原子力显微镜在纳米生物材料研究中的应用

在过去的20年里,原子力显微镜(AFM)在纳米生物材料领域有着广泛的应用。AFM可有力地揭示纳米生物材料的表面结构与力学性质,并且可作为纳米加工工具对其进行操作与处理。本文综述了AFM在纳米生物材料中的最新应用进展,包括纳米生物材料的成像与表征,力学性能测量和纳米加工。AFM可用来观察纳米生物材料的表面形貌并对其特征高度和表面粗糙度进行分析,还可对其动态过程进行原位观察。通过AFM相图还可得到有时候高度图无法获取的一些表面特征。AFM力曲线可用于测量针尖与纳米生物材料之间的黏附力及分子内外的相互作用力。AFM纳米压痕技术可用来测量材料的相关力学性质(弹力,杨氏模量,硬度,纳米断裂行为等)。此外,AFM也已经被探索用于精准、可控、可重复地加工纳米生物材料。总之,作为一个强大的纳米技术工具,AFM已成为纳米生物材料相关研究领域的一个理想的表面分析和表面加工工具。     

聚烯烃共混物注射制品的形态控制与多层次结构

从注射制品形态控制和结构表征的角度探讨高分子材料加工-形态-性能之间的关系.研究中采用动态保压成型方法来制备注射样品,在注射成型过程中引入剪切应力场的作用,制得的样品表现出明显的多层次结构,从外向里分别为皮层、剪切层、芯层,表现出不同的相形态、结晶形貌以及取向行为.研究发现,剪切应力对聚烯烃的形态发展和结构变化具有重要影响.在剪切应力的作用下,聚烯烃共混物中分散相会发生变形、取向,从而导致共混物的相转变点发生移动;结晶形态从球晶转变为shish-kebab结构;聚烯烃共混物在高剪切应力下相容,低剪切下发生相分离;HDPE/PP共混物的注射制品中出现附生结晶等现象.     

添加剂和溶剂退火协同优化制备高性能厚膜有机太阳能电池

通过溶剂添加剂1-氯萘(CN)和二硫化碳(CS₂)溶剂退火(SVA)协同优化了基于窄带隙小分子受体的厚膜活性层形貌,揭示了该策略对共混膜形貌的调控机理,研究了其对活性层中的载流子动力学以及器件光伏性能的影响.结果表明,CN添加剂可以有效促进受体材料结晶聚集,CS₂溶剂退火能够进一步提升活性层材料分子堆积的有序性,同时优化给受体材料相分离尺寸,降低共混膜表面的粗糙度,实现了良好的纳米尺寸相分离形貌.基于CN+SVA处理的PM6∶Y6厚膜(300 nm)器件的电荷传输和复合性质得到改善,取得了15.23%的光电转换效率(PCE),显著高于未经处理(PCE=11.75%)和仅用CN处理(PCE=13.48%)的光伏器件.该策略具有良好的适用性,将基于PTQ10∶m-BTP-PhC6器件的光伏性能从13.22%提升至16.92%.     

磁性微纳米材料的功能化及其在食物样品前处理中的应用进展

磁性固相萃取是当前对复杂样品中痕量目标物进行有效分离富集的热门技术,功能化磁性微纳米粒子是该技术应用中的关键材料。本文综述了各种已报道的功能化磁性微纳米材料,总结了包括表面嫁接有机小分子、表面包覆碳或无机氧化物、表面嫁接或包覆聚合物、载体表面或孔道内负载磁性纳米粒子、载体骨架内掺入磁性纳米粒子、物理共混法制备磁性功能材料在内的6种功能化方法,并对功能化磁性微纳米材料在食物样品前处理中的应用进行了简要评述。     

SEBS/PMMA共混物膜的表面和本体形态结构

用扫描电镜(SEM)和原子力显微镜(AFM)研究了两种不同共混比的聚(苯乙烯-嵌-乙烯/丁烯-嵌-苯乙烯)(SEBS)和聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)共混膜的表面形态和相分离行为。结果表明,当膜厚为25μm时,两种共混膜表面均未见明显的相分离形貌,而在膜体相中可见宏观相分离结构。当膜厚为120 nm时,质量比为30/70的共混膜表面可见明显的“海-岛”状宏观相分离;而质量比为60/40的共混膜表面未见明显宏观相分离,仅有少量PMMA小颗粒嵌于SEBS基体中,形成SEBS趋于包裹PMMA微区的稳定“笼型”结构,其尺度属于介观相分离。退火后,两样品膜的体相形态与表面形貌趋于一致,均呈现宏观的相分离结构。     

手性纳米二氧化硅的制备和应用

由于在手性识别、手性分离以及手性催化等领域的潜在应用,手性纳米二氧化硅已经成为介孔二氧化硅材料发展的重要方向之一。人们通过设计不同的模板分子(包括凝胶因子、表面活性剂、嵌段聚合物及生物大分子等)、控制反应过程的参数等方法已经制备出不同形貌和不同功能化的手性纳米二氧化硅,但形貌可控、手性单一的纳米二氧化硅的制备仍然是该领域的极大挑战。本文对近年来手性纳米二氧化硅的制备及其应用的研究进展作一简单概述。     

OTS自组装单分子膜形成过程的AFM研究

研究表明,十八烷基三氯硅烷（octadecyltrichlorosilane,OTS）分子能够在羟基固体基（hydroxylicsubstrate）表面上通过自组装方式形成单分子膜’‘’．这一现象一经发现,便因其在众多研究领域中具有重要的应用价值而得到广泛的关注．但是迄今为止,对OTS在羟基因体基表面上形成自组装单分子膜的反应机理仍不十分清楚,文献中存在许多不同的观点．近年来,原子力显微镜（AtomicForceMicroscope,AFM）技术“‘在众多研究领域中获得了广泛的应用．运用AFM不仅可以获得样品表面纳米级三维结构信息,而且随着实验技术的不断进步,AF…     

聚烯烃共价键接枝纳米材料及其聚烯烃纳米复合材料

聚烯烃纳米复合材料为聚烯烃材料带来广阔的性能提升空间,其研究开发工作引起了人们的广泛关注。聚烯烃共价键接枝纳米材料在制备高性能聚烯烃纳米复合材料方面有重要应用。接枝聚烯烃提高了纳米材料与聚烯烃基体之间的相容性,提供良好的界面作用力,从而有效促进纳米材料在聚烯烃基体中均匀分散、极大提高了聚烯烃纳米复合材料的相关性能。三种途径可以用来制备聚烯烃共价键接枝纳米材料:Graft-onto、Graft-from、Graft-through。Graft-onto方法是端基或侧基功能化聚烯烃与纳米材料表面活性基团或碳结构进行接枝反应的过程。由于功能化聚烯烃具有高度反应活性且方便得到,Graft-onto方法占据了制备聚烯烃共价键接枝纳米材料的主流。Graft-from和Graft-through方法中聚烯烃接枝过程即为烯烃聚合过程,实施较为困难,因而文献报道相对较少。本文对聚烯烃共价键接枝纳米材料的制备及其相应的聚烯烃纳米复合材料的最新研究进展进行了综述,着重讨论了聚烯烃接枝对聚烯烃纳米复合材料性能的影响。所涉及纳米材料包括二氧化硅(零维)、碳纳米管(一维)和石墨烯(二维)。     

聚烯烃后功能化：自由基接枝与碳氢活化

聚烯烃是消费量最大、应用最广泛的合成树脂。在聚烯烃结构中引入少量功能性基团,能够在保持聚烯烃固有优异性能的前提下,赋予聚烯烃极性、反应性、粘接性、抗氧化性、荧光性等多种功能特性,从而得到具有重要应用前景的功能化聚烯烃。后功能化法是制备功能化聚烯烃的主要方法之一。传统熔融自由基接枝(FRG)反应可控性低、副反应多,难以制备结构明确的高接枝量产物。使用新型引发体系,可提高FRG反应可控性,抑制副反应、提高接枝量。相比FRG反应,碳氢活化反应可控性强,可引入的功能性基团品类丰富,可用于高效合成结构明确、无副反应的新颖功能化聚烯烃。本文在简述FRG反应制备功能化聚烯烃的基础上,着重讨论近年来基于碳氢活化反应制备功能化聚烯烃的最新研究进展。     

正常人眼角膜上皮细胞的原子力显微镜观察

应用原子力显微镜(AFM)在单细胞水平上分析了人眼角膜上皮细胞的形貌和机械性质,为进一步探讨人眼角膜上皮细胞结构与功能的关系奠定了基础.将体外培养的人眼角膜上皮细胞用2.5%戊二醛固定,空气中干燥后用原子力显微镜进行观察.从AFM形貌图可知,细胞呈长梭形,膜表面布满颗粒状物质,由AFM附带软件IP2.1的线分析及面分析功能,得到细胞膜表面结构的几何参数,包括高低差Rp-v、均方根粗糙度Rq、平均粗糙度Ra、平均高度Meant Ht.利用AFM高空间分辨的力位移曲线测量系统,可得出细胞膜的粘弹力、硬度和杨氏模量.AFM能对人眼角膜上皮细胞表面的超微结构清晰地成像并提供更多更确切的表面信息,从另一层面增加对眼角膜上皮细胞的认识.     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

Synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives

Different approaches for the synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives from simple amino acids have been investigated. A library of 33 precursors for the preparation of N-hydroxy pyrazinones was obtained in moderate to good yields.     

α-Amino acid derived enaminones and their application in the synthesis of N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates and other heterocycles

A new and simple synthesis of novel N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates, which exist in equilibrium with their 4-oxo tautomers, has been developed in two steps starting from N-protected α-amino acids. The key intermediates are enaminones, which can also be isolated, characterized, and used for the construction of other functionalized heterocycles, before they spontaneously decompose to pyrrole products. 4-Hydroxypyrroles are prone to partial aerial oxidation but can be efficiently alkylated or reduced to stable polysubstituted pyrrolidine derivatives.     

Specific intramolecular aromatic CH insertion of diazosulfonamides

The chemoselectivity in the intramolecular CH insertion of various diazosulfonamides has been experimentally studied. The results reveal that the aliphatic 1,4-, 1,5-, or 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions of diazosulfonamides are not accessible, while the aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion can be realized specifically by adjusting the diazo-adjacent group. In addition, the general chemoselectivities in the intramolecular CH insertions of diazosulfonyl compounds are summarized. Generally, diazosulfones undergo both aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H and aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions, while diazosulfonates undergo aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions. However, diazosulfonamides only undergo aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion.     

A general and convenient synthesis of 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones and their use in amidoalkylation of hydrogen,heteroatom, and carbon nucleophiles

A general synthesis of previously unknown semicarbazone-based α-amidoalkylating reagents, 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones, has been developed. The synthesis involved three-component condensation of semicarbazones of aliphatic or aromatic aldehydes with the same or other aldehydes and p-toluenesulfinic acid. The scope and limitations of this reaction were investigated. The compounds obtained were demonstrated to be an efficient α-(4-semicarbazono)alkylating agents. They were reacted with H- (sodium borohydride), O- (sodium methylate), S- (sodium phenylthiolate), N- (pyrrolidine, sodium succinimide), P- (trialkyl phosphites), and C-nucleophiles (sodium diethyl malonate) to give the corresponding products of the tosyl group substitution, 4-substituted semicarbazones, including analogues of nitrofurazone. Among the prepared compounds tested in vitro for antibacterial and antifungal activity, three nitrofuryl-containing semicarbazones exhibited high biological activities with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 8–32 μg/mL.     

Synthesis of novel chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-N-heterocyclic carbene ligands and their application in palladium-catalyzed Mizoroki–Heck couplings and asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde

A small library of new chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-imidazolium salts 1 is conveniently synthesized on multi-gram scale from inexpensive and commercially available chiral pool amino acids. The corresponding carbenes, generated by deprotonation of imidazolium salts 1, in combination with palladium(II) chloride were tested in the Mizoroki–Heck coupling reaction. The most significant results in terms of yields and reactivities were achieved with low catalyst loading. The catalytic activities of these imidazolium salts were also investigated in the asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde. The use of MgO nanoparticles as an additive in conjunction with these ligands played a crucial role in increasing the efficiency of these reactions.     

Toward new camptothecins. Part 6: Synthesis of crucial ketones and their use in Friedländer reaction

In the context of the preparation of camptothecin and luotonin A analogs, the synthesis of some key keto-precursors and their use in Friedländer condensation are described. This paper also focuses on the stability of these keto intermediates and emphasizes the major differences between indolizinones and pyrroloquinazolinones series. Noteworthy is also the report of some original structures isolated as by-products of some experiments.     

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes: synthesis,characterization and their applications in the C-N coupling and α-arylation of ketones using aryl chlorides

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes 3 were successfully achieved in a one-pot procedure under mild conditions. The structure of 3a was unambiguously confirmed by X-ray single crystal diffraction and it was an active catalyst in the Buchwald-Hartwig amination and α-arylation of ketones even at very low catalyst loadings (0.01?mol%).     

Iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction using terminal alkyne as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines and fused-nitrogen heterocycles

An efficient iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) using terminal alkynes as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of aryl (9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-1-yl)methanones is described. The scope of the protocol includes the total synthesis of Fascaplysin, Eudistomins Y₁ and Y₂. The methodology is extended for preparing pyrrolo[1,2-a]-quinoxaline and indolo[1,5-a]quinoxaline derivatives. The utility of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines was demonstrated by performing palladium-catalyzed β-carboline directed ortho-C(sp2)-H functionalization of the phenyl ring with thiomethyl (SMe) group using DMSO as source and for accessing 4-aryl-canthin-6-ones.     

Facile synthesis of bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones

In this Letter, we described a facile method for constructing fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-one ring system. We employed various methylene-containing carboxylic acids as the substrates and proved that the pyrazolone ring closure requires activated methylene group in intermediate II. Accordingly, a series of structurally diversified, fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones was prepared in moderate to high yields using the requisite substrates.