钢包内钢中稀土夹杂物的特征和行为

出钢时向装13吨钢液的钢包中加入适量的稀土和铝,人为地造成浇注初期发生水口结瘤并堵死。包内钢液自然冷却凝固后,解剖研究凝固钢体,发现钢中稀土夹杂物的特征是:(1)凝钢块的下部三分之一区域内和边缘部份稀土夹杂物较多,中部较少,上半部的中间区域基本上没有稀土夹杂物,(2)上半部中间区域是最后凝固的,其中硫化物(硫化锰)夹杂多,这只能是钢液中稀土夹杂物氧化所致,(3)钢包中的稀土夹杂发生了明显聚集,形成一些较大的聚合体,其形态与在水口结瘤中所见相似,(4)稀土夹杂聚合的主要方式是由小颗粒相互合并成大颗粒,(5)在有稀土夹杂物的区域,愈接近包底夹杂物粒度愈大。     

冷轧无取向硅钢中微细夹杂物的研究

工业试验表明,通过钙处理来控制钢中微细夹杂物的数量,可以降低硅钢片铁损.用金相显微镜、扫描电镜和图像分析仪检验了硅钢片中微细夹杂物类型及数量、尺寸分布,发现＜1μm的微细夹杂物数量占夹杂物总量的98%以上,对无取向硅钢片铁损影响较大的是0.1μM～0.4μM的微细夹杂物,钙处理有利于微细夹杂物的聚合长大.     

钢中大尺寸稀土夹杂物的形成动力学研究

以添加稀土等微合金化元素的5CrNiMo钢为例, 通过电子探针元素面分布分析探讨了钢中大尺寸稀土夹杂物的成分和组成元素的分布规律, 初步探明了稀土夹杂物的形成动力学及形成机制. 研究结果表明: 稀土夹杂物首先以高熔点氧化物和硫化物为核心分别独立形核长大, 然后以稀土所特有的较高表面活性在液相和凝固过程中相结合, 最终细小分散的稀土夹杂物合并成一个大尺寸的稀土夹杂物.     

连铸结晶器喂稀土处理的碳锰钢夹杂物研究

为研究钢中添加稀土带来的夹杂物问题,采用金相夹杂物评级、电解夹杂分析以及电子探针和扫描电镜观察分析,对经稀土处理的微合金化碳锰钢夹杂物进行了研究.结果表明,采用铝脱氧和RH真空充分脱气的微合金化碳锰钢,经连铸结晶器喂稀土处理后,钢中的A,B,C,D类夹杂物分别不大于1.0级、1.5级、0.5级、1.5级,氧化物夹杂总量约为0.0030%.试验钢中主要形成球状稀土硫化物,同时还形成有链状"稀土硫化物包围氧化铝"的复合夹杂物,而稀土氧化物难以生成.     

HP295钢中含铈夹杂物形成的实验及热力学研究

采用LaCrO3高温管式炉重熔HP295钢,向钢液中加入不同量的Ce进行脱氧,用SEM及EDS对钢中含Ce夹杂物进行分析,并对Ce-Al-O-S系进行热力学计算。实验结果显示,含Ce夹杂物主要为不规则的Ce2O3和近球形的Ce2O2S,大部分夹杂物尺寸小于5μm。热力学计算表明,含Ce夹杂物的形成主要受钢液中[O],[S]及[Al]S含量的影响,本实验条件下主要形成Ce2O3和Ce2O2S夹杂物;当钢液中Ce与Al的活度比≥0.08时,Al2O3可转变为CeAlO3夹杂物。     

35CrNi3MoV钢中稀土夹杂物生成的热力学计算

通过热力学计算分析了夹杂物生成的条件与顺序,予见了35CrNi3M,VRE 钢中的夹杂物。理论计算结果与实验观察完全一致,证实了热力学计算可以予报钢中夹杂物的类型。     

稀土对60CrMnMo热轧辊钢夹杂物形态的影响

采用扫描电镜和金相显微镜对不同稀土加入量的60CrMnMo热轧辊钢夹杂物的大小、变形系数和数量进行了研究。实验结果表明:60CrMnMo钢中加入稀土后,大颗粒的夹杂物明显减少;长条状的硫化锰被等轴状的稀土硫化物所代替;当稀土加入量在0.01wt％～0.05wt％时,夹杂物的数量最少;加入量超过0.10wt％后,夹杂物数量略有增加,即稀土加入量过多,反而会增加钢中夹杂物的数量。     

硫化锰夹杂物面积与激光诱导击穿光谱信号强度关系的统计分析

在风电主轴上制取金相试样(材料牌号34CrNiMo6),用激光诱导击穿光谱仪(LIBS)扫描分析了抛光表面上S、Mn、Fe、Cr、Mo、Si和Al等元素的二维分布。使用金相显微镜对比扫描分析前后的金相照片,提取了各烧蚀点覆盖区域的MnS夹杂物形貌,获得了S和Mn两元素异常信号分布特征及对应激发区域内的MnS夹杂物面积数据,分析了夹杂物面积与信号强度之间的关系。结果表明,S和Mn两元素基本都在相同位置出现异常信号,且两元素的异常信号强度具有明显的线性相关性,材料中的MnS夹杂物是引发S和Mn出现异常信号的最主要来源,并且MnS夹杂物面积与S和Mn两元素的异常信号强度之间存在较强的线性相关性,可以通过对异常信号的分析来识别MnS夹杂物并确定其尺寸及分布状态。通过建立简化物理模型,计算了MnS夹杂物面积与S和Mn两元素含量之间的关系,在低含量段,得到了夹杂物面积与S和Mn两元素含量之间近似呈线性关系的结果,进而验证了S和Mn两元素异常信号强度与MnS夹杂物面积之间线性相关的实验结果。分析认为,元素的宏微观偏析、夹杂物面积测量的偏差、预剥蚀导致的夹杂物剥落等因素都会对夹杂物面积与信号强度之间的线性统计关系产生影响。     

特殊钢中稀土变质夹杂物行为研究

通过加入稀土金属(Ce),研究不同稀土含量对变质夹杂物的影响。发现在洁净度较高的A l脱氧特殊钢中稀土能够使氧化铝、硫化锰夹杂变质并能形成硬度较低的铝酸稀土夹杂物。研究结果表明:当稀土含量Ce15 ppm时,钢中没有稀土夹杂物;当15 ppm≤Ce≤140 ppm时,能够生成稀土铝氧化物和稀土硫氧化物夹杂物;当Ce140 ppm时,夹杂物进一步转变为稀土铝氧化物和稀土氧硫化物的复合夹杂物,并有部分稀土氧硫化物和稀土硫化物,夹杂物的尺寸也随着增大。热力学分析计算表明:在[O],[S]含量较低的前提下,Ce变质A l2O3所需的条件是aCe.aA-l1=0.145,当[A l%]=0.01~0.03时,对应溶解的稀土含量[Ce]=22~67 ppm。     

激光诱导击穿光谱法对钢中夹杂物类型的表征

激光诱导击穿光谱( LIBS)不仅可以对材料整体成分进行分析,还可进行微区及成分分布分析。本实验采用激光诱导击穿光谱对两牌号钢铁样品进行扫描分析,尝试对34CrNiMo6钢中的MnS夹杂物和重轨钢中的Si-Al-Ca-Mg复合夹杂物进行表征。结果表明,34CrNiMo6钢中元素信号的二维强度分布及元素通道合成后,个别位置Mn及S两元素的信号强度同时异常高,可确定试样中存在较多MnS夹杂物;重轨钢中元素的二维强度分布及元素通道合成后,个别位置Si、Ca、Mg及Al元素的信号同时异常高,可确定试样中存在Si-Al-Ca-Mg复合夹杂物。采用扫描电子显微镜/能谱法( SEM/EDS)对上述样品中夹杂物的对比分析结果表明,两种方法对夹杂物类型的判定结果一致。     

Cathodoluminescence analysis of nonmetallic inclusions of nitrides in steel

Identification of nitride inclusions such as boron nitride (BN) and aluminum nitride (AlN) is important in the steelmaking industry because BN inclusions deteriorate the creep strength of ferritic heat-resistant steel, and AlN inclusions cause transverse cracking in twin-induced-plasticity steel. The conventional method employed for the analysis of such inclusions in steel comprises both optical microscopy and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), which is the time-consuming. The aim of this study is to investigate the application of cathodoluminescence (CL) analysis (both images and spectra) to the rapid identification of BN and AlN inclusions. Measurement samples were prepared by heating mixtures of 99 mass% Fe and 1 mass% B or Al powders at 1550°C in a nitrogen atmosphere. BN inclusions larger than 5 μm and AlN inclusions 20 μm in size were identified within 1 second on the basis of their luminescence color (blue-violet for BN and blue for AlN) in the CL images. We demonstrated that BN, AlN, and alumina inclusions could be identified from their CL spectra without the conventional method of EPMA. Capturing a CL image can provide a means of rapidly identifying BN and AlN inclusions in steel. We also carried out CL analysis on a sample containing TiN inclusions which can trigger cleavage fracture in low-carbon steels. No luminescence was detected in the CL image, and there were no CL spectral peaks, indicating that it is difficult to apply CL analysis to the identification of TiN inclusions.     

AES and SIMS analysis of non-metallic inclusions in a low-carbon Chromium-steel

In the final step of secondary metallurgical steel processing, calcium is added. Besides Mg, Ca is the most powerful deoxidiser and desulfurisation agent. It reacts with dissolved oxygen and sulfur and reduces oxides and sulfides thereby forming non-metallic inclusions. Within this paper we present the analysis of such inclusions in a low-carbon chromium-steel. Depending on the time of quenching of the steel sample, different structures were revealed by REM, Auger and SIMS: If the steel was quenched immediately after Ca-addition, non-metallic inclusions that appeared to have "cavities" could be detected with SEM. SIMS investigations of these particles showed ring-shaped structures and revealed that the ring is made up of Al, Ca, Mg, O and S. No secondary ions however could be retrieved from the core inside the ring, thus leaving the nature of the "cavities" unclear. If the steel sample was quenched 3 min after Ca addition, inclusions did not have a ring-shaped structure but a compact one.     

稀土复合变质对新型铸造热锻模具钢组织与性能的影响

研究了稀土复合变质对新型铸造热锻模具钢（CHD钢）组织与性能的组织。结果表明，稀土复合变质能细化晶粒，并且随着稀土量的增加。细化效果明显；加入适量的稀土复合变质后，夹杂物数量明显减少，夹杂物趋于球化并均匀地分布在钢中，形态和分布得以了改善，向钢中加入稀土进行复合变质，能促进贝氏体、奥氏体和位错亚结构的形成，细化马氏体板条。当残留稀土含量为0.02%时，CHD钢的硬度、强度变化不大，断裂韧性（KIC）和疲劳裂纹扩展门槛值（△Kth）有所提高，冲击韧性、延伸率、断面收缩率提高了近一倍，抗热疲劳性能也最好。     

Qualitative and quantitative determination of micro-inclusions by automated SEM/EDX analysis

With the help of an automated SEM/EDX analysis system non-metallic micro-inclusions in steel can be detected on a metallographically prepared surface area. The system makes it possible to determine position, size, shape and composition of each particle. Usually more than 1000 inclusions are found on one scan area. Therefore a new offline evaluation method has been developed to classify the large amount of inclusions and calculate specific size and shape data. A summary sheet is created to show the area contents and the mean values of all important properties for each class. Size and XY distributions as well as binary and ternary phase diagrams are drawn to depict the results. The strengths of this analytical technique are demonstrated by evaluation of an LC (low-carbon) steel. Alumina, common spinel, sulfide and oxisulfide inclusions could be identified as dominant inclusion types in LC steel.     

稀土型铁素体不锈钢430组织及韧性研究

以铁素体不锈钢430为研究对象,通过添加0.06%稀土,可改善铁素体不锈钢430的凝固组织,使凝固组织中的柱状晶区域减小,等轴晶区扩大;可改变铁素体不锈钢430中夹杂物的形貌、组分和分布,夹杂物由脆性夹杂改性为塑性夹杂,同时夹杂物的尺寸减少;有利于铁素体不锈钢430热轧板组织的改善,晶粒进一步细化,晶粒度由6级提高到8级;可改变铁素体不锈钢430的冲击断口形貌,断口形貌由脆性解理断口向韧性断口转变。     

电化学方法研究X120管线钢氢致裂纹行为

采用Davanathan-Stachursky双电池渗氢装置研究了X120试验管线钢中电化学氢渗透动力学行为,运用电化学充氢方法对X120管线钢进行预制微裂纹,采用SEM观察钢中夹杂物及其与氢致裂纹（HIC）形成的关系。 实验结果表明,随着充氢电流密度的增大,饱和阳极电流I∞、氢扩散通量J∞、氢有效扩散系数Deff均逐渐增大;HIC萌生与钢中夹杂物化学成分有关,X120管线钢中主要含有Al、Mn的硫化物、氧化物夹杂,氮化钛、铌的复合夹杂以及Ca-Al-O-S的混合物夹杂,HIC更易于在含Al、Mn的夹杂物处萌生及形成,且裂纹形核后一般沿轧制方向生长。     

稀土氧化物提高中高碳钢堆焊试样抗开裂性机制的研究

采用5CrNiMo热锻模具钢作为研究对象，分析了堆焊试样上的裂纹形貌，测定了堆焊残余应力场并进行了数值模拟。在此基础上，分析了稀土氧化物改善堆焊金属结晶组织和变质夹杂物的作用。结果表明：堆焊裂纹主要在粗大的树枝晶之间、夹杂物和热影响区粗大奥氏体晶粒处形成，并且，在堆焊金属中心和热影响区残余拉应力作用下扩展。堆焊金属中加入稀土氧化物能细化一次柱状晶组织；变质夹杂物。同时，降低堆焊金属马氏体相变温度，从而降低上述危险部位的拉应力峰值。     

Effect of hydrostatic extrusion on passivity breakdown on 303 austenitic stainless steel in chloride solution

The stability of the passive film formed on austenitic 303 stainless steel in the as-received state and after severe plastic deformation by hydrostatic extrusion (HE) leading to nanostructurization was investigated in an aggressive environment containing Cl⁻ ions by anodic polarization. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and stereological image analysis were used to examine structural changes introduced by HE. Surface analytical techniques such as light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), and scanning Auger microscopy (SAM) were used to characterize the morphology, grain size, and chemistry of the surface, including local characterization of nonmetallic inclusions and their surface before and after HE. SAM analysis revealed discontinuities of the passive oxide film on MnS inclusions. TEM and scanning transmission electron microscopy examinations confirm a drastic reduction of grain size accompanied by a distinct refinement of the size of sulfide inclusions in the HE matrix. These changes in the HE 303 stainless steel are apparently responsible for its reduced pitting resistance compared to the as-received material. Contribution to the Fall Meeting of the European Materials Research Society, Symposium D: 9th International Symposium on Electrochemical–Chemical Reactivity of Metastable Materials, Warsaw, 17th–21st September, 2007.     

稀土对钛合金钢的析出与组织性能的影响

概述了稀土在钢中的研究现状,并重点说明了稀土在钛合金钢中的作用机制及对钢的组织与性能的影响。稀土加入钢中后起到细化了组织晶粒、净化钢液、细化夹杂的作用,改善了钢的力学性能、抗腐蚀性等性能;稀土加入含钛钢中后,对含钛第二相以及组织与性能起到一定积极作用,细小的TiN与TiC颗粒经常用于改善晶粒大小和改善钢的切削韧性和耐磨性等特点,对奥氏体晶粒的细化程度更加明显,促进了含细小钛第二相的富集、夹杂的弥散分布、夹杂的球化等,更为有效的改善钢的组织与性能。