不同分子量聚丙烯腈的制备及其高压静电纺丝研究

采用DMSO/H2O混合溶剂法制备了5种不同分子量的PAN,并以PAN为原料,DMF为溶剂,配成纺丝溶液,通过高压静电纺丝技术制备超细纤维毡(UFFM)。研究表明,相同单体组成和浓度、相同反应条件情况下,通过聚合制备PAN,随着混合溶剂中水含量的增加,生成的PAN粘均分子量相应增加,其转化率也增加。聚合所得的不同分子量PAN的热重分析显示,随着PAN分子量的增加,热重曲线的剧烈失重区会越来越明显,剧烈失重区的失重率也呈增加的趋势;高压静电纺丝研究发现,PAN-4和PAN-5纺丝溶液由于分子量过高而不可纺;另外,研究还发现,较高的纺丝电压有利于纤维直径的减小,但相应的纺丝稳定性减小,导致纤维直径分布的离散度增加。     

混合溶剂沉淀聚合制备高分子量聚丙烯腈研究进展

为了获得高性能的聚丙烯腈(PAN)基碳纤维,采用高分子量PAN共聚物进行纺丝是最有效的解决途径。本文主要从聚合反应机理、共聚单体类型、引发剂种类、混合溶剂选择以及聚合工艺条件等五个方面出发,阐述了混合溶剂沉淀聚合制备高分子量PAN的工艺特点和研究现状。该工艺采用水/有机溶剂混合体系为反应介质,兼具均相溶液聚合和非均相聚合的双重优点,能够合成出高分子量且内部结构疏松的PAN共聚物,是制备高性能PAN前驱体的重要合成方法。     

PAN基碳纤维原丝长周期结构的二维SAXS研究

在有效采集湿法纺丝凝固成形的PAN纤维二维小角X射线散射(SAXS)图像的基础上,通过理论模型的建立和散射强度的计算,对散射信息中的微孔结构和长周期结构的叠加信号进行了合理的分离,获得了纤维中长周期结构信息。结合相关函数分析方法,计算了长周期中准晶区厚度、非晶区厚度等结构参数,建立了PAN纺丝过程中凝固纤维的长周期特征结构的研究分析方法。同时,采用广角X射线衍射(WAXD)方法测定纤维的结晶度,验证了所建立方法的准确性。     

扫描电子显微镜研究聚丙烯腈纤维的织态结构和缺陷

<正> 碳纤维的性能与所用原料聚丙烯腈(PAN)纤维的质量有密切关系.特别是PAN纤维的织态结构(包括各级的超分子结构)及其缺陷对碳纤维的结构和性能有很大影响.PAN纤维的结构特征与纺丝工艺条件有密切关系.但用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)研     

超临界CO2方法制备的聚丙烯腈的表面特性

根据Washburn浸渍理论(Penetration theory)和van Oss-Good-Chaudhury的组合理论及应用柱状灯芯技术(Column wicking technique)，测试了用超临界CO2方法制备的不同分子量聚丙烯腈(PAN)的表面特性。结果显示，PAN的分子量影响其表面性能。与一般聚合物的表面能随分子量增大而增大的规律不同，超临界方法制备的聚丙烯腈(PAN)的表面能随着分子量的增大而降低，但其Lifshitz-van der Waals力却随分子量的增大而增大。与常规方法生产的PAN的表面性能比较，超临界方法可能使PAN的极性减少。     

喷头拉伸对超高分子量聚乙烯后续牵伸的影响

利用干法纺丝制备超高分子量聚乙烯纤维,研究了喷头拉伸对超高分子量聚乙烯后续牵伸的影响。通过张力仪测量不同喷头拉伸倍率下的张力,计算出拉伸应力。利用拉伸应力—粘滞二元组合模型,计算机拟合出NSkT值,根据该值确定喷头拉伸倍率。结果发现,13倍的喷头拉伸能够使最大后续牵伸倍率达到23.3倍,最终的纤维强度和模量分别为30cN·dtex-1和1200cN·dtex-1。     

聚丙烯腈纳米纤维的高效制备及结晶取向性能

分别采用传统静电纺丝装置和自行搭建的离心-静电纺丝装置制备出聚丙烯腈(PAN)纳米初生纤维,并在热空气浴中和一定外力作用下进行牵伸,牵伸后使其伸长至原长的1倍到3倍.通过广角X射线衍射(WAXD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)等方法对2种纺丝方法制备的PAN纳米初生纤维及经过热空气浴牵伸后的PAN纳米纤维的晶态结构、取向及形貌等进行了表征.研究表明:(1)离心-静电纺丝效率远高于静电纺丝,可达静电纺丝的120倍(离心-静电纺丝纺丝液流速为2 m L/min,静电纺丝纺丝液流速1 m L/h);(2)无论是离心纺丝还是静电纺丝制得的纳米初生纤维结晶度均很低(离心纺丝为25%,静电纺丝为10.1%),但离心纺丝制得的纳米初生纤维有一定的取向(60.5%),而静电纺丝基本没有;(3)经过热空气浴牵伸后,2种纺丝方式制得的纳米纤维结晶度均有所提高(分别为45.8%和36.2%),取向度也有所提高(分别为72.5%和59.8%),随着牵伸温度的提高和牵伸应力的增大,纤维的平均直径不断减小(离心纺丝由675 nm降至510 nm,静电纺丝由460 nm降至355 nm).纳米纤维在制备过程晶态结构及取向的效果有限,但通过热空气浴牵伸可以使晶态结构及取向得到进一步完善.     

静电纺聚丙烯腈纳米纤维晶态结构及取向的形成

采用新型流动水浴收集方式制备出连续单向排列的静电纺聚丙烯腈(PAN)纳米初生纤维,收集静电纺丝不同阶段的静电纺PAN纳米纤维,并在热水中进行后牵伸,使其伸长至原长的2倍、3倍.通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、广角X射线衍射(WAXD)等方法对静电纺丝过程不同阶段的PAN纳米纤维的形貌、直径、致密性、晶态结构及取向进行了表征.研究表明,(1)在静电纺丝过程中PAN纺丝液射流受到牵伸作用,静电纺PAN纳米纤维的晶态结构形成并逐渐完善.纳米纤维的直径随着静电纺丝过程逐渐减小(从664 nm减小至353 nm),结晶度从42.55％增加至47.76％,晶区取向由37.48％提高至43.93％.纳米纤维致密性也逐渐提高(密度由1.1917 g/cm3增加至1.1943 g/cm3).(2)静电纺丝过程进入PAN射流溶剂含量较低的阶段后,继续通过静电纺丝过程提高纳米初生纤维晶态结构及取向的效果很有限,而通过热水后牵伸过程可进一步使晶态结构及取向得到有效果的完善.研究同时发现,静电纺初生纤维的晶态结构及取向与其在热水牵伸过程中的进一步完善具有相关性.     

超高分子量聚乙烯膜轴向压缩变形结构的研究

继刚性聚合物经溶液液晶(如芳香族聚酰胺)或熔融液晶(如芳香族聚酯)纺丝制取高性能纤维获得成功后,利用冻胶纺丝等技术制取超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMW-PE)高性能纤维的研究已取得突破性进展。这类纤维具有伸直链结构,大分子沿材料拉伸方向高度取向和结晶,显示出优异的抗张性能,具有很大的拉伸强度和模量。     

立构规整性对PAN大分子天生缠结及溶解性的影响

对各种立构规整性的聚丙烯腈(PAN)样品的大分子天生缠结和溶解性能进行研究发现,当立构规整性相同时,PAN样品随着分子量的增加,其天生缠结指数(EI)增加,溶解性降低;对于分子量和化学构造相近的样品,PAN样品随着分子链等规立构(mm)的含量增加,其EI降低,溶解性也降低。天生缠结指数与溶解性并不总是表现出一致性。     

无乳化剂乳液聚合制备高分子量聚乙烯醇

通过无乳化剂乳液聚合方法, 采用氧化还原引发体系制备了超高分子量的聚醋酸乙烯酯(PVAc), 继而醇解为超高分子量的聚乙烯醇(PVA). 研究了聚合温度、引发剂浓度、单体转化率对PVA的分子量和分子结构的影响. 探讨了线性高分子量PVA结构的控制方法. 结果表明, 利用无乳化剂乳液聚合可以实现在室温(14~20 ℃)制备出聚合度为9899的高分子量的PVA, 聚合过程对PVA的分子量和结构均有显著的影响. 在无乳化剂乳液聚合恒速聚合区得到的聚合物分子量较高, 分子量分布窄, 且结构比较规整, 而在加速区, PVAc的支化和交联现象显著, 最终会对PVA的线性程度产生很大影响. 因此, 可以通过聚合过程来控制PVA的分子量和链结构.     

Controlled radical emulsion polymerization of polystyrene

In this paper, a new water-soluble initiator system, 2-bromopropane/CuSO₄/sodium ascorbate, was used as the initiator for emulsion polymerization. Radical emulsion polymerization of styrene was successfully carried out at 80 °C by using sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate as the emulsifier. The 2-bromopropane/CuSO₄/sodium ascorbate-initiated emulsion polymerization shows the controlled free-radical polymerization features with linear growth of molecular weight. Polystyrene with a relatively high molecular weight and a narrow molecular weight distribution can be synthesized by this method. On the other hand, stable polystyrene latex can be obtained, and the size of the polystyrene latex increased with the increase in monomer conversion.     

丙烯腈与衣康酸在DMSO/H_2O中的聚合及聚合物性能表征

采用丙烯腈 (AN)与衣康酸 (IA)为共聚单体 ,以偶氮二异丁腈为引发剂在混合介质二甲基亚砜 水(DMSO H2 O)中自由基沉淀共聚合 ,合成了高分子量的聚丙烯腈 .通过正交设计方法研究了聚合反应条件 ,如反应温度、单体浓度、混合介质DMSO H2 O配比等对聚合反应的转化率的影响 ,还重点探讨了混合介质DMSO H2 O配比对转化率和粘均分子量的影响 .采用DSC ,TG ,IR等手段研究了PAN均聚物及 (PAN co IA)的结构与性能 .研究结果表明 ,增加反应温度 ,降低单体浓度 ,降低喂料AN IA配比中IA的含量 ,均有利于提高聚合反应的转化率 .AN与IA共聚反应的转化率随着反应介质中DMSO含量的增加而降低 ,同时聚合物的粘均分子量也降低 .对于喂料AN IA配比中IA含量相同的P(AN co IA)共聚物 ,高分子量P(AN co IA)共聚物比常规低分子量的放热峰起始温度低 ,放热峰宽     

甲基丙烯酸甲酯的原子转移自由基悬浮聚合

以 1 苯基氯乙烷为引发剂 ,氯化亚铜为催化剂 ,2 ,2 联吡啶为配体 ,外加搅拌 ,氮气保护下进行了甲基丙烯酸甲酯 (MMA)在 80℃下的原子转移悬浮聚合 .结果表明 ,聚合反应符合对单体浓度为一级的动力学关系 .经计算聚合体系的增长自由基浓度为 5 .74× 10 - 8mol L .聚合物分子量随转化率呈线性增加 ,分子量分布较窄 ,Mw Mn 在 1.37～ 1.40之间 .还以AIBN为引发剂 ,在三氯化铁和三苯基膦存在下进行了MMA的反向原子转移本体和悬浮聚合研究 .结果证明本体聚合具有好的可控特征 ,分子量随转化率呈线性增长 ,分子量分布指数在 1.2 7～ 1.31之间 .聚合反应速率较快 ,聚合体系中的增长自由基浓度较高 ,为 1.6 4× 10 - 7mol L .而在此催化体系下的悬浮聚合则完全失去了活性特征     

Polymerization of sodium acrylate in inverse-suspension stabilized by sorbitan fatty esters

This paper is devoted the synthesis of poly(sodium acrylate) by an inverse-suspension polymerization technique. Ammonium persulfate, ethylcellulose and toluene were used as initiator, suspending agent, and continuous organic phase, respectively. Two surfactants, sorbitan monooleate (SMO) and sorbitan monostearate, were used as the suspension stabilizers. The effect of the initiator concentration as well as the type and concentration of the surfactant on the polymer molecular weight and solution viscosity was investigated. Participation of the unsaturated surfactant (SMO) in the free radical polymerization was recognized to be the main reason of enhancement of the average molecular weight and viscosity of the products. A similar effect was observed when the polymerization reactions were run in the presence of air. In the latter conditions, however, an inhibition effect of atmospheric oxygen resulted in substantially decreased solution viscosity. Meanwhile, it was found that higher polymers were obtained when the as-synthesized beads were dewatered and hardened in methanol rather than in acetone.     

Anionic polymerization of 2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-oxa-2,5-disilacyclopentane

In the first of a two-part series, a study has been made of the anionic polymerization of a five-membered cyclocarbosiloxane, 2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-oxa-2,5-disilacyclopentane. The polymerization was initiated by lithium n-butyldiphenylsilanolate in the presence of tetrahydrofuran. The chemical shifts of the protons of the cyclic monomer and the polymer were found to be different, and therefore the rate of polymerization was obtained in an NMR spectrometer. The effects of varying the concentrations of THF, initiator, and water upon the rate of polymerization and upon the molecular weight and the molecular weight distribution were investigated. At a constant concentration of monomer and initiator, the rate of polymerization increased when the THF concentration was increased. At a constant concentration of monomer and THF the rate of polymerization reached a constant value when the initiator concentration was varied. The molecular weight and the molecular weight distribution were dependent upon the initiator to water ratio, whereas water concentration had little effect on the rate of polymerization. Essentially monodispersed polymers were obtained when the concentration of initiator was in large excess to that of water or vice versa. A bimodal distribution in molecular weight was obtained when the concentration of initiator was approximately equal to that of water. The apparent activation energy of polymerization was 12.7 kcal/mole.     

RAFT聚合合成高分子量嵌段聚合物

以合成高分子量聚合物为目标,以苯基二硫代乙酸-1-苯基乙酯(PEPDTA)作为RAFT试剂,研究引发剂的种类(偶氮二异丁腈(AIBN)、1-1′-偶氮环己腈(ACC))、用量及聚合温度对苯乙烯/丙烯酸丁酯RAFT共聚合过程和聚合物结构的影响.结果发现,由于体系中RAFT浓度很低,相应的引发剂浓度要比传统自由基聚合低得多,只有采用较高的聚合温度和低分解速率常数的引发剂(ACC),才能制得无活性聚合物分率低(<0.1)、分子量高的聚合物,并进一步得到杂质含量少、分子量分布窄的嵌段聚合物.     

Polymerization of Vinyl Chloride at Reduced Monomer Accessibility. I. Polymerization at Subsaturation Pressure with Suspension PVC as a Seed

Vinyl chloride was polymerized at 40–96% of saturation pressure in water suspended systems at 55°C with suspension PVC as a seed. The monomer was continuously charged as vapor from a storage vessel kept at lower temperature. Characterization included molecular weight distribution (MWD) and degree of long-chain branching (LCB) by GPC and viscometry, thermal dehydrochlorination, microscopy, and technical standard tests. A granular seed was necessary to obtain granular polymer and reasonable polymerization rate. In properly seeded systems with monomer-soluble initiator, crust formation is very low. With monomer-soluble initiator the polymerization reactions are restricted to the seed polymer, comprise its total structure, reducing its porosity. At pressure near saturation, molecular weight increased with conversion, and autoacceleration occurred. The changes in molecular weight are presumably due to the lack of a liquid monomer phase, which reduces the mobility of the radicals leading to decreased termination. At decreasing polymerization pressure the mobility is further reduced due to de-swelling of the gel. At low pressure the polymerization rate decreased, the amount of low molecular weight material increased, and considerable long-chain branching occurred as a result of monomer depletion. With water-soluble initiator (at pressure near saturation), new tiny particles were formed in the water phase at the boundary to the seed particles. The seed structure remained unchanged. The polymer formed showed broad MWD and high LCB. No marked reduction in polymerization rate was observed. The dehydrochlorinatlon measurements indicate that the end groups and not the branch points are responsible for the decrease in thermal stability noticed.     

Nitroxide‐mediated homo‐ and block copolymerization of styrene and multifunctional acryl‐ and methacryl derivatives

The ability of different alkoxyamines ( I1 , I2 , I3 , I4 , and I5 ) to initiate controlled radical polymerization of styrene was evaluated. Among them, 2‐hydroxymethyl‐2‐[(2‐methyl‐1‐phenyl‐propyl)‐(1‐phenyl‐ethoxy)‐amino]‐propane‐1,3‐diol ( I5 ) gave the highest polymerization rate of styrene, and the best control over the molecular weight and the molecular weight distribution of polystyrene. Kinetic studies confirmed that with initiator I5 the polymerization of styrene proceeded in a controlled way. The controlled radical homopolymerization of multifunctional acryl‐ and methacryl derivatives using initiator I5 could not be realized as demonstrated by the high polydispersities (PD) obtained. However, it was possible to polymerize multifunctional acryl‐ and methacryl derivatives using a polystyrene macroinitiator ( Pst ) and, thus, novel amphiphilic block copolymers with a narrow molecular weight distribution were obtained. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 1873–1882, 2005     

由一种新型非均相聚合方法制备的聚氯乙烯的分子结构

聚氯乙烯(PVC)树脂通常采用自由基本体聚合、悬浮聚合和乳液聚合方法制备.无链转移剂时,头-尾加成和PVC大分子自由基向单体链转移反应分别是链增长和链终止的主要方式,聚合温度成为影响PVC平均分子量及分子量分布的主要因素.