出口压减压下非极性薄涂气相色谱柱的特性及应用

以甲基硅油OV－101、210为固定液,研究了出口压减压下薄涂气相色谱 柱的特性,从柱压、柱温、保留值、柱效、柱的稳定性等方面进行了探讨。应用于烷烃及几种农药的分离,效果良好。     

反相毛细管整体柱的制备及其在多肽混合物分离中的应用

采用甲基丙烯酸月桂酯为基础功能单体,乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯为交联剂,正十二醇、1,4-丁二醇及二甲基亚砜为致孔剂,在内径为75 μm的石英毛细管内制备了具有良好机械性能及化学稳定性的反相毛细管整体柱。考察了致孔剂的种类、比例以及交联剂在单体混合物中的比例对柱压和分离效果的影响;以单体15%、交联剂15%、致孔剂70%(均为质量分数)作为优化配方,在70 ℃条件下反应24 h;并对所合成的毛细管整体柱进行了电镜表征,测试了流速、柱长与柱压的关系。结果表明,毛细管整体柱的通透性良好,可通过延长柱长的方法提高分离效果。将所制备的毛细管整体柱装于纳升级高效液相色谱仪上进行牛血清白蛋白及血浆样本的胰蛋白酶酶切液的分离,获得了比较理想的分离效果。     

弱阴离子交换整体柱对白介素-18的分离

制备了弱阴离子交换整体柱,并建立了白介素-18在该柱上分离纯化的方法。以色谱柱管为模具,通过原位聚合法制备了一种以甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯(GMA)为单体,乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯(EDMA)为交联剂的整体色谱柱,并用二乙胺将其修饰为弱阴离子交换柱。考察了交联剂及致孔剂用量对色谱柱压力的影响,发现:随着交联剂用量的减小,致孔剂用量的增大,柱压下降;当交联剂和致孔剂用量达到一定水平后,柱压变化不再明显,但柱体机械强度降低。用该柱对白介素-18进行了分离,同时考察了不同固定相、缓冲液体系、pH值、盐的类型以及有机添加剂对白介素-18分离效果的影响。方法简单、灵敏、快速,重现性好。     

多柱串联高温HPLC系统的构建及应用

在高效液相色谱(HPLC)中,使用多柱串联能够极大地增加柱效和改善分离效果,提高温度能够明显降低色谱柱反压、加快分析速度.将色谱柱串联与提高柱温相结合构建了多柱串联高温HPLC系统,该系统常温下分析标准样品时(以芴计),绝对柱效达7.6×104塔板数;柱温升高到120℃,色谱柱反压从35.3MPa降低到15.4MPa,分析时间从78.39min缩短为19.26min.采用构建的系统分析中药六味地黄丸,常温下出峰94个,升高温度至100℃出峰80个,分离效果较常规的单柱系统有明显提高;升高温度,使主要组分的出峰时间缩短,可获得更为详尽的组成信息.     

新型快速色谱柱分离头孢类抗生素的比较

对多孔壳层Halo-C_(18)色谱柱、Zorbax Eclipse XDB-C_(18)色谱柱、Zorbax SB-C_(18)色谱柱、ACQUIT UPLC BEH-C_(18)色谱柱以及多孔壳层Halo-C_(18)与Zorbax SB-C_(18)的串联色谱柱分离分析头孢菌素类药物进行了比较研究。结果表明:多孔壳层Halo-C_(18)色谱柱的分离效果明显优于Zorbax Eclipse XDB-C_(18)色谱柱和Zorbax SB-C_(18)色谱柱。串联柱的柱效、分离度几乎达到ACQUITUPLC BEH-C_(18)色谱柱的水平,而其柱压却只有ACQUIT UPLC BEH-C_(18)色谱柱的一半。多孔壳层Halo-C_(18)与Zorbax SB-C_(18)串联色谱柱在一定程度上可以取代超高压色谱柱在常规液相色谱仪上实现高通量快速分离。     

纤维氧化铝PLOT柱的研制及用于裂解气的分析

有关气态烃的分离国内外较多采用吸附色谱法。而氧化铝是使用最早、应用较广的色谱固定相。北京石油化工科学研究院用γ-氧化铝制备填充毛细管柱(PCC)对C_1～C_4烃的分离得到了良好的分离效果。但由于该柱内固定相填充的不均匀性所造成的涡流扩散和低渗透、高柱压(5.9～9.8×10~5Pa,10米柱长)、柱内线速不均匀,使H增大柱效低,致使应用受到限制。     

橄榄油和山茶油中5种未衍生化脂肪酸含量的分析对比

建立了超高效合相色谱-质谱(UPC2-M S)法快速分析橄榄油中软脂酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸等5种脂肪酸的方法,并比较了橄榄油和山茶油中上述5种脂肪酸的含量差异。以标准品为对象比较了4种色谱柱的分离效果,进行色谱柱的筛选;考察了流动相中助溶剂、柱温和背压、补偿溶剂对分离的影响。助溶剂对保留时间和色谱峰形有影响;降低背压,升高柱温,保留时间增大;补偿溶剂对目标物的离子化效率影响不大。经过优化,确定采用UPC2BEH2-EP色谱柱,以超临界CO2-甲醇/乙腈(V/V=1:1)为助溶剂,在50℃柱温和13.79 M Pa背压条件下,以质谱检测器进行检测,3 min内完成植物油样品的分析。橄榄油和山茶油中的脂肪酸组成比较接近,属于高油酸(含量均76%)类型的植物油,总不饱和脂肪酸含量远高于饱和脂肪酸,且该结果与气相色谱法测定结果无显著差异。     

高效离子交换膜色谱介质制备及其对蛋白质的分离

制备了一种以纤维素膜为基质,以二乙胺为配基的高效液相离子交换膜色谱介质,并考察了不同柱长、不同洗脱梯度、不同流速下其对几何标准蛋白的分离情况。与高效液相柱色谱相比,这种高效液相膜色谱柱可以更快速的达到蛋白质的分离。即使在较高流速下,柱压仍较低。实验表明,这种高效液相膜分谱柱适合于蛋白质的快速分离。     

大孔型疏水整体柱的制备及其表征

利用液体致孔剂正庚烷,将双甲基丙烯酸乙二醇酯(EDMA)和甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯(GMA)聚合成含有环氧基团的大孔型整体柱,用正丁胺修饰制备成疏水性整体柱。压汞法分析表明,疏水整体柱的孔隙率为60.2%,500nm以上的大孔占疏水整体柱孔隙率的65.7%。在2890cm/h的高流速下,疏水整体柱的背压只有10.9MPa。以牛血清白蛋白(BSA)为研究对象,动态吸附容量为14.4mg/g介质,在一定范围内,分离效果不受操作流速的影响。此外,在1445cm/h的流速下,3min内即可对细胞色素C、RNase A、溶菌酶和鸡卵清蛋白进行基线分离。结果表明,大孔型疏水整体柱可用于蛋白质的快速分离和分析。     

天然香蓝素芳香成份的高压液相色谱再循环制备分离和质谱鉴定

液相色谱中再循环(Recycle)技术在改进凝胶色谱低柱容量上首先得到应用。这种技术将一次分离后样品从检测器出口再返回色谱柱入口,在同一色谱柱内连续多次循环分离。在不增加柱压和柱长条件下,提高了柱样品容量和分离度。本文导出再循环制备分离中最佳循环次数和最大分离样品体积计算公式,以制备分离蓝科植物荚果香蓝豆中天然香蓝素的     

Novel Designs for Centrifugal Countercurrent chromatography: V. Comparative Studies on Performance of Various Column Configurations

The conventional toroidal coil in centrifugal countercurrent chromatography has a low level of stationary phase retention, since a half of each helical turn is entirely occupied by the mobile phase. In order to cope with this problem, several new column designs including zigzag, saw-tooth and figure-8 patterns have been introduced and their performance was compared in terms of retention of the stationary phase (Sf), peak resolution (Rs), theoretical plate number (N) and column pressures. Overall results of experiments indicate that the figure-8 column yields the highest Rs when the lower phase is used as the mobile phase. Since the column pressure of all these new columns are much lower than that in the traditional toroidal coil column, the separation efficiency can be improved using a long separation column without a risk of column damage by high back pressure.     

Novel separation medium spongy monolith for high throughput analyses

Sponge-like material was utilized as novel chromatographic media for high throughput analyses. The pore size of the sponge-like material was several dozen micrometer, and was named spongy monolith because it consists of continuous structured copolymers, which was made of poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate), such as monolithic materials including silica monoliths and organic polymer monoliths. The spongy monolith was packed into a stainless steel column (100 mm × 4.6 mm I.D.) and evaluated in liquid chromatography (LC) with an on-line column-switching LC concentration system. The results indicate that the packed column could be used with high flow rates and low back pressure (9.0 mL/min at 0.5 MPa). Furthermore, bisphenol A was quantitatively recovered by on-line column-switching LC concentration with the spongy monolithic column. Additionally, the adsorption capacity and physical strength of the media was enhanced via chemical modification of spongy monoliths using glycerol dimethacrylate. The results compared with original spongy monolith demonstrated that a higher adsorption capacity was achieved on a shorter column, and a stable low back pressure was obtained at high throughput elution even with a longer column.     

一种简单的毛细管色谱柱电加热装置的制作方法及其在液相色谱-质谱联用系统中的应用

为了实现蛋白质组的深度覆盖,特别是低丰度蛋白质的定性鉴定和定量分析,目前常用的方法是采用更长或装填更小粒径填料的毛细管色谱柱,但因此带来的问题是色谱柱反向柱压显著升高。针对以上问题发展了一种简单的毛细管色谱柱电加热装置制作方法,并将该装置安装于液相色谱-质谱联用系统,分别以牛血清白蛋白(BSA)酶切肽段混合物和酵母蛋白(yeast)酶切肽段混合物为样品,从柱压和柱效两方面对该装置的性能进行了评价。实验结果表明,所制作的毛细管柱电加热装置安装在装填粒径为3 μm反相色谱填料的毛细管柱上,在最佳电流(100 mA)下对BSA及yeast酶切肽段混合物进行分离时的柱压比不加电流时的柱压降低至少50%,柱效略有升高。这说明所制作的毛细管色谱柱电加热装置能显著降低柱压,为在较低的柱压条件下选择更小粒径色谱颗粒填料的毛细管色谱柱提供了一种有效的方法。     

Measurement of the axial and radial temperature profiles of a chromatographic column. Influence of thermal insulation on column efficiency

The temperatures of the metal wall along a chromatographic column (longitudinal temperature gradients) and of the liquid phase across the outlet section of the column (radial temperature gradients) were measured at different flow rates with the same chromatographic column (250 mm x 4.6 mm). The column was packed with 5 microm C18-bonded silica particles. The measurements were carried out with surface and immersion thermocouples (all junction Type T, +/-0.1 K) that measure the local temperature. The column was either left in a still-air bath (ambient temperature, T(ext) = 295-296 K) or insulated in a packing foam to avoid air convection around its surface. The temperature profiles were measured at several values of the inlet pressure (approximately = 100, 200, 300 and 350 bar) and with two mobile phases, pure methanol and a 2.5:97.5 (v/v, %) methanol:water solution. The experimental results show that the longitudinal temperature gradients never exceeded 8 K for a pressure drop of 350 bars. In the presence of the insulating foam, the longitudinal temperature gradients become quasi-linear and the column temperature increases by +1 and +3 K with a water-rich (heat conductivity approximately = 0.6 W/m/K) and pure methanol (heat conductivity approximately = 0.2 W/m/K), respectively. The radial temperature gradients are maximum with methanol (+1.5 K at 290 bar inlet pressure) and minimum with water (+0.8 K at 290 bar), as predicted by the solution of the heat transfer balance in a chromatographic column. The profile remains parabolic all along the column. Combining the results of these measurements (determination of the boundary conditions on the wall, at column inlet and at column outlet) with calculations using a realistic model of heat dispersion in a porous medium, the temperature inside the column could be assessed for any radial and axial position.     

Detection limits of thermal conductivity and photoionization detectors in high speed narrow bore CGC

Not only the required input band width and the availability of compatible instrumentation limit the reduction of column diameter but so do the column sample capacity and detector characteristics, such as volume and sensitivity. In this paper the scope and limitations of thermal conductivity and photoionization detection at atmospheric and reduced pressures for capillary gas chromatography are discussed at length. It is shown that the sensitivity of a thermal conductivity detector is inversely proportional to the pressure. Reduction of cell volume and decrease of pressure appear equivalent with respect to minimum detectable amount and peak broadening. This results in femtogram detection limits for column diameters as low as 10 μm. For photoionization detectors the sensitivity did not improve at reduced pressures, so that the effect of reduced pressure and addition of make-up gas on the detection limits is the same. Nevertheless, the applicability of a low volume photoionization detector (40 μl) for capillary columns with a diameter as low as 50 μm will be demonstrated by series coupled PID and FID detectors and illustrated with various applications.     

用于变性蛋白质复性及同时纯化的简易型色谱柱的研制及其应用

研制出一种简易型色谱柱并通过装填大颗粒的疏水色谱填料对色谱柱的性能进行了考察,该柱的外形和操作如同传统的液相色谱柱,但它却在生物大分子分离方面有着和高效液相色谱相似的分辨率。另外,只要给该柱装填合适的固定相,比如疏水相互作用色谱固定相,便可用于蛋白质的复性及同时纯化。实验考察了该色谱柱的结构、操作和性能,包括柱压、柱寿命及对蛋白质的分辨率等。以溶菌酶为模型蛋白质,实验测得其在初始浓度为50.0 g/L时的质量回收率和活性回收率分别为(96.6±1.3)%和(101.1±6.0)%。这种简易型色谱柱价格低廉     

Effect of pressure drop on solute retention and column efficiency in supercritical fluid chromatography. Part 2: Modified carbon dioxide as mobile phase

The effect of pressure drop on the performance of supercritical fluid chromatography systems using a modified mobile phase (carbon dioxide + ethanol) was studied. Experiments were performed on a Lichrospher-RP-18 column with phenanthrene as a solute. A wide range of back pressures (130 to 210 bar) and modifier concentrations (2 to 7% w/w) have been explored. Experiments yielding both small and large pressure drops were performed. From these experiments, parameters to describe pressure drop, retention, and column efficiency were extracted, and were used to simulate the dynamics of the chromatographic column. A good match between the experimentally measured and calculated values of pressure drop, retention times, and column efficiency was observed. At low back pressure and modifier composition, significant loss of column efficiency was observed.     

硅胶整体柱的制备及对苯取代物的分离

研究了一种制备硅胶整体柱的新方法。该工艺以四甲氧基硅烷和聚乙二醇为原料,采用改进的溶胶—凝胶技术,建立了消除柱体开裂和变形弯曲的方法及中孔的构建方法,考察了流速对柱压降的影响,并在正相色谱模式下应用制备的硅胶整体柱对苯取代化合物进行了分离。结果表明采用新工艺所制备的硅胶整体柱不开裂,不变形,并具有通孔和中孔双孔结构,渗透性强,柱压降低,机械强度高,柱效高等特点。这些特性尤其适合化合物的高效快速分离。     

利用体积排阻快速原位表征整体固定相的孔结构

利用体积排阻色谱原理,在自制的径向色谱柱上,测定了具有窄分子量分布且已知平均分子量418～190 000的聚苯乙烯标准品的保留数据,这些数据可用于计算柱子的外部(55．1％)、内部(4．9％)和总孔隙率以及整体材料孔尺寸分布的信息。此种技术用于整体填料孔结构的表征,具有无破坏性、原位、快速的特点。整体固定相的外部和总孔隙率高于颗粒填充柱,表明整体柱的高通透性;流速与压力关系的分析,证明了整体固定相在高流速下具有低背压的特征。