymeric tetrahedrally coordinated vanadium species exhibit higher activity in ethanol oxidative dehydrogenation than monomeric complexes. In addition, comparison of the catalytic performance of VO_x/Zr–SBA-15 catalysts with VO_x/SBA-15 catalysts showed that catalytic properties of VO_x/Zr–SBA-15 catalysts can be tuned by incorporation of controlled amount of zirconium into silica framework.     

Iron oxide nanoparticles within the pore system of mesoporous SBA-15 in different acidity: the synthesis and characterization

Direct hydrothermal method is employed for incorporating iron into the pore structure of SBA-15. The resultant materials were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns, N₂ sorption isotherm and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The characterizations of XRD patterns and XPS revealed that iron nanoparticles were present as highly dispersed nanoclusters in the well-ordered mesoporous channels of SBA-15. The characterizations of t-plot reveal only microporous channels of SBA-15 are confirmed to be filled with iron nanoparticles, leaving the mesopores unaffected. The supported material still maintained its ordered mesoporous structure similar to SBA-15 and possessed high surface area, large pore volume and uniform pore size.     

Effect of surface acidity and pore size of Al-substituted plugs-containing SBA-15 and MCM-41 silicas on the polymerization of THF

We reported here the simultaneous influence of surface acidity and pore size of Al-substituted hexagonal mesoporous silicas(Al-doped plugs-containing SBA-15 and Al-doped MCM-41) on polymerization of THF.These materials were directly synthesized by introduced aluminum isopropoxide into reaction mixture including surfactant and siliceous precursor.Al-doped plugs-containing SBA-15(denotes as PAS) samples not only possess typical two-step desorption isotherms,which implied PAS materials generated plugs in their mesochannel,but also exhibit larger pore size and thicker wall than that of Al-doped MCM-41(denotes as ACM), which implied PAS would have a great advantage on catalytic reaction involving large molecular(e.g.polymer of THF) in industrial point of view.To investigate catalytic activity of PAS and ACM with moderate acidic sites the polymerization of THF in the presence of acetic anhydride was carried out.The results showed PAS exhibiting good performance on polymerization of THF.Such result could be related to the large pore size and moderate acidic sites.     

Preparation, Characterization and Catalytic Performance of La-SO42-/SBA-15 in Esterification of Acetic Acid with n-Butanol

La-SO42-/SBA-15 was synthesized with various amounts of lanthanum via incipient-wetness impregnation.Characterization was done by X-ray diffraction(XRD), transmission electron micrographs(TEM), nitrogen adsorption,FTIR spectroscopic analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, and the total amount of acidity of catalyst was estimated by TPD of NH3. The results indicate that lanthanum has been incorporated into SBA-15 molecular sieve. The prepared materials(La-SO42-/SBA-15) keep the highly ordered mesoporous two-dimensional hexagonal structure and do not change the mesoporous channel structure of the support SBA-15. The catalyst showed best catalytic activity in the synthesis of n-butyl acetate. The optimum conditions of the esterification by orthogonal experiments were studied: the molar ratio of n-butanol to acetic acid 1:1.2, the amount of catalyst 7.5%, reaction time 80 min. The yield of n-butyl acetate could reach 93.2% under the optimum conditions. The catalyst was recyclable, cost effective and environmental friendly.     

CuO-SBA-15的表面酸性对燃料油吸附脱硫的影响

固相研磨法是将不同量的活性组分掺入到介孔材料上的一种简单有效的方法.采用该法以焙烧脱模前后的SBA-15为载体分别制备了不同负载量的CuO-SBA-15吸附剂.利用X射线衍射(XRD)、N2物理吸附、傅里叶变换红外(FTIR)等方法表征了吸附剂的物理性质.通过原位红外技术考察了改性前后介孔材料表面羟基的变化.借助吡啶-原位傅里叶变换红外(py-FTIR)技术考察了吸附剂表面的酸类型及相对酸量.采用静态吸附实验评价了吸附剂对催化裂化(FCC)燃料油的吸附脱硫性能.结果表明:CuO是与SBA-15表面的Si―OH结合形成[Si-O-Cu-O-Si]交联从而达到分散的目的;以SBA-15介孔材料(APS)为载体能够有效抑制在焙烧过程中介孔材料表面羟基的缩合,且CuO负载量达到3mmo·lg-1时仍能够均匀分散在载体SBA-15上,而采用焙烧脱模的SBA-15(CS)为载体制备的CuO-SBA-15吸附剂却出现了活性组分团聚现象;吸附剂的酸性与脱硫性能均随着CuO的增加出现先增加后降低的趋势,当CuO负载量达到3mmo·lg-1时吸附剂具有最高的Lewis酸(L酸)酸量及最佳的脱硫性能;吸附剂的L酸酸量与其脱硫性能成正相关关系;另外吸附剂的L酸的形成是由于改性后Cu周围的电荷密度降低引起的.     

以SBA-15为硅源合成多级孔SAPO-11分子筛及其在正十二烷临氢异构化中的应用

以脱除模板剂后的SBA-15为硅源和间接模板剂,在水热条件下制备多级孔SAPO-11分子筛,并通过XRD、SEM、红外光谱、氮气物理吸附-脱附等表征手段对样品的晶相、形貌、酸性和织构性质进行表征。结果表明,以焙烧后的SBA-15为硅源合成出纯相的SAPO-11分子筛,且SBA-15已完全转化。合成的SAPO-11样品呈空心的近方柱体形貌,由宽度为100 nm左右的细条聚集而成,晶粒粒径为1-3 μm。与白炭黑、硅溶胶合成的常规SAPO-11分子筛对比发现,添加SBA-15可在SAPO-11中引入介孔孔道,孔径为5-10 nm,且样品以中强度的Brønsted酸为主,弱Brønsted酸相对较少。以正十二烷为探针分子,考察Pt/SAPO-11催化剂的临氢异构化反应性能。结果表明,多级孔Pt/SAPO-11催化剂具有优良的异构化反应性能。催化剂的高活性和选择性与SAPO-11分子筛的酸性质和孔道结构密切相关,中强度的Brønsted酸量的增加有助于活性提高,同时介孔孔道有利于产物扩散,异构产物的选择性明显提高。     

Influence of the pore structure of MCM-41 and SBA-15 silica fibers on atomic layer chemical vapor deposition of cobalt carbonyl

Mesoporous high surface area MCM-41 and SBA-15 type silica materials with fibrous morphology were synthesized and used as support materials for the ALCVD (atomic layer chemical vapor deposition) preparation of Co/MCM-41 and Co/SBA-15 catalysts. Co/MCM-41 and Co/SBA-15 catalysts were prepared by deposition of Co2(CO)8 from the gas phase onto the surfaces of preheated support materials in a fluidized bed reactor. For both silica materials, two different kinds of preparation methods, direct deposition and a pulse deposition method, were used. Pure silica supports as well as supported cobalt catalysts were characterized by various spectroscopic (IR) and analytical (X-ray diffraction, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller, elemental analysis) methods. MCM-41 and SBA-15 fibers showed considerable ability to adsorb Co2(CO)8 from the gas phase. For MCM-41 and SBA-15 silicas, cobalt loadings of 13.7 and 12.1 wt % were obtained using the direct deposition method. The cobalt loadings increased to 23.0 and 20.7 wt % for MCM-41 and SBA-15 silicas, respectively, when the pulse deposition method was used. The reduction behavior of silica-supported cobalt catalysts was found to depend on the catalyst preparation method and on the mesoporous structure of the support material. Almost identical reduction properties of SBA-15-supported catalysts prepared by different deposition methods are explained by the structural properties of the mesoporous support and, in particular, by the chemical structure of the inner surfaces and walls of the mesopores. Pulse O2/H2 chemisorption experiments showed catalytically promising redox properties and surface stability of the prepared MCM-41- and SBA-15-supported cobalt catalysts.     

Functionalized silica matrices for controlled delivery of cephalexin

The surface of SBA-15 ordered mesoporous silica was functionalized with sulphonic and amine functional groups to determine the effect of changes in surface acidity on cephalexin adsorption and subsequent release. Cephalexin (CPX), which belongs to the group of cephalosporins or β-lactam antibiotics, was impregnated on functionalized SBA-15. The functionalized silica materials were characterized by SEM, TGA, FTIR and N₂ adsorption, and an in vitro drug delivery test was performed. SEM micrographs showed the packed cylinders correspond to SBA 15 materials. Likewise, N₂ adsorption–desorption isotherms demonstrated that the SBA-15 structure was obtained when IV-type isotherms were displayed. The inalterable stabilization of the drug was confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy. For all the samples studied, the delivery profiles exhibit two steps. A fast initial stage was obtained over the first 5 h, followed by a slower one. Regarding this second stage, the time needed to attain a plateau was undoubtedly altered by the surface functionalization.