色谱峰形参数σ、τ与保留值间线性关系的新探讨

本文从质量平衡理论出发考察了色谱参数对柱末端谱带的σ、τ值的影响。结果表明柱末端以长度为量纲的σ、τ值在不同的k′下基本为常数,柱末端的σ值较τ值为大,这也说明在色谱柱内的色谱谱带也并非是完全对称的高斯峰。而柱外因素对σ的影响比对τ的影响要小得多。本文认为导致色谱图上以时间为量纲的σ、τ值与保留值间的线性关系主要由柱末端过程所产生。     

常规二脉冲叠加四阶跃微分伏安法研究—准可逆电极过程的…

推导并验证了新型阶跃伏安技术－常规二脉冲叠加四阶跃微分伏安法准可逆电极过程的理论电流方程式，同时研究了各项参数如扫描增量（Ｅａ）、脉冲高度（△Ｅ）、传递系数（α）对峰电流函数（ψｐ）、峰电流（ｉｐ）、峰电位（Ｅｐ）和半峰宽（Ｗ１／２）的影响。运用理论ψｐ－１ｇｋｓ图和单纯形优化计算测量了Ｆｅ（ＣＮ）＾３－６／Ｆｅ（ＣＮ）＾４－ｙ－ＫＣｌ及Ｚｎ（Ⅱ）／Ｚｎ（Ｈｇ）－ＮａＮＯ３体系的ｋｓ及α值，结果与     

毛细管电泳-电致化学发光测定诺氟沙星的研究

基于诺氟沙星对联吡啶钌在铂电极上的电致发光信号有增敏作用，与毛细管电泳结合，建立了一种测定诺氟沙星的电化学发光分析新方法。研究了工作电极电位、磷酸盐缓冲液浓度及其pH值、进样电压和进样时间等实验参数对诺氟沙星测定的影响。在优化的实验条件下，其浓度线性范围为0．02～10μmol／L；检出限（3σ）为0.0048μmol／L；峰面积的相对标准偏差为2．6％（1．0μmol／L，n=11）。本法可直接用于尿液中诺氟沙星（NFLX）含量的测定。回收率为92．7％～97．9％，结果满意。     

流动体系高性能电流检测器的改进

采用在工作电极（ＷＥ）及辅助电极（ＣＥ）室衬垫尼龙网布的方法改进了本教研室提 出的 ＷＥ与ＣＥ正对面放置型的电流检测［１］。在进样 １００ μＬ样品（Ｂｒ－），流速２ ｍＬ／ｍｉｎ，检 测器电解效率达１８．９％，浓度电流线性范围为１０－２～１０－８ｍｏｌ／Ｌ，重复进样相对标准偏差小 于１％。     

流动注射分析系统混合釜数的测量

根据串联釜模型，提出一个计算流动注分析系统混合釜数的关系式，此关系式为１＝１１．０９（ｔｐ／Ｗ０．２５）＾２＋１．１５式中，ａ为系统混合釜数，Ｗ０．２５为由系统所得响应曲线峰高１．４处的峰宽，ｔｐ为响应曲线起峰点至极大处所经历的时间。     

色谱峰形参数σ、τ与保留值间线性关系的新探讨

 ]本文从质量平衡理论出发考察了色谱参数对柱末端谱带的σ、τ又的影响。结果表明柱末端以长度为量纲的σ、值在不同的k'下基本为常数，柱末端的σ值较值为大，这也说明在色谱柱内的色谱谱带也并非是完全对称的高斯峰。而柱外因素对σ的影响比对的影响要小得多。本文认为导致色谱图上以时间为量纲的     

液相色谱动力学过程的研究——色谱参数对σ、τ与保留值间的线性关系的考察

本文在C、Horvath建立的液相色谱柱内质量平衡的基础上考虑到柱外效应的影响,建立起整个色谱系统的质量平衡模型、并求得了色谱系统的一阶距,二、三阶中心距的表达式。同时,通过指数修正的高斯模型中描述色谱峰展宽的参数σ和拖尾因子τ与二、三阶中心距的关系,详细地考察了色谱参数D_m,k_d,d_p和检测池体积对我们以所报导的c、 与保留值之间线性关系的影响。结果表明在一般高效柱液相色谱系统中,σ、τ与保留值间线性关系是成立的,但在K′值小于0.5时与线性关系有一定的偏差;柱外效应对τ的影响比对σ的影响大得多。     

真实峰数及气相色谱的其它柱效参数

以半峰宽与保留数据的线性关系为基础,对真实峰数ＲＰＮ（ＲｅａｌＰｅａｋＮｕｍｂｅｒ）与其它柱效参数作了比较与讨论。指出用无限大容量比理论板数Ｎ＿（ｉｎｆ）不能真实反映有限容量比区间的柱效。由于柱温变化,用有效板数Ｎ＿（ｅｆｆ）评价柱效有不确切性。ＴＺ＿（１０）是一个较好的参数,但对峰宽线性关系作了较大地简化。而ＲＰＮ与ＴＺ＿（１０）具有同样的物理意义,对峰宽变化未作任何简化处理,是一个较完善的柱效参数。由不同极性同系物所得的ＲＰＮ与ＴＺ＿（１０）都没有显著差别。     

痕量铅的在线SHA离子交换预浓度流动注射原子吸收测定

采用羟基磷灰石微型柱的流动注射系统与火焰原子吸收光谱联结对工业废水中铅进行预浓集测定。在进样时，被分析物沉积在羟基磷灰石微型柱上，并通过注射半胱氨酸（碱性条件下）予以洗脱。该方法成功地应用于工业废水的分析。通过回收实验，标准物质分析等方法评价了准确度。４ｍｌ样品体积的检测限：为４μｇ／Ｌ（４ｍＬ／ｍｉｎ），进样时间１ｍｉｎ，２μｇ／ｍＬ和０．２μｇ／ｍＬ含量测定的相对标准偏差分别为１．５％和２．２     

邻苯二甲醛柱前衍生反相高效液相色谱法测定人和小鼠血浆中的游离氨基酸

以邻苯二甲醛（ＯＰＡ）／３－巯基丙酸（３－ＭＰＡ）为衍生试剂，手动柱前衍生，ＯＤＳ（十八基硅烷）柱分离；以磷酸盐缓冲液（ｐＨ７２）配制流动相，二元一级线性梯度洗脱，紫外３４０ｎｍ检测，在４０ｍｉｎ内分离测定了人和小鼠血浆中２１种游离氨基酸的含量。方法准确可靠，２１种氨基酸保留时间和峰面积的相对标准偏差分别为００９％～０３８％和１５％～４９％（ｎ＝８），氨基酸的进样量为０１～１６ｎｍｏｌ时，峰面积与进样量之间的线性相关系数为０９９６～０９９９，标准加入回收率为９３３％～１０５９％。     

Constant pressure-assisted electrokinetic injection for on-line enhanced detection of monophthalates in capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry with application to human urine

Electrophoresis characteristics of several monophthalates in the sample zone and EOF variation in a fused-silica capillary column during a constant pressure-assisted electrokinetic injection (PAEKI) in an on-line CE-MS were studied in an effort to reconcile the mobility theory and field amplification with the enhancement achieved in present work. Influences of capillary length on the amount injected using PAEKI were investigated in detail and except for the injection time, the amount injected was found to increase linearly with capillary column length. A longer capillary provides a longer linear increase time range with PAEKI injection. The results show that smaller m/z analytes generate a large enhancement power using PAEKI, which is in agreement with the mobility theory. ACN was used as an example to investigate influences of organic additives on the amount injected and was found to decrease the amount injected with PAEKI injection, which is in agreement with an increase of resistivity in running buffer by organic additives. The peak width obtained with PAEKI injection proved to be independent of the amount injected. The band size of the sample zone was estimated by comparison with conventional hydrodynamic injection. A 240 s PAEKI injection achieved the same size of sample zone as a 2 s of hydrodynamic injection. Existance of two ion layers around the boundary of the buffer and sample solutions in sample zone was hypothesized to contribute the narrow sample zone with a long time of PAEKI injection. With a 240 s on-line PAEKI injection in CZE-MS, five monophthalates were enriched several hundred times without compromise in their separation efficiency and peak shape. With appropriate sample cleanup, PAEKI was applied to the analysis of monophthalates in urine samples, achieving detection limits ranging between 0.53 and 1.3 ng/mL.     

The use of a short-end injection procedure to achieve improved performance in capillary electrophoresis

Summary Minimum capillary lengths on commercial instruments are fixed and cannot be decreased further. To effectively reduce the capillary length used for separation the sample can be injected from the end of the capillary nearest the detector. This procedure is known as a short-end injection and can reduces analysis times by at least two-thirds compared to conventional injections. The time reduction benefits are shown in rapid separations of basic drugs, drug-related impurities and chiral compounds. Short-end injections, in combination with both increased electrolyte strength and reduced voltage are an effective approach to reducing the detrimental impact of high sample solution ionic strength. They can also lead to improved resolution by increasing stacking effects and reducing peak tailing. Peak area and migration time precision obtained are shown to be equivalent to those obtained for conventional injection procedures. It is concluded that short-end injections should be considered for routine operation as they are a useful means of reducing analysis time, increasing sensitivity, decreasing buffer depletion effects. They also allow use of higher electrolyte strengths which can improve resolution and reduce peak tailing, and can overcome significant problems which occur when analysing samples containing high salt contents.     

毛细管区带电泳法分离白花丹参中主要的水溶性活性成分

为建立一种快速分离白花丹参水溶性有效成分的毛细管区带电泳体系,分别考察了缓冲液浓度、缓冲液pH、运行电压、检测波长对样品的分离度、迁移时间等因素的影响。最终优化的分离条件为:5 mmol/L硼砂缓冲液（pH 7.5）;毛细管柱75 μm×60.2 cm,有效长度50 cm,压力进样(3.45 kPa×4 s),27.5 kV恒压分离,210 nm波长下检测,柱温25 ℃。在优化的条件下,8 min内使白花丹参样品中的原儿茶醛、丹参素、原儿茶酸组分达到完全基线分离。     

Analysis of colistin sulfate by capillary zone electrophoresis with cyclodextrins as additive

A method for the quantitative analysis of colistin sulfate by capillary zone electrophoresis is described. Since colistin components have five free amino groups, they tend to adsorb onto the capillary wall and cause peak tailing. It was found that triethanolamine (TEA)-phosphate buffer at pH 2.5 was useful to reduce such adsorption. Methyl-beta-cyclodextrin (M-beta-CD) and 2-propanol (IPA) were found necessary for selectivity enhancement. In order to optimize the separation parameters and predict the method robustness, a central composite design was performed including three variables, namely concentration of M-beta-CD, TEA, and IPA. The effects of capillary length and applied voltage on separation were also investigated. The optimal conditions established were: 140 mM TEA-phosphate buffer containing 5 mM M-beta-CD and 6% v/v IPA, a capillary with 55 cm total length (50 microm inner diameter, 47 cm from inlet to detection window) and 24 kV applied voltage. The method was found to be robust when the variables were changed in the following range: 4-6 mM M-beta-CD, 5-7% v/v IPA, and 130-150 mM TEA. Further, the linearity, limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantitation (LOQ), as well as repeatability for both colistin A and B were examined and three commercial samples were quantitatively analyzed.     

糖类衍生物在毛细管区带电泳下的分离研究

以新合成的1-萘基-3-甲基-5-吡唑啉酮(NMP)为柱前衍生试剂,采用毛细管区带电泳模式考察并优化了糖类衍生物的分离条件。实验采用58.5cm×50μmi.d.毛细管(有效柱长50cm),55mmol/L硼酸盐缓冲溶液(pH9.46),柱温20℃,分离电压22kV,进样10s,在不加任何添加剂的情况下,高效、快速地实现了9种糖的基线分离,并在最优化条件下进行了唐古特白刺实际样品的分离分析,结果令人满意。     

藏药蕨麻多糖水解单糖的毛细管区带电泳分离研究

以1-萘基-3-甲基-5-吡唑啉酮(NMP)为柱前衍生试剂,探讨了毛细管区带电泳模式下对藏药蕨麻多糖水解液中单糖的分离条件。实验采用58.5 cm×50μm i.d.毛细管(有效长度50 cm),55 mmol/L硼酸盐缓冲溶液(pH=9.46),柱温20℃,分离电压22 kV,进样10 s。该法不加任何添加剂,9种单糖可高效、快速基线分离,实现了对藏药蕨麻多糖水解液中单糖的分离和定量分析,结果令人满意。     

Graphene oxide‐SiO2 hybrid nanostructure as coating material for capillary electrochromatography

Graphene oxide (GO) has been considered as a promising stationary phase for chromatographic separation. However, the very strong adsorption of the analytes on the GO surface lead to the severe peak tailing, which in turn resulting in decreased separation performance. In this work, GO and silica nanoparticles hybrid nanostructures (GO/SiO₂ NPs@column) were coated onto the capillary inner wall by passing the mixture of GO and silica sol through the capillary column. The successful of coating of GO/SiO₂ NPs onto the capillary wall was confirmed by SEM and electroosmotic flow mobilities test. By partially covering the GO surface with silica nanoparticles, the peak tailing was decreased greatly while the unique high shape selectivity arises from the surface of remained GO was kept. Consequently, compared with the column modified with GO (GO@column), the column modified with GO and silica nanoparticles through layer‐by‐layer method (GO‐SiO₂ NPs@column), or the column modified with silica nanoparticles (SiO₂ NPs@column), GO/SiO₂ NPs@column possessed highest resolutions. The GO/SiO₂ NPs@column was applied to separate egg white and both acidic and basic proteins as well as three glycoisoforms of ovalbumin were separated in a single run within 36 min. The intra‐day, inter‐day, and column‐to‐column reproducibilities were evaluated by calculating the RSDs of the retention of naphthalene and biphenyl in open‐tubular capillary electrochromatography. The RSD values were found to be less than 7.1%.     

毛细管区带电泳法拆分匹伐他汀钙对映体

建立了匹伐他汀钙对映体的毛细管区带电泳(CZE)拆分方法。分别考察了电泳电压,缓冲溶液种类、浓度及pH值,环糊精种类及浓度,添加剂种类及浓度等参数对实验结果的影响,从而确定了匹伐他汀钙对映体的最佳拆分条件: 电泳电压为18 kV;运行缓冲溶液为80 mmol/L的Tris-HCl缓冲体系,pH值为3.20,其中含有50 mmol/L HP-β-CD(羟丙基-β-环糊精)和5 mmol/L SDS(十二烷基磺酸钠);采用重力进样,进样高度17 cm,进样时间为2 s。在优化的实验条件下,匹伐他汀钙对映体得到了较好的分离,分离度可达2.17。实验结果表明该方法可用于匹伐他汀钙对映体的分离,具有快速、便捷、准确性好等优点。     

Analysis of bacitracin by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography with mixed micelle in acidic solution

A method used for quantitative analysis of bacitracin with micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MEKC) is described. As capillary zone electrophoresis gave poor separation selectivity, MEKC was preferable. It was found that a zwitterionic surfactant, 3-(N,N-dimethylhexadecylammonium)-propanesulfonate (PAPS) gave the best selectivity among the several surfactants studied. As the analytes tend to adsorb onto the capillary wall due to their positive charge, an acidic solution composed of Tris-phosphate buffer at pH 2.5 was necessary to diminish such adsorption. The peak tailing caused by relatively strong ion pair interaction between the analyte and PAPS micelle could be reduced by adding nonionic surfactant Brij 35 to the PAPS solution. This phenomenon is possibly explained by a mixed micelle mechanism. In order to obtain the optimal conditions and to test the method robustness, a central composite experimental design was performed. The optimal conditions are as follows: 44 cm length of fused-silica capillary with 50 microm inner diameter, 90 mM Tris-phosphate buffer (pH 2.5) containing 17 mM PAPS and 0.3% w/v-Brij 35, 18 kV applied voltage, UV detection at 192 nm and 25 degrees C column temperature. Under the optimal conditions, more than 50 peaks could be obtained in 30 min. The method had a linearity range from 1 to 0.05 mg/mL (concentration of bacitracin A). The limit of quantitation (LOQ) and limit of detection (LOD) were 0.005 and 0.0012 mg/mL, respectively.     

Determination of clozapine by capillary zone electrophoresis following end-column amperometric detection with simplified capillary/electrode alignment

Capillary zone electrophoresis was employed for the determination of clozapine using an end-column amperometric detection at a carbon fiber array microdisk electrode with simplified capillary/electrode alignment. The optimum conditions of separation and detection are: Britton-Robinson buffer, pH 2.0 (1.3 x 10(-2) mol/L total concentration of acids, 3.2 x 10(-3) mol/L NaOH), 15 kV for separation voltage, 5 kV and 10 s for injection voltage and injection time, respectively. The limit of detection is 4.2 x 10(-7) mol/L or 1.2 fmole (signal to noise, S/N = 2). The relative standard deviation is 1.4% for the migration time and 2.5% for the electrophoretic peak current. The method was applied to the determination of clozapine in human blood. The recovery of the method is between 94-104%.