Cs的覆盖度对Cs/石墨烯的结构稳定性和场发射性能影响

采用密度泛函理论方法,对Cs以不同覆盖度吸附在石墨烯表面时系统的结构稳定性和场发射性能进行了研究.计算结果表明单原子Cs吸附在石墨烯表面的碳六元环的中心位置时系统的能量最低.随着Cs的覆盖度增加,碱金属Cs与石墨烯之间的吸附作用逐渐增强,(4×4)R 0°和(2×2)R 0°结构是稳定的.由于碱金属Cs的修饰作用,Cs/石墨烯体系的功函明显下降,且随着碱金属Cs的覆盖度增大,系统的功函逐渐减小.态密度的计算结果表明功函的下降主要与Cs和石墨烯之间的电子转移有关.随着覆盖度的增大,石墨烯的电子态逐渐向低能方向移动,系统的费米能级升高并导致材料的功函下降.     

碱金属覆盖度的变化对Li/石墨烯场发射性能影响的理论研究

采用密度泛函理论对Li以不同覆盖度吸附在石墨烯表面上时系统的结构稳定性和场发射性能进行了计算.计算结果表明:Li吸附在石墨烯表面的碳六元环的中心位置时系统的能量最低,随着Li的覆盖度增加,碱金属与石墨烯之间的吸附作用逐渐减弱.在(4×4)R0°结构中,由于碱金属Li的修饰作用,Li/石墨烯体系的功函由原来的4.625eV降至3.156eV,但是随Li的覆盖度增大,系统的功函反而上升.电荷分布和态密度结果表明:随Li覆盖度增大,碱金属Li—Li之间的排斥作用逐渐增强,这不仅导致金属向石墨烯转移电子数逐渐减少,同时还使得Li层的功函较纯Li金属表面功函明显增加,这是Li/石墨烯的功函不会因Li覆盖度增加而单调递减的原因.     

不同覆盖度下Li原子在Si(001)表面上的吸附构型和电子结构

采用基于赝势平面波基组的密度泛函理论, 对不同Li原子覆盖度下Li/Si(001)体系的吸附构型、电子结构以及吸附Li原子对表面性质的影响进行了系统研究. 计算结果表明, 在所考察的覆盖度范围内, Li原子倾向于吸附在相邻两个Si-Si二聚体之间各种对称性较高的空穴位, 其中覆盖度为0.75 ML(monolayer)时具有最小的平均吸附能. 由能带结构分析结果可知, 随着覆盖度的增大, Si(001)表面存在由半导体→导体→半导体的变化过程. 在覆盖度为1.00 ML时, 由于表层二聚体均受到显著破坏, 使得体系带隙明显增大. 吸附后, 有较多电子从Li原子转移到底物, 导致Si(001)表面功函显著下降, 并随着覆盖度的增加表面功函呈现振荡变化. 此外, 从热力学稳定性角度上看, 覆盖度为0.75 ML的Li/Si(001)表面较难形成.     

氢原子吸附的Cu(100)表面原子结构和电子态

用密度泛函理论的总能计算研究了金属铜(100)面的表面原子结构以及在不同覆盖度时氢原子的吸附状态. 研究结果表明, 在Cu(100)c(2×2)/H表面体系中, 氢原子吸附的位置是在空洞位置, 距最外层Cu原子层的距离为0.052 nm, 相应的Cu—H键长为0.189 nm, 并通过计算结构参数优化否定了其它的吸附位置模型. 总能计算得出Cu(100)c(2×2)/H表面的功函数为4.47 eV, 氢原子在这一体系的吸附能为2.37 eV(以孤立氢原子为能量参考点). 通过与衬底原子的杂化, 氢原子形成了具有二维特征的氢能带结构, 在费米能级以下约0.8 eV处出现的表面局域态是Cu(S)-H-Cu(S-1)型杂化的结果. 采用Cu(100)表面p(1×1)、p(2×2)和p(3×3)的三种氢吸附结构分别模拟1, 1/4, 1/9的原子单层覆盖度, 计算结果表明, 随着覆盖度的增加, 被吸附的氢原子之间的距离变短, 使得它们之间的静电排斥和静电能增大, 从而导致表面吸附能和吸附H原子与最外层Cu原子间垂直距离(ZH-Cu)逐渐减小. 在较低的覆盖度下, 氢原子对Cu(100)表面的影响主要表现为单个原子吸附作用的形式. 通过总能计算还排除了Cu(100)表面(根号2×2根号2)R45°-2H缺列再构吸附模型的可能性.     

CO吸附在Rh(111)表面上的结构和振动频率的理论研究

采用密度泛函-广义梯度近似(DFT-GGA)方法对CO吸附在Rh(111)表面上的结构和振动特征进行了研究, 获得了吸附结构, 吸附能和振动频率. 计算结果表明, 在低覆盖度下最稳定的吸附位置为顶(top)位置, 而在高覆盖度下, 一个CO分子占据top位置, 另外两个分子占据凹陷(hollow)位置. 振动分析表明, C-O伸缩振动频率随着覆盖度的增加而增大. 计算的吸附结构和振动频率都与实验结果吻合较好.     

改性Y分子筛的酸碱性能及吸附性能的研究

吡啶、吡咯、苯、甲苯、乙苯作为探针分子，在Li＋, Na＋, K＋, Cs＋改性的Y型分子筛上进行吸附，用TPD及IR方法系统地研究了不同碱金属离子改性的Y型分子筛的酸碱性能和吸附性能的变化. 结果表明，按Li、Na、K、Cs的顺序, 随着碱金属离子半径的增大, 其L酸酸强度依次减弱，L碱的强度逐渐增强.由于改性Y型分子筛所含碱金属离子的不同，其对芳烃的吸附的强弱及吸附量的大小亦不同.随着骨架外的阳离子的半径逐渐增大，碱的强度逐渐增强，与芳烃的作用愈强烈，导致TPD脱附峰温增高及芳烃和侧链上的C－H伸缩振动谱带向低波数位移愈多.由于位阻的原因，对含同一种碱金属离子的分子筛来说，随着芳烃侧链C数的增加，芳烃的吸附量逐渐减小.     

氢原子在Be(0001)表面吸附的密度泛函理论研究

采用第一性原理的密度泛函理论研究单个氢原子和多个氢原子在Be(0001)表面吸附性质.给出了氢吸附Be(0001)薄膜表面的原子结构、吸附能、饱和度、功函数、偶极修正等特性参数.同时也讨论了相关吸附性质与氢原子覆盖度(0.06-1.33ML)的关系.计算结果表明:氢原子的吸附位置与覆盖度之间有强烈的依赖关系,覆盖度低于0.67ML时,氢原子能量上易于占据fcc或hcp的中空位置;覆盖度为0.78ML时,中空位与桥位为氢原子的最佳吸附位;覆盖度在0.89到1.00ML时,桥位是氢原子吸附能量最有利的位置;以上覆盖度中Be(0001)表面最外层铍原子的结构均没有发生明显变化.当覆盖度为1.11-1.33ML,高覆盖度下Be(0001)表面的最外层铍原子部分发生膨胀,近邻氢原子渗入到铍表面次层,氢原子易于占据在hcp和桥位.吸附结构中的氢原子比氢分子中的原子稳定.当覆盖度大1.33ML时,计算结果没有发现相对于氢分子更稳定的吸氢结构.同时从分析偶极修正和氢原子吸附垂直高度随覆盖度的变化关系判断氢覆盖度为1.33ML时,在Be(0001)表面吸附达到饱和.     

金属簇X (X=Pt-Au, Au-Au)负载在(3×2) TiO2(110)完整表面上的覆盖度效应

采用自旋极化密度泛函和广义梯度近似的方法并结合周期平板模型,探讨了不同覆盖度(θ)下双金属簇X (X=Pt-Au, Au-Au)在(3×2)TiO2(110)完整表面上的吸附行为.另外,在本文给出的所有覆盖度模式下(θ=1/6-1 ML),我们仅研究其基态构型.计算结果表明:当θ<1/2 ML时,金属簇X在TiO2(110)表面上吸附能随覆盖度的增加而增加;当θ>1/2 ML时,除了饱和覆盖度下,吸附能随覆盖度的增加而减小;当θ=1/2 ML时,吸附能最大.即使Pt-Au/TiO2体系的吸附能比Au-Au/TiO2体系的小,但相对于Au-Au簇, Pt-Au簇更容易在TiO2(110)表面上形成双金属单分子层.在半覆盖和全覆盖下, X簇的峰与TiO2的峰在-3.0 eV到费米能级之间产生明显重叠,表明簇与底物之间存在化学作用.且当覆盖度小时, X-TiO2相互作用是成簇的主要因素;随着覆盖度的增大, X-X原子间相互作用就逐渐变成了成簇的主要动力     

表面吸附碱金属原子的超短碳纳米管体系的结构和非线性光学性质

采用密度泛函理论(DFT)方法系统研究了表面吸附碱金属Li原子的超短碳纳米管([8]cyclophenacene)体系的结构和非线性光学性质.在这些体系中,Li原子均能稳定地吸附在超短碳纳米管表面,其吸附能高达84.0~106.2 kJ/mol.当吸附1~2个Li原子时,Li原子和碳纳米管之间发生了明显的电荷转移过程,使体系的一阶超极化率(β0)值明显改善,β0值从0迅速增加到3.42×103~8.29×103a.u.;当吸附的Li原子数增加到3时,体系内部产生了额外电子,有效地降低了体系最主要跃迁的跃迁能,使体系的一阶超极化率进一步提升(高达2.59×106a.u.).此外,Li原子之间的距离也是影响吸附体系β0值的重要因素.     

乙炔和乙烯分子在Si(100)表面吸附的几何和电子结构的密度泛函研究

采用基于第一性原理的密度泛函理论和平板模型对Si(100)表面吸附乙炔和乙烯分子的构型稳定性以及电子结构进行系统研究. 结果表明: 无论是吸附乙炔还是乙烯分子, 当覆盖度为0.5 ML时, 最为稳定的吸附方式为dimerized模型; 当覆盖度增大到1.0 ML时, end-bridge模型为最稳定的吸附方式. 通过对各吸附模型的能带结构分析可知, 体系的带隙变化可以通过考察表层Si—Si二聚体中Si原子的配位环境来确定. 对于相同的吸附模型, 无论吸附分子是乙炔还是乙烯, 都具有非常相近的带隙. 吸附构型以及吸附分子的覆盖度对最小带隙及其来源有较大影响. 此外, 研究结果还表明, 杂化密度泛函方法更适合于描述Si(100)表面的电子结构, 尤其是对end-bridge吸附模型.     

First-principles study of K and Cs adsorbed on Pd(111)

The adsorptions of K and Cs on Pd(111) were studied by the density functional calculations within the generalized gradient approximation. The site preference, bonding character, work function, and electron structure of the system were analyzed. For K and Cs adsorption, the hcp hollow site was found to be preferred for all the coverages investigated. The calculated adsorption geometries for (2 x 2) and (square root 3 x square root 3)R30 degrees phases are both in reasonable agreement with the observed results. The decrease of the work function upon the adsorption of K and Cs can be attributed to a dipole moment associated with the polarized adsorbate atom, which is characterized by depletion of the electron charge in the alkali metal layer and a charge accumulation in the interface region. Our results indicate that the bonding of alkali metal with the Pd(111) surface has a mixed ionic and metallic bond character at low coverage and a metallic bond of covalent character at high coverage.     

Investigation of Cs(I) adsorption on densely crosslinked poly(sodium methacrylate) from aqueous solutions

In this study, a crosslinked copolymer bearing sodium methacrylate functional groups has been proposed to remove Cs(I) ions from aqueous solutions. For this purpose, the crosslinked copolymer of ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDM) and methacrylic acid (MA) containing 25% MA as weight percentage was synthesized by using benzoyl peroxide (BPO)-N,N-dimethyl aniline initiator system. The available carboxyl groups in copolymer were converted to the groups of sodium methacrylate using 2 N NaOH. The adsorption behavior of cesium ions on the densely crosslinked poly(sodium methacrylate) from aqueous solutions were investigated by the technique of ICP-MS measurements of cesium ions in solutions. Batch adsorption method was used to analyze the Cs(I) adsorption as a function of parameters such as the amount of adsorbent, contact time, pH of solution, initial Cs(I) concentration and temperature. The adsorption data were evaluated by the Freundlich, Langmuir and Dubinin–Radushkevich (D–R) isotherms. The adsorption capacity and free energy change were calculated by using D–R isotherm. The adsorption data obtained from experimental results have been tested by the fractional power, the Elovich, the pseudo-first order and the pseudo-second order kinetic models.     

First-principles study of hydrogen adsorption on Mo(1 1 0)

First-principles calculations based on density functional theory-generalized gradient approximation method have been performed for hydrogen (H) adsorption on Mo(1 1 0) surface. For various coverages, the hollow (hol) site was found to be the most stable binding site. The adsorption energy of this site was slightly increased as the increasing of hydrogen coverage. Subsurface (sub) occupation at low and medium coverages was ruled out while it became to be stable at the coverage of 1 ML. This is also supported by the potential energy surface (PES) study for hydrogen diffusing from hol to sub site. It’s interesting to find a surface reconstruction at the coverage of 1 ML, which is characterized by the lateral shift of the topmost layer for the sub adsorption. At higher coverage, the local density of states (LDOS) analysis showed that a new peak was clearly visible which was ascribed to a surface state induced by hydrogen adsorption. This surface state was mostly localized on the hydrogen atom and the first Mo layer, implying the hybridization of the hydrogen 1s states and the Mo metal states.     

Kinetics of Cs adsorption/desorption on granite by a pseudo first order reaction model

In this present work, the kinetic reaction constants including the forward (kf, Cs adsorption onto granite) and backward (kb, Cs desorption from granite) rate constants of Cs on granite were determined by fitting the experimental data from both adsorption and desorption experiments with a pseudo first-order reaction model. In the case of Cs adsorption, both forward and backward rate constants are consistent with one another as Cs loading less than 0.1 mM. In contrast, both forward and backward reaction constants from desorption experiment dramatically increase as the Cs loading increases. Rearrangement of these desorption data by linearization technique, a notable instantaneous desorption process appears, which profoundly influences the determination of the rate constants. Based on our fitting results, the rate constants including both forward and backward reactions determined from Cs adsorption onto granite are much suitable to represent the adsorption behavior, in which the recommended values are of 0.42 and 0.03 h⁻¹, respectively.     

Investigation of adsorption and vertical migration of137Cs in three kinds of soil at Lublin vicinity

The results of field, column and laboratory studies carried out on three types of mineral soils are encloses presented. Based on the field tests, average migration rates of¹³⁷Cs were calculated. The highest rate was found for the brown soil (FAO/UNESCO—Cambisol). Cesium migrated with the lowest rate in the podzol soil (FAO/UNESCO—Cambic Podzol). The column experiments confirmed the above observation. In laboratory tests the adsorption and desorption isotherms of Cs were determined on samples taken from 0–2 cm layers of each soil profile. It was found from the calculated partition coefficients that Cs is always irreversibly bonded to some extent, but it appears to be completely and irreversibly immobilized on the podzol soil. The permanent retention of cesium in the podzol soil was also confirmed by microcalorimetric studies. The desorption energy was negligibly small and amounted to −0.21 mJ/g. In the brown soil, containing prevailing amounts of loamy minerals, the desorption energy was found to be 106.89 mJ/g. The investigations are supplemented by the sorption kinetics measurements. These indicate that the adsorption equilibrium is reached after a dozen, up to twenty or so minutes.     

Separation of rare-earth fission product elements from106Ru and137Cs by chloride sublimation

The possibility has been investigated of separating rare-earth fission fragment elements from¹⁰⁶Ru and¹³⁷Cs by high-temperature sublimation (950°C) of chlorides, with their subsequent gas adsorption separation in a quartz tube under a temperature gradient in a flow of the carrier-gas Ar+SOCl₂. The temperature corresponding to the maxima of the element precipitation zones are: 630–660°C (¹⁴⁴Ce), 770–780°C (0.7–6 μg¹⁴⁰La+La), 920°C (1.5 mg Ce or La), 420–450°C (¹⁰⁶Ru), 280–300°C (¹³⁷Cs). The coefficients of element separation have been calculated. For the separation of indicator amounts of rare-earth elements and¹⁰⁶Ru and¹³⁷Cs, fractional sublimation of the chlorides of the latter at 650°C has been used. Rate constants and effective activation energies of the overall processes of chlorination-sublimation of the elements have been determined.     

Effect of monovalent cations (Li+, Na+, K+, Cs+) on self-assembly of thiol-modified double-stranded and single-stranded DNA on gold electrode

In this article we investigate the effect of monovalent cations (Li(+), Na(+), K(+), Cs(+)) on self-assembly of thiol-modified double-stranded DNA (ds-DNA) and single-stranded DNA (ss-DNA) on gold electrodes. Electrochemical characteristics (surface coverage, ion penetration and charge transfer) of ds-DNA and ss-DNA self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) formed with different monovalent cations are inspected based on six important interfacial parameters including surface coverage (Γ(m)), interfacial capacitance (C), phase angle (Φ(1 Hz)), ion transfer resistance (R(it)*), current density difference (Δj) and charge transfer resistance (R(ct)) from chronocoulometry (CC), cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Three sections are included: (1) Investigation of the relationships of parameters (Γ(m), C, Φ(1 Hz), R(it)*, Δj and R(ct)) for ds-DNA-SAMs and ss-DNA-SAMs with cation types and concentrations; (2) confirmation and explanation of our experimental results combined with our recently proposed simple DNA model and literature reports; (3) exploration of the mechanism for the orders of monovalent cations (Li(+), Na(+), K(+), Cs(+)) on availing the adsorption of ds-DNA and ss-DNA molecules on gold based on their physicochemical parameters (ion size, solvation free energy and enthalpy, ion-water bond length and water exchange rate) and possible binding modes with DNA molecules. This work might provide a useful reference for understanding interactional mechanism of cations with DNA molecules.     

Density functional theory (DFT) investigation of the adsorption of the CH3OH/Au(100) system

The adsorption of methanol on flat Au (100) surface with different coverages (θ = 1.0, 0.5 and 0.25 monolayer (ML)) is studied using density functional theory. Among the three sites (top, bridge and hollow) and coverages investigated in the present work, no adsorption is stable for θ = 1.0 ML. The most energetically preferred site of adsorption for CH₃OH is found to be the hollow site for coverages of 0.25 ML and 0.50 ML. We also find that for all adsorption sites, an increase in CH₃OH coverage triggers a decrease in the adsorption energy. The geometric parameters, local density of states and work function changes are analysed in detail. The coadsorption of methoxy and hydrogen has also investigated. In addition, the dissociation of methanol on Au(100) has been studied, and an activation energy was found to be 1.72 eV. This result compare with existing data in the literature for Au(111) surface. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Photoelectron spectroscopy of electronic surface structure of the Cs/GaN and Cs/InN interfaces

The electronic structure of the epitaxial GaN, InN nanolayers, and the ultrathin Cs/GaN and Cs/InN interfaces was investigated under ultrahigh vacuum at various Cs coverages. The experiment was carried out using synchrotron-based photoelectron spectroscopy. The photoemission spectra of the valence band and the In 4d, N 2s, Ga 3d, and Cs 4d semicore levels were studied as a function of Cs coverages. It was found that the Cs adsorption in the submonolayer coverage region causes substantial changes in the spectra due to charge transfer between the Cs adlayer and surface Ga or In atoms. The strong interaction of the dangling bonds of Ga or In with Cs adatoms effectively increases the Ga or In valency.