基于泡沫微观渗流特征的泡沫驱数学模型

通过泡沫微观渗流实验可以看出泡沫在多孔介质内呈现两种渗流状态:流动泡沫和捕集泡沫.泡沫封堵实验可以看出泡沫封堵能力具有叠加性,当泡沫驱达到稳态后,岩心入口端泡沫封堵压力梯度小于岩心后段封堵压力梯度.基于泡沫总量平衡思想和泡沫性质表征模型,建立泡沫驱多组分数学模型.对该模型进行数值求解,模型采用全隐式方法求解.通过与泡沫封堵实验拟合,验证了模型的有效性,在此基础上研究了泡沫驱过程中不同位置处泡沫数目、压力、含水饱和度等泡沫驱渗流特征参数变化规律.     

聚合物强化泡沫驱数学模型及其应用

基于泡沫组分物质守恒原理,考虑泡沫生成、破灭、运移现象,建立聚合物强化泡沫驱渗流的多组分数学模型,有效反映油相消泡和聚合物稳泡作用机理,采用自适应隐式方法进行求解.通过拟合泡沫驱替实验结果,验证数学模型的有效性.对某油区泡沫先导试验区进行跟踪数值模拟,分析泡沫驱渗流特征,结果表明,强化泡沫体系能够在地层稳定存在,并不断向生产井推进,从而大幅度提高原油采收率.     

超临界水驱超稠油提高采收率热物理特性研究

超稠油资源的高效开发对于提高石油供给和保障我国石油安全意义重大。针对深层超稠油资源由于原始地层压力高、原油黏度大导致常规蒸汽驱无法有效开发的问题,本文提出超临界水驱开发深层超稠油的新思路。本文首先研制了超临界水驱油提高采收率实验平台,研发的管式填砂岩心模型能够模拟岩心升温和驱替的同步过程,然后开展了超临界水驱、蒸汽驱和热水驱对比实验研究,实验结果表明,相对于蒸汽驱,超临界水驱能显著提高采收率并具有更高的热效率,25MPa、400℃超临界水驱鲁克沁超稠油的采收率达到97.07%;获得了超临界水驱过程的温度场和驱替压差变化规律,发现了超临界水超覆现象,与蒸汽超覆相比,超临界水超覆发生晚且持续短,可扩大波及范围,提高采收率。     

微孔道聚合物溶液驱替残余油变形研究

为了进一步研究聚合物溶液驱替岩心微孔道中残余油的流动规律,探索驱替液弹性对残余油变形的影响规律,进一步研究黏弹性驱替液对岩心微孔道中残余油的驱替机理,运用非牛顿流体力学理论建立流动方程,采用数值计算方法求解残余油的变形。计算结果表明:随着We数的增大,残余油的前进角逐渐增大,后退角逐渐减小,变形指数逐渐增大,起始阶段变形指数按照线性规律增加,后成抛物线型增加。较高的浓度或分子量的聚合物溶液都会显著地增加其弹性,使得残余油产生显著的变形,更有利于残余油的运移或剥离,从而验证了数值计算所得的结果——弹性可增大残余油的变形,提高驱油效率,进一步提高原油采收率,这就是聚驱提高原油采收率的水动力学机理。     

水驱油过程的核磁共振二维谱研究

岩心水驱油过程中油水分布状况是岩心多孔介质的重要性质. 水驱油过程的研究是进一步进行提高采收率研究的基础. 核磁共振扩散-弛豫二维谱提供了岩心中流体性质的多方面信息,与核磁共振一维弛豫谱相比极大地提高了区分油水的能力. 该文通过2组岩心水驱油实验,从不同含油饱和度的扩散-弛豫二维谱中提取出水的一维弛豫谱,在原油粘度比较高的情况下获得了驱替过程中油水在不同孔隙中的分布状况以及润湿性等信息, 解决了单独用一维弛豫谱方法难以区分油水的问题. 该文的研究方法对油田提高采收率的研究有比较大的参考价值.     

黏弹性聚合物驱驱替动态与不同注入参数分析

基于质量守恒定律,建立三相五组分考虑聚合物弹性增黏、降低残余油和稠油黏弹性效应的聚合物驱数学模型,并采用IMPES方法进行求解.计算分析表明,黏弹性聚合物驱可降低残余油饱和度,增加驱油体系黏度,提高原油采收率;采收率随注入浓度增大先迅速增加后趋于稳定,最优值为2 000 mg·L^-1;随注入速度先增加后降低,存在最优值;随聚合物段塞增大先迅速增加后缓慢增加并趋于稳定,最佳注入量约为0.6 PV;随原油松弛时间增加呈线性增加.     

考虑扩散和吸附作用的聚合物驱替过程渗流数值模拟

采用显式求解饱和度、隐式求解浓度的思路,对考虑扩散和吸附作用的聚合物驱替过程渗流模型进行了数值求解.饱和度方程求解应用了显式全变差递减(TVD)法;浓度方程求解过程中,空间项离散采用Crank Nicolson差分格式,时间项变量进行拟线性处理,保证了计算的稳定性.通过与解析解对比,验证了该方法的有效性.计算实例分析表明,扩散使聚合物在溶液中稀释,导致浓度传播分散;吸附使聚合物损耗,导致浓度传播滞后.同时,计算结果直观反映了聚合物驱重要的"油墙"形成机理.在段塞注入情况下,原油富集区在出口端的突破是介于聚合物浓度前缘突破和聚合物浓度峰值突破之间.     

驱油体系的驱油效率及其在模拟岩芯表面的润湿性研究

为了研究驱油体系在模拟岩芯表面的润湿性 ,为微重力应用研究提供依据 ,选择胜利纯梁采油厂C6 4 1井原油 ,应用正交实验设计 ,通过最低瞬时界面张力测定 ,筛选出阴离子表面活性剂SDC V、非离子表面活性剂FBB、HPAM和复碱的驱油体系配方 .开展室内模拟驱油实验 ,同时测定驱油体系溶液对模拟岩芯的接触角 ,并且关联驱油效率和接触角之间的关系 ,发现驱油效率越高 ,接触角值越小     

多孔介质中含溶解反应的互溶驱替过程格子Boltzmann研究

采用格子Boltzmann方法研究了孔隙尺度下多孔介质内含流固溶解反应的互溶驱替过程,重点研究了被驱替流体与驱替流体黏性差异较大的情况下,溶解反应引起的多孔介质内部结构变化对驱替过程的影响;定量分析了不同达姆科勒数及佩克莱数下多孔介质孔隙率和驱替过程驱替效率随时间的演变.研究结果表明:达姆科勒数较大时,溶解反应的发生会在多孔介质内部生成虫洞,导致一部分被驱替流体不能被波及,驱替流体沿虫洞离开多孔介质,造成驱替效率的减少.在此基础上,随着达姆科勒数的增大,孔隙率变化越大,生成的虫洞越宽,最终驱替效率变大,但仍小于无溶解反应时的驱替效率;随着佩克莱数的增大,指进增长速度越快,孔隙率变化越小,驱替效率越小.     

基于低场核磁共振技术的储层可动油饱和度测试新方法

在评价储层的可动用储量时,可动油饱和度是重要参考参数之一．为了准确测试储层的可动油饱和度,在借鉴可动流体饱和度测试方法的基础上,提出了通过结合低场核磁共振技术和油驱水、水驱油离心实验来测试可动油饱和度的新方法．选取马岭油田的24块岩样进行了可动油饱和度实验,实验结果表明：2.28 MPa、0.22 MPa分别是低渗砂岩油驱水和水驱油离心实验的合理离心力;24块岩样的可动油饱和度分布为17.06%~60.49%,平均为41.95%;可动油饱和度主要由0.5 mm以上的喉道控制,喉道半径越大,控制的可动油越多;可动油饱和度与渗透率的相关系数达到0.845,要好于与孔隙度的相关性．实验结果较符合目标区块的实际情况,证明了通过该新方法来测试岩心可动油饱和度是可行的,改进了仅根据油相T₂谱的左峰和右峰测试可动油饱和度的传统方法．     

Investigation on Mechanisms of Polymer Enhanced Oil Recovery by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Microscopic Theoretical Analysis

Polymer flooding is an efficient technique to enhance oil recovery over water flooding. There are lots of discussions regarding the mechanisms for polymer flooding enhancing oil recovery. The main focus is whether polymer flooding can increase sweep efficiency alone, or can increase both of sweep efficiency and displacement efficiency. We present a study on this problem. Oil displacement experiments on 4 natural cores show that polymer flooding can increase oil recovery efficiency by more than 12% over water. Moreover, photos are taken by the nuclear magnetic resonance （NMR） method both after water flooding and after polymer flooding, which show remaining oil saturation distribution at the middle cross section and the central longitudinal section. Analyses of these photos demonstrate that polymer flooding can increase both sweep efficiency and displacement efficiency.     

Displacement Mechanism of Polymer Flooding by Molecular Tribology

Whether polymer flooding can enhance displacement efficiency or not is still a problem under debate. Laboratory experiment, numerical simulation and core data analysis are the commonly used means to study polymer flooding displacement efficiency. We discuss the limitations of these methods and employ molecular tribology to study the problem. The black-white ball action principle, i.e. the atom action model for describing the friction principle, is used to analyse the microscopic mechanism of oil displacement and describe the molecular interactions and displacement power during polymer flooding. Both tribology theory and dynamic theological test show that molecular interactions during polymer flooding are bigger than that during water flooding. It is concluded that displacement efficiency of water flooding may be higher than that of polymer flooding at particular area; while polymer flooding can weaken the heterogeneity significantly, decrease ineffective injection and enhance the total displacement efficiency.     

聚合物驱两相流试井参数敏感性

考虑油水两相、生产历史、油藏平面非均质性、井筒储存和表皮效应等因素,建立了生产历史阶段聚合物驱数学模型和不稳定试井阶段的流线模型,用流管法对解释模型进行了数值求解.研究表明:随着油水粘度比的增大,压力及压力导数曲线向上平移,随着生产时间的增加,储层的有效渗透率降低,当高渗透条带沿主流线方向分布时,注水井压降导数曲线反映不出油水前缘的影响,而随着聚合物注入浓度的增大,压力导数曲线下凹出现的越来越早.     

Preparation,Characterization and Coreflood Investigation of Polyacrylamide/Clay Nanocomposite Hydrogel System for Enhanced Oil Recovery

The synthesis and characterization of polyacrylamide/clay nanocomposites for the development of hydrogel system used in enhanced oil recovery is described. The synthesized nanocomposite copolymer was crosslinked with Chromium (III) acetate to form the hydrogel which exhibited an acceptable gel strength, gelation time and gel stability. The nanocomposite gels prepared with low crosslinker concentration (2000 ppm chromium acetate) showed higher gel strength and required longer gelation time than the conventional polyacrylamide (PAAm) gel; these are desirable properties for the effective placement of gel during enhanced oil recovery operations. The effects of various parameters, such as polymer and crosslinker concentration, on the gelation time and gel strength were evaluated using the bottle testing method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) revealed the formation of intercalated and exfoliated clay morphologies. The effects of the clay content on the thermal stability and gel strength of the gel network were also investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and rheological measurements (oscillatory time sweep profiles), respectively. Also, in-situ gelation and core flooding experiments revealed that a significant permeability reduction of the sand pack cores could be achieved at reservoir conditions when they were treated with the developed nanocomposite gel formulation. Hence, this nanocomposite gel system with low crosslinker concentration (10,000 ppm of nanocomposite polymer concentration containing 2000 ppm of clay with 2000 ppm chromium acetate crosslinker) may be suitable in water shut-off treatments required for enhanced oil recovery from the oil fields.     

利用磁共振录井技术定量评价水淹层

产水率是划分水淹级别的关键参数,如何通过含水饱和度计算产水率是进行水淹层评价工作要解决的主要问题. 通过测定油-水相对渗透率的注水实验制备出不同产水率的岩样,分析并研究不同产水率下的磁共振录井谱图特征和分析参数响应特征,可探讨利用磁共振录井资料评价水淹级别的可行性. 该工作根据密闭取心井的试油资料和相渗曲线,提出了利用磁共振含水饱和度计算地层产水率经验公式的方法, 并进行了生产应用. 结果表明,利用磁共振录井技术评价水淹层的符合率达到了86%,证明了该项技术在快速、定量评价水淹层和划分水淹级别的良好应用前景.     

Study on frequency optimization and mechanism of ultrasonic waves assisting water flooding in low-permeability reservoirs

Water flooding is one of widely used technique to improve oil recovery from conventional reservoirs, but its performance in low-permeability reservoirs is barely satisfactory. Besides adding chemical agents, ultrasonic wave is an effective and environmental-friendly strategy to assist in water flooding for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) in unconventional reservoirs. The acoustic frequency plays a dominating role in the EOR performance of ultrasonic wave and is usually optimized through a series of time-consuming laboratory experiments. Hence, this study proposes an unsupervised learning method to group low-permeability cores in terms of permeability, porosity and wettability. This grouping algorithm succeeds to classify the 100 natural cores adopted in this study into five categories and the water flooding experiment certificates the accuracy and reliability of the clustering results. It is proved that ultrasonic waves can further improve the oil recovery yielded by water-flooding, especially in the oil-wet and weakly water-wet low-permeability cores. Furthermore, we investigated the EOR mechanism of ultrasonic waves in the low-permeability reservoir via scanning electron microscope observation, infrared characterization, interfacial tension and oil viscosity measurement. Although ultrasonic waves cannot ameliorate the components of light oil as dramatically as those of heavy oil, such compound changes still contribute to the oil viscosity and oil-water interfacial tension reductions. More importantly, ultrasonic waves may modify the micromorphology of low-permeability cores and improve the pore connectivity.