超临界流体触媒作用下石墨-金刚石转变

 研究了超临界流体CO₂在石墨-金刚石转变中的触媒作用。实验中，采用Ag₂O作为流体触媒的先驱材料，在7.7 GPa压力下，Ag₂O在1 200 ℃分解成Ag和O₂，O₂与石墨套管在高温高压下反应形成CO₂超临界流体。研究结果表明，在7.7 GPa和1 500 ℃以上温度条件下，石墨在CO₂流体触媒的作用下可转变为金刚石晶体，在1 500～1 700 ℃温度范围内合成出的金刚石具有完好的八面体形貌，与天然金刚石的生长特征非常相似。     

高温高压触媒法金刚石生长的热力学分析

 利用热力学中经典的ΔG<0判定法,探讨了Fe基触媒合成金刚石晶体生长中的碳源问题,在计算中考虑了各物相的体积随温度和压力的变化。结果表明：在金刚石形成之前,就有大量Fe₃C形成,而在触媒法合成金刚石的温度和压力范围内,Fe₃C→C(金刚石)+3γ-Fe反应自由能和石墨→金刚石相变自由能均为负值,但前者比后者的绝对值更大,这说明前者更容易发生。因此,从热力学角度看,Fe₃C的形成降低了石墨转变为金刚石所要越过的势垒,使用Fe基触媒合成金刚石单晶的生长来源于Fe₃C的分解而不是石墨的直接转化。同时推导出在1200 K以上石墨-金刚石的平衡p-T关系：p_eq(GPa)=1.036+0.00236T (K),与F.P.Bundy的平衡线非常接近,证明了本热力学计算方法的可行性。     

高温高压下纳米金刚石粉的特性研究

 研究了炸药爆轰合成的纳米金刚石粉在高温（约1 600 K）、高压（5.2 GPa）条件下的行为。将纳米金刚石粉与粉末合金（Ni₇₀Mn₂₅Co₅、100^#）混合、压制成圆片,与合金片 （Ni₇₀Mn₂₅Co₅）和人造石墨片一起交替放入高温高压合成腔体内,进行高温高压实验。实验结果表明：在高温高压条件下,纳米金刚石粉不能长大,反而石墨化了;在相同的高压和保温时间条件下,随着温度的降低,纳米金刚石粉的石墨化程度减弱,纳米金刚石粉的纳米颗粒长大,可长成0.1 mm尺寸的金刚石颗粒（温度为1 070 K左右）。而在此条件下,人造石墨不能合成金刚石,一般金刚石晶体要变成石墨相。这进一步表明,纳米金刚石颗粒表面的活性使得它可以在较低的温度下长成较大颗粒的金刚石。     

合成金刚石与合成体系之关系

 通过各种材料的试验和压机设备因素的测定，总结了金刚石生长过程的特性：金刚石晶体是在石墨（G）-触媒（Me）界面上生长；因电阻R_(G)>R_(Me)、温度T_(G)>T_(Me)以及与外界热交换等原因，使合成腔内产生压力、温度梯度，成为金刚石生长之驱动力。梯度过大过小对金刚石生长均不利；金刚石晶体在G-Me界面两侧是非对称性生长；每个晶粒表面有一特殊结构约20 μm左右厚的金属薄膜，它起到运载碳源和催化的双重作用。要合成粗粒高强金刚石，需要有一个稳定的合成体系。本文分析了该体系状态的性质及稳定的必要性与稳定的具体方法。     

纯铁触媒合成磨料级金刚石及表征

本文报道了高温高压下纯铁触媒与石墨体系合成磨料级金刚石的过程,并给出了P-T相图.在此基础上,通过调整工艺参数,控制再结晶石墨量与金刚石生长速度,合成出无色透明的金刚石样品,解决了纯铁触媒合成的金刚石透明度较差及包裹体较多的问题.采用穆斯堡尔谱仪和傅里叶红外光谱仪等测试手段,对金刚石样品内部包裹体以及氮元素含量进行了表征,在揭示包裹体形成机理的基础上提出了减少包裹体的方法,同时阐明了纯铁触媒合成的金刚石样品颜色变浅的原因. 关键词： 铁触媒 金刚石 生长速度 高温高压     

D-D结合型金刚石聚晶的高压合成研究

 为了探索功能金刚石聚晶的高压合成，使其具有优异的透红外和散热性能，我们采取了提高合成压力、温度和尽量减少结合剂的办法进行试验。首先探索如何使合成的金刚石聚晶具有D-D型结合，然后尽量减少结合剂，以合成出高密度的D-D型金刚石聚晶。为了尽量减少结合剂含量，不用粉末混合法，而是分别采用7~14 μm和63~80 μm粒度的金刚石为原料，与纯Ni或Ni₇₀Mn₂₅Co₅合金为基底积层组装，通过高温高压下触媒金属向金刚石晶粒间渗透进行烧结生长。在6.3 GPa的压力和1 440~1 650 ℃的不同温度下分别保持3~40 min。所得到的金刚石聚晶在触媒金属渗透得充分的区域形成了D-D结合型结构，而没有发现碳化物生成及金刚石表面石墨化等现象。     

高温高压合成金刚石中触媒的价电子结构分析

 在高温高压条件下,金属触媒与石墨形成的碳化物Me₃C（Me为Fe、Ni）是形成金刚石结构的主要碳源。利用固体与分子经验电子理论（EET）,计算了多种Me₃C型碳化物和金刚石的价电子结构以及表征界面性质的电子结构参数,并将程氏理论（TFDC）提出的原子界面边界条件应用到碳化物/金刚石界面,发现碳化物晶胞中C—C键络组成的晶面与金刚石中的某些晶面的电子密度在一级近似下是连续的,但不同碳化物其连续程度不同,其中Co₃C和(FeNi)₃C中碳原子组成晶面的价电子结构与金刚石中的最接近,其C—C键转化为金刚石结构需要的能量最低。从电子结构角度上解释了催化机制及不同触媒的催化效果,价电子理论是探讨金刚石催化机制的新途径。     

金属包裹体的变化及对人造金刚石强度的影响

 当温度超过1 000 ℃时，人造金刚石中的金属触媒包裹体，在形态、结构和成份上都将发生改变，并且这种变化会在金刚石晶格内造成尺寸更大的缺陷区域，因此在表面氧化不起决定性作用的情况下，金属触媒包裹体的这种变化，就成了导致金刚石强度下降的最直接的原因。我们对在氩气保护下、不同温度处理的一系列人造金刚石样品进行了强度测量，并用SEM、X射线衍射及光学显微镜等手段观测了金刚石断裂表面上的包裹体及其形态变化。我们的实验结果证实了上述结论。我们还发现，金属触媒包裹体的存在极大地影响着金刚石的热稳定性，它们使金刚石在1 000 ℃左右即可向石墨转化。     

Ca3B2N4-hBN系中立方氮化硼的膜生长机制

 以Ca₃B₂N₄为触媒,在高温高压下对六角氮化硼进行处理,在六角氮化硼与触媒的交界处得到了被金属膜包覆的立方氮化硼晶体。这表明六角氮化硼到立方氮化硼的转变与人造金刚石的膜生长机制类似：立方氮化硼晶体在触媒与六角氮化硼接触处择优成核,在生长着的立方氮化硼与六角氮化硼之间存在着金属薄膜,该膜对立方氮化硼“基元”有输运作用。随着该金属膜向六角氮化硼区的推进,在其后留下生长的立方氮化硼晶体。     

从碳化硅和铁体系合成金刚石

 为了探明从SiC生成金刚石这一过程中触媒作用的机理，有必要调查SiC加不同金属在高压高温下的行为。在本工作中，以16重量比混合的SiC和铁粉经5.4~6.0 GPa的高压力和1 300~1 500 ℃的高温处理20 min后，样品的X射线衍射分析表明：所有实验条件下SiC都发生了分解，并分别生成了Fe₃Si和Fe₃C；温度越高，SiC分解得越彻底，在温度高于1 375 ℃的样品中，伴随Fe₃C减少，有金刚石和石墨明显析出。扫描电镜观察表明：6.0 GPa、1 500 ℃下所得的金刚石晶体具有完整的八面体晶形，平均粒度约50 μm。     

Inclusions in large diamond single crystals at different temperatures of synthesis

The inclusions in large diamond single crystals have effects on its ultimate performance, which restricts its industrial applications to a great extent. Therefore, it is necessary to study the inclusions systematically. In this paper, large diamond single crystals with different content values of inclusions are synthesized along the(100) surface by the temperature gradient method(TGM) under 5.6 GPa at different temperatures. With the synthetic temperature changing from 1200?C to 1270?C,the shapes of diamonds change from plate to low tower, to high tower, even to steeple. From the microscopic photographs of the diamond samples, it can be observed that with the shapes of the samples changing at different temperatures, the content values of inclusions in diamonds become zero, a little, much and most, correspondingly. Consequently, with the temperature growing from low to high, the content values of inclusions in crystals increase. The origin of inclusions is explained by the difference in growth rate between diamond crystal and its surface. The content values of inclusions in diamond samples are quantitatively calculated by testing the densities of diamond samples. And the composition and inclusion content are analyzed by energy dispersive spectroscopy(EDS) and x-ray diffraction(XRD). From contrasting scanning electron microscopy(SEM) photographs, it can be found that the more the inclusions in diamond, the more imperfect the diamond surface is.     

温度对Ib型和IIa型金刚石大单晶(100)表面特征的影响

本文在5.6 GPa, 1250–1340 ℃的条件下, 利用温度梯度法, 以FeNiMnCo 合金为触媒, 沿籽晶的(100)晶面成功合成了不同晶形的优质Ib型和IIa型金刚石大单晶. 利用激光拉曼附件显微镜, 分别对上述不同温度下合成的两类金刚石样品上表面(100)面的中心区域及棱角区域进行观察分析. 研究发现, Ib型和IIa型金刚石大单晶(100)晶面上从中心到棱角处黑色纹路的分布逐渐变黑变密集; 另外, 随着金刚石合成温度的升高, Ib型金刚石大单晶(100)面上黑色纹路由稀疏逐渐变稠密, 而IIa型金刚石大单晶的黑色纹路较为稀疏; Ib型金刚石大单晶的形貌特征表现为从低温晶体的不规则分布过渡到中温、高温晶体的典型树枝状分布. IIa型金刚石大单晶(100)面特征随温度变化规律与Ib型的类似. 这两类金刚石大单晶表面特征的差异可能是由于IIa 型金刚石具有比Ib型更小的生长速度和更少的氮含量. 最后, 对两类塔状金刚石大单晶进行拉曼光谱测试分析, 结果表明IIa型金刚石大单晶的品质较Ib型金刚石大单晶好.     

磁性对人造金刚石单晶机械性能的影响

 对人造金刚石单晶进行了磁性分离实验研究,在此基础上对各样品进行了静压强度、冲击强度和热冲击强度等方面的分析测试。结果表明,磁性对人造金刚石单晶的机械性能有明显的影响。金刚石单晶的磁性越强,其外观颜色越深,内部气泡和杂质及缺陷越多,表面光洁度越差,则其静压强度、常温冲击强度（I_T）和热冲击强度指数（I_TT）值就越低。磁性对静压强度和常温冲击强度的影响相对较小,而对热冲击强度的影响最大。     

籽晶尺寸对宝石级金刚石单晶生长的影响

本文在国产六面顶压机上,在5.6 GPa, 1250—1450℃的高压高温条件下,分别选用边长0.8, 1.5和2.2 mm三种尺寸的籽晶,系统开展了Ib型宝石级金刚石单晶的生长研究.文中系统考察了籽晶尺寸对宝石级金刚石单晶生长的影响.首先,考察了籽晶尺寸变化对宝石级金刚石单晶裂晶问题带来的影响.研究得到了籽晶尺寸变大,裂晶出现概率增加的晶体生长规律.其次,在25 h的生长时间内,考察了上述三种尺寸籽晶生长金刚石单晶时,生长时间与单晶极限生长速度的关系.得到了选用大尺寸籽晶,可以提高优质单晶合成效率、降低合成成本的研究结论.借助扫描电子显微镜和光学显微镜,对三种尺寸籽晶生长金刚石单晶的表面形貌进行了标定.最后,傅里叶微区红外测试,对三种尺寸籽晶生长宝石级金刚石单晶的N杂质含量进行了表征.研究得到了选用大尺寸籽晶实现快速生长金刚石的同时,晶体的N杂质含量会随之升高的晶体生长规律.     

氧化镁纳米多晶的微结构和磁性

实验发现,宏观晶体是非磁性的氧化镁时,其多晶样品有弱铁磁性.本文用第一性原理电子结构方法研究了氧化镁表面、纳米颗粒和晶界的磁性.计算结果表明:绝缘的氧化镁表面可以是导电的,并且有与之相关的铁磁性;磁性表面的共同特征是在表面上有氧原子富集,包括(111)表面的纯氧原子层,(114)表面的氧原子链;其他高晶面指数表面也会有氧原子富集区域;氧化镁纳米颗粒的磁性出现在高晶面指数表面以及不同晶面交界的棱及其顶角等有氧原子富集的区域,这种由氧原子富集而形成的磁性有巡游特征.氧化镁Σ7[111]和Σ5[001]晶界的计算结果表明:在没有氧原子富集的情况下,多晶样品中晶界的磁性很弱,而在有氧原子富集的情况下,晶界磁性比较强.因此可以推断多晶样品的磁性主要出现在多晶表面、晶粒包围孔隙、微裂纹界面、晶界和其他晶体缺陷等有氧原子富集的区域.这种残余磁性可以通过热处理等结构优化过程而削弱甚至消除.     

Solid state synthesis and room temperature magnetic properties of iron phosphide nanoparticles

Room temperature magnetic properties have been achieved for nano-crystalline iron phosphide synthesized from the direct solid state reaction of iron chloride and tri-octylphosphine (TOP). The magnetization continuously increased with higher magnetic fields, indicating a super-paramagnetic behavior. It is observed that room temperature magnetism is possible for the material showing antiferromagnetic nature at low temperatures. In the present synthesis, TOP acted as a source of phosphorus as well as a surfactant. X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies revealed that the black powder is a mixture of FeP and Fe₂P. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed elongated as well spherical particles. Energy dispersion X-ray analysis (EDAX) confirmed a non-stoichiometric iron phosphide. Presence of TOP was confirmed by infra-red (IR) spectroscopy, and thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) indicated about 6% wt. loss due to presence of organics.     

A relation between a metallic film covering on diamond formed during growth and nanosized inclusions in HPHT as-grown diamond single crystals

One of the most important characteristics and basic phenomena during diamond growth from liquid metal catalyst solutions saturated with carbon at high temperature–high pressure (HPHT) is that there exists a thin metallic film covering on the growing diamond, through which carbon-atom clusters are delivered to the surface of the growing diamond by diffusion. A study of microstructures of such a metallic film and a relation between the thin metallic film and the inclusions trapped in HPHT as-grown diamond single crystals may be helpful to obtain high-purity diamond single crystals. It was found that both the metallic film and the HPHT as-grown diamond single crystals contain some nanostructured regions. Examination by transmission electron microscopy suggests that the microstructure of the thin metallic film is in accordance with nanosized particles contained in HPHT as-grown diamond single crystals. The nanosized particles with several to several tens of nanometers in dimension distribute homogeneously in the metallic film and in the diamond matrix. Generally, the size of the particles in the thin metallic film is relatively larger than that within the diamond matrix. Selected area electron diffraction patterns suggest that the nanosized particles in the metallic film and nanometer inclusions within the diamond are mainly composed of f.c.c. (FeNi)₂₃C₆, hexagonal graphite and cubic γ-(FeNi). The formation of the nanosized inclusions within the diamond single crystals is thought not only to relate to the growth process and rapid quenching from high temperature after diamond synthesis, but also to be associated with large amounts of defects in the diamond, because the free energy in these defect areas is very high. The critical size of carbide, γ-(FeNi)and graphite particles within the diamond matrix should decrease and not increase according to thermodynamic theory during quenching from HPHT to room temperature and ambient pressure. Received: 13 September 2001 / Accepted: 12 June 2002 / Published online: 17 December 2002 RID="*" ID="*"Corresponding author. Fax: +86-0531/295-5081; E-mail: yinlw@sdu.edu.cn     

Itinerant electron surface magnetism

Although many experiments have been applied to study the surface magnetism, only a few give a direct and unambiguous answer to a so simple question as “what is the value of the surface magnetic moment”. Some examples of all these experiments are reviewed to show the main differences between two- and three-dimensional magnetism. Then we show that the magnetic moment can be enhanced near the surface in itinerant electron magnetism. This may be the case of He₃ atoms in confined geometries, or of transition metal surfaces or more generally when the local surface density of states at the Fermi level is much larger than the bulk one.     

Depth-resolved profile of the magnetic field beneath the surface of a superconductor with a few nm resolution

The variation of a magnetic field as a function of depth beneath the surface of an YBa(2)Cu(3)O(7-delta) thin film in the Meissner state has been measured using low energy muons. The depth of implantation was varied from 20-150 nm by tuning the energy of the implanted muons from 3-30 keV. These are direct measurements of the penetration of a magnetic field beneath a superconducting surface which illustrate the power of low energy muons for near surface studies in superconductivity and magnetism.     

B2O3添加宝石级金刚石单晶的生长特性

利用温度梯度法, 在5.3-5.7 GPa压力、1200-1600 ℃的温度条件下, 将B₂O₃粉添加到FeNiMnCo+C合成体系内, 进行B₂O₃添加宝石级金刚石单晶的合成. 研究得到了FeNiMnCo触媒生长B₂O₃添加宝石级金刚石单晶的相图分布规律. 结果表明B₂O₃添加会使晶体生长的“V”形区上移和低温六面体单晶生长区间变宽. 通过晶体生长实验, 研究合成了不同形貌的B₂O₃添加宝石级金刚石单晶. 研究同时证实, B₂O₃的过量添加会对宝石级金刚石单晶生长带来不利影响. 当B₂O₃的添加量高于约3 wt‰、生长时间超过20 h时, 很难实现优质B₂O₃添加宝石级金刚石单晶的生长. 但B₂O₃的适量添加(不超过1 wt‰), 有助于提高低温板状六面体宝石级金刚石单晶的成品率. 通过对晶体生长速度的研究发现, B₂O₃的添加使得优质晶体的生长速度明显降低, 随着晶体生长时间的延长, B₂O₃添加剂对晶体生长的抑制作用会越发明显. 扫描电镜测试结果表明, 合成体系内B₂O₃添加剂的引入, 导致晶体表面的平整度明显下降.