Ni基催化剂在邻甲酚原位加氢反应中的催化性能

采用等体积浸渍法制备了一系列负载型Ni基催化剂,利用XRD、H2-TPR、NH3-TPD 等技术表征了催化剂的理化特性,考察了载体（CMK-3、SiO2ZrO2、MgO、Al2O3）、助剂（Cu、Ce、Fe）对Ni基催化剂理化特性的影响,测试了230 oC、0.1 MPa冷压下催化剂对邻甲酚原位加氢反应的性能．结果表明,在负载型镍基催化剂作用下,甲醇水相重整制氢反应可以与邻甲酚的原位加氢反应相耦合;以CMK-3为载体的催化剂活性明显优于其他三种载体,邻甲酚的转化率为45.35%;助剂的添加对催化剂性能影响显著,Fe 的引入使原位加氢体系的转化率降至40.49%,助剂Ce、Cu的加入提高了Ni/CMK-3催化剂的原位加氢反应性能,转化率分别提高至64.6%、66.8%,Cu的添加改变了产物的分布,在产物中出现了新产物甲苯;同时探讨原位加氢反应路径及反应机理．     

磷酸铈对磷化镍催化苯酚转移加氢的促进作用

通过氢气原位程序升温还原法制备了一系列不同Ce/Ni摩尔比的CePO₄-Ni₃P及Ni₃P催化剂, 考察了其在苯酚催化转移加氢反应的催化性能. 研究了Ce/Ni摩尔比、 供氢溶剂、 反应温度和反应时间对催化剂性能的影响, 并初步考察了苯酚转移加氢的反应动力学. 研究结果表明, CePO₄的加入能显著提升体相Ni₃P催化苯酚转移加氢的转化率, 且Ce/Ni摩尔比为0.2时促进作用最显著; 在所考察的供氢溶剂中异丙醇展现出最好的性能; 使用CePO₄(0.2)-Ni₃P作为反应催化剂, 异丙醇作为供氢溶剂, 220 ℃下反应6 h, 苯酚转化率和环己醇选择性分别可达93.1%和92.0%.     

木质素降解模型化合物愈创木酚及苯酚原位加氢制备环己醇

以Raney Ni为催化剂,研究了甲醇水相重整制氢与木质素降解模型化合物愈创木酚／苯酚加氢的耦合反应.考察了反应前冷压、反应温度、反应时间、物料配比等条件对木质素降解模型化合物原位加氢反应性能的影响,并对影响机制进行了讨论.结果表明,在反应温度为220 ℃、反应前冷压0 MPa(表压)、物料比水／甲醇／模型化合物为20∶5∶0.8的条件下,反应7 h后愈创木酚转化率与环己醇选择性分别达99.00％和93.74％,反应12 h后苯酚的转化率与环己醇选择性分别达90.50％和99.29％.采用原位加氢反应,木质素降解的酚类模型化合物转化率和选择性明显优于外部供氢反应的转化率和选择性,同时,避免了外部供氢反应存在的氢气制备、储存、传输及加氢条件苛刻等问题,为木质素解聚产物制备化工品提供了新思路与实验基础.     

镍负载量对邻氯硝基苯加氢制邻氯苯胺Ni/TiO2催化剂性能的影响

 用等体积浸渍法制备了一系列不同镍负载量的负载型Ni/TiO2催化剂,并将其应用于邻氯硝基苯加氢制邻氯苯胺的反应. 采用N2吸附、 X射线衍射、程序升温还原、透射电镜、 H2化学吸附及间歇加压釜式反应器活性评价等方法,考察了镍负载量对Ni/TiO2催化剂的物化性质及邻氯硝基苯加氢反应性能的影响. 结果表明,随着镍负载量的增加, Ni/TiO2催化剂上邻氯硝基苯的转化率逐渐提高; 当镍负载量超过30%时,催化剂的活性和选择性不再明显变化. 当催化剂中镍负载量高于20%时,在温度343 K、 氢压1.0 MPa和催化剂/邻氯硝基苯质量比1/10的条件下反应210 min后,邻氯硝基苯的转化率和邻氯苯胺的选择性均高于99%, 催化剂具有良好的应用前景. 分析表明,影响Ni/TiO2催化剂性能的主要因素为催化剂表面镍晶粒的活性表面积以及载体TiO2与金属镍之间的强相互作用.     

甲醇水相重整制氢原位还原苯乙酮制备α-苯乙醇

在液相状态下,吸热的甲醇水相重整制氢反应和放热的苯乙酮液相加氢反应可使用相同类型的催化剂,并在相近的反应温度和压力条件下进行.据此,提出利用甲醇水相重整制氢原位还原苯乙酮制备α-苯乙醇,将两个反应偶合形成一种新的苯乙酮加氢还原方法,即苯乙酮液相原位加氢还原法.通过这种偶合,在Raney Ni催化剂作用下实现了羰基的高选择性还原(α-苯乙醇选择性可达95%),同时水相重整过程中甲醇的转化率和氢的选择性也得到明显提高.实验结果表明,反应条件是影响苯乙酮原位加氢反应性能的重要因素;优化反应的温度、压力、苯乙酮浓度和原料配比可以提高甲醇水相重整制氢选择性和羰基加氢选择性.     

Ni/Al_2O_3催化2-甲基呋喃加氢制2-甲基四氢呋喃性能的研究

采用浸渍法制备了不同NiO含量的Ni/Al_2O_3催化剂,并进行了2-甲基呋喃加氢制2-甲基四氢呋喃性能的考察。结果表明,在制备的NiO负载量为10%、20%、25%、30%和40%的Ni/Al_2O_3催化剂中,随着NiO负载量增加,加氢反应的选择性与2-甲基呋喃的转化率均呈现出先增加后减小的趋势。其原因是由于适当增加NiO负载量有利于催化剂表面活性中心的形成,有利于加氢反应的进行;但是过度负载的NiO容易堵塞Al_2O_3载体中的介孔通道,降低反应的转化率与选择性。在釜式反应器中进行反应,对加氢反应条件进行了优化,发现在反应压力为3 MPa、反应温度150℃、机械搅拌速率为1000 r/min时,Ni/Al_2O_3催化2-甲基呋喃加氢制2-甲基四氢呋喃具有较高的选择性。当NiO负载量为25%时,2-甲基四氢呋喃的选择性最高为97.1%,2-甲基呋喃的转化率达到99.4%。     

ZnCl2催化木质素磺酸盐加氢液化的溶剂效应

选用ZnCl₂为催化剂在高压反应釜中进行加氢液化反应,利用GC-MS和红外光谱技术,研究溶剂极性及供氢能力对木质素磺酸盐液化产率及产物的影响。产率分析表明,极性溶剂有利于木质素液化转化,供氢溶剂有利于提高轻馏分产率,水溶剂条件下木质素液化转化率最高,甲醇溶剂体系条件下轻馏分产率最高,相对最低液化转化率及轻馏分产率的1,4二氧六环溶剂体系分别提高2.0倍和1.9倍。GC-MS分析表明,中等极性溶剂有利于中间产物溶解稳定,供氢溶剂四氢萘通过释放氢自由基结合稳定中间产物。乙醇溶剂条件下中间产物相对含量是48.76%,相对最低含量水溶剂体系提高2.2倍。红外光谱分析表明,醇类溶剂参与反应,焦油产物羟基峰强度增强。     

Ni/Al2O3催化2-甲基呋喃加氢制2-甲基四氢呋喃性能的研究

采用浸渍法制备了不同NiO含量的Ni/Al₂O₃催化剂,并进行了2-甲基呋喃加氢制2-甲基四氢呋喃性能的考察。结果表明,在制备的NiO负载量为10%、20%、25%、30%和40%的Ni/Al₂O₃催化剂中,随着NiO负载量增加,加氢反应的选择性与2-甲基呋喃的转化率均呈现出先增加后减小的趋势。其原因是由于适当增加NiO负载量有利于催化剂表面活性中心的形成,有利于加氢反应的进行;但是过度负载的NiO容易堵塞Al₂O₃载体中的介孔通道,降低反应的转化率与选择性。在釜式反应器中进行反应,对加氢反应条件进行了优化,发现在反应压力为3 MPa、反应温度150℃、机械搅拌速率为1000 r/min时,Ni/Al₂O₃催化2-甲基呋喃加氢制2-甲基四氢呋喃具有较高的选择性。当NiO负载量为25%时,2-甲基四氢呋喃的选择性最高为97.1%,2-甲基呋喃的转化率达到99.4%。     

有序介孔碳材料负载铂纳米粒子：用于硝基苯及其衍生物液相催化氢化的高效催化剂

介孔碳材料由于具有规整的孔道结构、表面疏水性、化学惰性、大的比表面积和大的孔体积等特点,在催化领域的应用备受关注,不仅可以直接用作催化剂,还可以作为催化剂载体负载金属活性中心并用于催化反应.介孔碳材料作为载体用于加氢反应已有报道,并且其催化活性明显优于活性炭材料.有序介孔碳材料的代表之一CMK-3可以经过SBA-15翻模合成.采用浸渍法将氯铂酸负载到CMK-3载体上,经过甲酸钠还原制得质量分数为5%的Pt/CMK-3催化剂.小角XRD谱表明CMK-3保留了p6mm对称性,介孔结构完好;从广角XRD谱可以看出,金属铂粒子的衍射峰比较宽,说明铂纳米粒子分散比较均匀. CO化学吸附和透射电镜(TEM)的表征结果进一步证明铂纳米粒子分散得比较均匀,平均粒子大小约为2.5 nm (CO化学吸附), EDX结果表明铂的实际担载量为4.7%.将Pt/CMK-3催化剂用于硝基苯及其衍生物的液相加氢反应中,发现溶剂对反应结果具有很大的影响.首先参考以前的工作,选用水和乙醇体积比9：1的混合溶液为溶剂.在298 K和4 MPa氢气条件下,50 mg催化剂可以将21 mmol硝基苯在10 min内转化98.4%,产物苯胺的选择性高于99%;活性明显高于商品化Pt/C催化剂(相同条件下转化率为88.7%).在此基础上,把Pt/CMK-3催化剂用于含有不同取代基的硝基苯衍生物的液相催化加氢反应,含有吸电子基团如氯取代的硝基苯衍生物转化率为(21.4%–77.7%);苯环上含有给电子基团如甲基时,硝基甲苯加氢反应的转化率为(83.3%–98.0%);而给电子能力更大的基团如甲氧基取代的硝基苯衍生物的转化率却并不高.一方面是由于电子效应导致氯取代的硝基苯衍生物活性偏低,另一方面是由于空间位阻导致邻位取代的硝基苯衍生物活性相对其它位置取代的衍生物转化率偏低.考虑到部分反应物在混合溶剂中溶解度较低,可能导致加氢反应过程受到影响,从而影响反应结果,所以又选用无水乙醇溶剂进行了比较.首先仍用50 mg催化剂于硝基苯催化加氢反应,发现在乙醇溶剂中,21 mmol硝基苯在5 min内可以完全转化;当把硝基苯的量增加到5倍时,转化率为22.2%,苯胺选择性高于99%.因此,在乙醇溶剂中将催化剂用量减半,结果在5 min内21 mmol硝基苯衍生物均完全转化为对应的芳香胺化合物;除了硝基氯苯发生脱氯副反应外,其它衍生物选择性都很高.为了更好地区分不同取代基硝基苯衍生物的加氢活性,将2-氯硝基苯和2-甲基硝基苯的用量增大至105 mmol,反应过程中保持氢气压力恒为4 MPa,并使反应在5 min后中止,此时测得2-氯硝基苯催化加氢的TOF值为28.3 s–1,而2-甲基硝基苯的TOF值高达43.8 s–1. X射线光电子能谱(XPS)显示Pt/CMK-3表面含有带一定正电的铂物种,推测此物种有助于吸附硝基的氧原子,从而活化底物,促进加氢反应的顺利进行.最后还考察了Pt/CMK-3催化剂在硝基苯加氢中的循环使用性能,发现催化剂可以循环使用至少14次,活性没有任何下降.对反应滤液进行ICP分析,发现滤液中并没有铂离子流失;对使用过的催化剂进行透射电镜表征也没有观察到铂粒子聚集现象,说明催化剂的稳定性良好.     

神府煤与胜利减压渣油共处理反应特性的研究

用共振搅拌反应器研究了神府煤与胜利减压渣油共处理液化的过程,在430 ℃、460 ℃、490 ℃;3 min～18 min,考察了煤的转化率。结果表明,煤油共处理的最佳反应温度为460 ℃,最佳反应时间为15 min,最高转化率为48.56％,反应过程可分为三个阶段：快速裂解加氢阶段、慢速裂解加氢阶段和缩聚反应阶段。采取了胜利减压渣油加氢处理、添加蒽油、煤油共处理三种措施所得苯可溶物作溶剂,结果表明,胜利减压渣油∶蒽＝1∶1作供氢溶剂时煤转化率有较大提高,达到54.11％;加氢处理后的胜利减压渣油供氢效果也不佳;用煤油共处理所得苯可溶物作供氢溶剂在460 ℃、 6 min时达最高转化率 65.33％。     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

Synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives

Different approaches for the synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives from simple amino acids have been investigated. A library of 33 precursors for the preparation of N-hydroxy pyrazinones was obtained in moderate to good yields.     

A general and convenient synthesis of 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones and their use in amidoalkylation of hydrogen,heteroatom, and carbon nucleophiles

A general synthesis of previously unknown semicarbazone-based α-amidoalkylating reagents, 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones, has been developed. The synthesis involved three-component condensation of semicarbazones of aliphatic or aromatic aldehydes with the same or other aldehydes and p-toluenesulfinic acid. The scope and limitations of this reaction were investigated. The compounds obtained were demonstrated to be an efficient α-(4-semicarbazono)alkylating agents. They were reacted with H- (sodium borohydride), O- (sodium methylate), S- (sodium phenylthiolate), N- (pyrrolidine, sodium succinimide), P- (trialkyl phosphites), and C-nucleophiles (sodium diethyl malonate) to give the corresponding products of the tosyl group substitution, 4-substituted semicarbazones, including analogues of nitrofurazone. Among the prepared compounds tested in vitro for antibacterial and antifungal activity, three nitrofuryl-containing semicarbazones exhibited high biological activities with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 8–32 μg/mL.     

Toward new camptothecins. Part 6: Synthesis of crucial ketones and their use in Friedländer reaction

In the context of the preparation of camptothecin and luotonin A analogs, the synthesis of some key keto-precursors and their use in Friedländer condensation are described. This paper also focuses on the stability of these keto intermediates and emphasizes the major differences between indolizinones and pyrroloquinazolinones series. Noteworthy is also the report of some original structures isolated as by-products of some experiments.     

Synthesis of novel chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-N-heterocyclic carbene ligands and their application in palladium-catalyzed Mizoroki–Heck couplings and asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde

A small library of new chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-imidazolium salts 1 is conveniently synthesized on multi-gram scale from inexpensive and commercially available chiral pool amino acids. The corresponding carbenes, generated by deprotonation of imidazolium salts 1, in combination with palladium(II) chloride were tested in the Mizoroki–Heck coupling reaction. The most significant results in terms of yields and reactivities were achieved with low catalyst loading. The catalytic activities of these imidazolium salts were also investigated in the asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde. The use of MgO nanoparticles as an additive in conjunction with these ligands played a crucial role in increasing the efficiency of these reactions.     

α-Amino acid derived enaminones and their application in the synthesis of N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates and other heterocycles

A new and simple synthesis of novel N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates, which exist in equilibrium with their 4-oxo tautomers, has been developed in two steps starting from N-protected α-amino acids. The key intermediates are enaminones, which can also be isolated, characterized, and used for the construction of other functionalized heterocycles, before they spontaneously decompose to pyrrole products. 4-Hydroxypyrroles are prone to partial aerial oxidation but can be efficiently alkylated or reduced to stable polysubstituted pyrrolidine derivatives.     

Specific intramolecular aromatic CH insertion of diazosulfonamides

The chemoselectivity in the intramolecular CH insertion of various diazosulfonamides has been experimentally studied. The results reveal that the aliphatic 1,4-, 1,5-, or 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions of diazosulfonamides are not accessible, while the aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion can be realized specifically by adjusting the diazo-adjacent group. In addition, the general chemoselectivities in the intramolecular CH insertions of diazosulfonyl compounds are summarized. Generally, diazosulfones undergo both aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H and aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions, while diazosulfonates undergo aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions. However, diazosulfonamides only undergo aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

Microwave-assisted copper-catalyzed stereoselective ring expansion of three-membered heterocycles with α-diazo-β-dicarbonyl compounds

Microwave-assisted copper-catalyzed ring expansions of three-membered heterocycles with α-diazo-β-dicarbonyl compounds were investigated. Thiiranes generated 3-acyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-oxathiines in the presence of copper sulfate and trans-3-acyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-oxathiines as stereospecific products for 1,2-disubstituted cis-thiiranes through an intramolecular S_N2 process. Oxiranes gave rise to 2-acyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-dioxines under the catalysis of copper hexafluoroacetylacetonate and cis-3-acyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-dioxines as stereospecific products for 1,2-disubstituted cis-oxiranes via an intimate ion-pair mechanism. The current method provides a direct and simple strategy in efficient preparation of 3-acyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-oxathiines and 2-acyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-dioxines, important agents in medicinal and agricultural chemistry, from readily available thiiranes and oxiranes, respectively.     

KMnO4-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines: Synthesis of amides and sulfonamides

KMnO₄-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines producing secondary amine was introduced, which was trapped by electrophiles (acyl chloride and sulfonyl chloride) to form amides and sulfonamides. The reaction could take place at mild condition, tolerating a wide range of function groups and affording products in moderate to excellent yields.