氟西汀和西替利嗪对映体的双动态吸附毛细管电色谱手性分离

建立了以海美溴铵（hexadimethrine bromide,HDB)为阳离子表面活性剂，并以磺化β－环糊精（SO3－β－CD）为手性选择剂的双动态吸附毛细管电色谱；考察了背景电解质pH和浓度、环糊精种类和浓度对分离的影响，对分离条件进行了优化，并对手性识别机理进行了探讨；实验结果表明在含0．1g/L HDB和20mmol/L SO3-β-CD的20mmol/L Tris-H3PO4(pH3.00)的体系中，氟西汀和西替利嗪对映体在较短的时间内达到良好分离。     

高效毛细管电泳同时拆分外消旋头孢他啶及头孢曲松钠

用毛细管电泳β－环糊精（β－CD）添加剂法同时拆分外消旋头孢他啶及头孢曲松钠，主要考察了影响分离和测定的因素：（β－CD浓度，背景电解质的pH值，分离电压和毛细管的柱温。通过优化得到了毛细管电泳手性分离头孢他啶及头孢曲松钠对映体的实验方法，在280nm处进行紫外检测，分离温度为25℃，压力进样6s，分离电压为28kV，背景缓冲液含50mmol/L磷酸二氢钠、0.4mmol/Lβ－环糊精（β-CD）、3.0mmol/L（三羟甲基）氨基甲烷（Tirs),pH为7.15的条件下，头孢他啶及头孢曲松钠同时能达到基线分离。对其拆分机理进行了探讨。     

毛细管电泳拆分2-(9-蒽基)-2-羟基乙酸对映体

以羟丙基-β-环糊精为手性选择试剂,首次对外消旋的2-（9-蒽基）-2-羟基乙酸对映体的毛细管电泳分离进行了研究.比较了环糊精的种类、浓度、背景电解质的类型及pH对分离的影响.实验结果表明,采用15mmol/L羟丙基-β-环糊精为手性选择试剂,在20 mmol/L的三羟甲基氨基甲烷（Tris）-磷酸缓冲体系中（pH6.0）,2-（9-蒽基）-2-羟基乙酸对映体达到基线分离,分离度为1.58.     

扁桃酸甲酯对映体的毛细管电泳手性拆分

采用β-环糊精及其衍生物作为手性选择剂，对扁桃酸甲酯对映体进行毛细管电泳分离，考察了不同环糊精种类和浓度、背景电解质类型及pH对分离效果的影响；实验结果表明，pH6．0、50g／L磺酸化环糊精(Su-β-CD)、20mmol/L Tris的磷酸缓冲液，可以使扁桃酸甲酯对映体得到基线分离。     

水溶性β-CD聚合物在毛细管电泳中分离氨基酸对映体

以环氧氯丙烷（EP）为交联剂,合成水溶性的β-环糊精聚合物（β-CDpoly-met）,提出了一种以β-CDpolymer为手性选择剂,在毛细管电泳中分离未衍生芳环氨基酸对映体的方法。考察了手性选择剂浓度、背景电解质溶液pH、柱温及分离电压对分离的影响。在优化的实验条件下,使3种氨基酸对映体得到了基线分离。     

毛细管电泳手性拆分美托洛尔、阿普洛尔和卡替洛尔对映体

提出了毛细管电泳手性拆分β-受体阻滞剂美托洛尔、阿普洛尔、卡替洛尔的方法。考察手性拆分剂的种类及浓度、缓冲溶液的浓度及pH对手性拆分的影响。在95mmol.L-1Tris-H3PO4缓冲溶液中添加15mmol.L-1羟丙基-β-环糊精(HP-β-CD)和5g.L-1羧甲基-β-环糊精(CM-β-CD),美托洛尔对映体和阿普洛尔对映体分别在pH3.2和pH3.8获得基线分离,卡替洛尔对映体在同一分离条件下在pH3.8获得较好分离,分离度达1.0。     

西布曲明对映体的非手性柱高效液相色谱法拆分

采用非手性的C18色谱柱,通过在流动相中加入手性选择剂β-环糊精的方法实现西布曲明对映体的拆分。流动相组成为含β-环糊精的甲醇-水（10：90,V／V,pH3．6）。当手性选择剂β-环糊精的浓度为0．8mmol／L时,西布曲明对映体在进样后的5min内得到了基线分离,分离度Rs达到3．2。对流动相中加入手性选择剂进行手性拆分的机理进行了初步的探讨。     

氨氯地平对映体的高效毛细管电泳手性拆分

建立了氨氯地平对映体的高效毛细管电泳手性拆分方法。考察了背景电解质的PH值和浓度，手性选择剂浓度，有机改性剂种类及浓度对分离的影响，对分离条件进行了优化。结果表明，在含30mg/mL羟丙基-β-CD（HP－β-CD）和10％甲醇的40mmol/L Tris-H3PO4(pH2.5)体系中，对映体达到基线分离，分离度（Rs)为3．4。     

聚合-β-环糊精作手性选择剂的毛细管电泳法分离4种光学活性农药中间体

以聚合-β-环糊精作为毛细管区带电泳手性选择剂,成功分离了2-苯氧丙酸(PPA)、顺式-功夫菊酸(cis-PA)、1-苯基-2-(对甲苯基)乙胺(PTE)和1-苯基-2-(对甲氧基苯基)乙胺(PME)4种光学活性农药中间体的对映体。考察了不同手性选择剂及其浓度、背景电解质的pH等操作条件对分离的影响。结果表明,在12kV操作电压下、30mmol／Ltris-HCl背景电解质中,用14g／L聚合-β-CD作为手性选择剂,PPA和cis-PA对映体在pH6．0时,PIE和PME对映体分别在pH2．5和pH3．0时可以被较好分离。在优化的分离条件下,用聚合-β-CD作毛细管区带电泳手性选择剂分离PIE对映体的分离度为1．513,成功测定了两种旋光性PIE的对映体过量值。     

加压毛细管电色谱法分离1-甲基-3-苯基丙胺对映体

运用毛细管电色谱(pCEC)模式,以羟丙基-β-环糊精(HP-β-CD)作为手性选择剂,对1-甲基-3-苯基丙胺对映体进行手性分离。1-甲基-3-苯基丙胺对映体在最佳的条件下如:手性选择剂浓度10g/L、流动相配比:V(乙腈)∶V(磷酸盐体系)=60∶40溶液(5mmol/L)、背景电解质pH=7.6、柱温16℃和分离电压10kV达到了基线分离,该方法重现性好、简便、快捷。     

双动态吸附毛细管电色谱的手性分离——采用阳离子表面活性剂和阴离子手性选择剂作为假固定相

建立了以十六烷基三甲基溴化铵或1,5－二甲基－1,5－二氮杂十一烷亚甲基聚N－甲溴化物为阳离子表面活性剂,并以磺丁基β－环糊精为手性选择剂的双动态吸附毛细管电色谱。以碱性的丙比胺和酸性的华法林作为拆分对象,考察了双动态吸附毛细管电色谱的手性分离行为,以及动态吸附柱的重复性。在双动态吸附毛细管电色谱条件下,丙比胺和华法林的手性分离度较大,丙比胺的分离度可达3．21,丙比胺连续进样10次,迁移时间的相对标准偏差小于1．0％。     

Carboxymethyl β‐cyclodextrin as chiral selector in capillary electrophoresis: Enantioseparation of 16 basic chiral drugs and its chiral recognition mechanism associated with drugs' structural features

Herein we present the enantioseparation of 10 cardiovascular agents and six bronchiectasis drugs including propranolol, carteolol, metoprolol, atenolol, pindolol, esmolol, bisoprolol, bevantolol, arotinolol, sotalol, clenbuterol, procaterol, bambuterol, tranterol, salbutamol and terbutaline sulfate using carboxymethyl‐β ‐cyclodextrin (CM‐β ‐CD) as chiral selector. To our knowledge, there is no literature about using CM‐β ‐CD for separating carteolol, esmolol, bisoprolol, bevantolol, arotinolol, procaterol, bambuterol and tranterol. During the course of work, changes in pH, CM‐β ‐CD concentration, buffer type and concentration were studied in relation to chiral resolution. Excellent enantiomeric separations were obtained for all 16 compounds, especially for procaterol. An impressive resolution value, up to 17.10, was obtained. In particular, most of them achieved rapid separations within 20 min. Given the fact that enantioseparation results rely on analytes' structural characters, the possible separation mechanisms were discussed. In addition, in order to obtain faster separation for propranolol enantiomers in practical application, the effective length of capillary was innovatively shortened from 45 to 30 cm. After the validation, the method was successfully applied to the enantiomeric purity determination of propranolol in the formulation of drug substances.     

Investigation of Mixed Chiral Selectors of Different Metal Ion-L-Alanine Complex and β-Cyclodextrin on the Chiral Separation of Dansyl Amino Acids with Capillary Electrophoresis

Chiral separation of dausyl amino acids by capillary electrophoresis using mixed selectors of Mn(ll)-L-alanine complex and β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) was studied. Resolution was considerably superior to that obtained by using either Mn (Ⅱ)-L-alanine complex or β-CD alone. The effects of separation parameters, such as pH value of buffer solution, capillary temperature, the concentration of Mn (Ⅱ)-L-alanine complex, the types of CD and ligand on the migration times and resolutions were investigated. Six different transition metal complexes,Cu(Ⅱ), Zn(Ⅱ), Co(Ⅱ), Ni(Ⅱ), Hg(Ⅱ) and Cd(Ⅱ)-L-alanine complexes have been employed and compared with Mn(Ⅱ)complex. Differences in retention and selectivity were found.The substitution of Cu(Ⅱ), Zn(Ⅱ), Co(Ⅱ) and Ni(Ⅱ) for Mn(Ⅱ) resulted in a better chiral resolution while Hg(Ⅱ) and Cd(Ⅱ) showed poorer resolution abilities. The chiral separation mechanism was also discussed briefly.     

Rapid development of the enantiomeric separation of beta-blockers by capillary electrophoresis using an experimental design approach.

A rapid method for determining the separation conditions for chiral resolution of eleven beta-blocking drug substances by capillary electrophoresis is described, using an experimental design approach. An acidic phosphate-triethanolamine buffer and an uncoated fused-silica capillary were used for all experiments. Several modified cyclodextrins were applied as chiral selectors: sulfobutyl ether beta-cyclodextrin (SBE-beta CD), dimethyl beta-cyclodextrin (DM-beta CD), carboxymethyl beta-cyclodextrin (CM-beta CD), and hydroxypropyl beta-cyclodextrin (HP-beta CD). Two different fractional factorial experimental designs were applied: (1) a design examining four factors at three levels (3(4-2)) and (2) one examining three factors at two levels (2(3-1)). The factors studied were: type of cyclodextrin, cyclodextrin concentration, pH of the background electrolyte and percentage of organic modifier. Enough resolution for the separation of the enantiomers and even for their quantification was reached. The same scheme is proposed when a fast chiral separation method needs to be developed for other drug families.     

基于环糊精本征识别能力的手性色谱介质点击制备及应用

目前环糊精（CD）手性固定相（CSP）的研究大多集中于对CD或桥联臂进行功能衍生引入更多作用位点以提升手性拆分能力,鲜有能够反映天然CD本征识别能力的CSP的研究报道,该文通过"巯基-烯"点击化学反应合成了结构明确可控的单（6-巯基-6-去氧）-β -环糊精手性固定相（CSP1）,其最大限度地保留了天然CD的本征结构,且桥联臂无识别作用位点,固体核磁共振（¹³ C SSNMR）和红外光谱（FTIR）的表征结果证明了CSP1的成功制备,元素分析结果表明,与双键功能化硅胶相比,CSP1的C、H、N的百分含量均得到了提高,计算得出CSP1的表面CD固载量为0.82 μmol/m²。采用高效液相色谱反相模式对50多种手性对映体包括异（口恶）唑啉、手性交酯、手性酮、黄烷酮以及丹磺酰氨基酸等进行了手性拆分,充分考察了天然CD的本征手性识别能力,结果表明CD的本征识别能力比较有利于异（口恶）唑啉类样品中含有两个疏水苯环基团Ph-Ph类样品的分离,对于其他几类样品仅利于部分样品的分离。同时与前期制备的功能三唑桥联CD-CSP及咪唑嗡桥联CD-CSP在同一色谱条件下进行了结果比对,结果证明样品的分离过程除了与手性介质的结构有关外,还与样品分子的结构有很大关系,对桥联臂进行功能改性可提升对部分对映体的选择性,但同时会小幅损失CD的本征手性识别能力。对于环糊精本征识别能力易于分离的样品,在设计手性介质时,其桥联臂不需要任何官能团,这为CD固定相结构的设计提供了有益参考。     

New mathematic model for predicting chiral separation using molecular docking: Mechanism of chiral recognition of triadimenol analogues

The purpose of this paper was to study the enantioseparation mechanism of triadimenol compounds by carboxymethylated (CM)‐β‐CD mediated CE. All the enantiomers were separated under the same experimental conditions to study the chiral recognition mechanism using a 30 mM sodium dihydrogen phosphate buffer at pH 2.2 adjusted by phosphoric acid. The inclusion courses between CM‐β‐CD and enantiomers were investigated by the means of molecular docking technique. It was found that there were at least three points (one hydrophobic bond and two hydrogen bonds) involved in the interaction of each enantiomer with the chiral selectors. A new mathematic model has been built up based on the results of molecular mechanics calculations, which could analyze the relationship between the resolution of enantioseparation and the interaction energy in the docking area. Comparing the results of the separation by CE, the established mathematic model demonstrated good capability to predict chiral separation of triadimenol enantiomers using CM‐β‐CD mediated CE.     

利用酰胺型手性固定相正相拆分β-受体阻滞剂对映体

利用酰胺型手性固定相正相直接拆分了β－受体阻滞剂阿替洛尔,讨论了三元流动相中１,２－二氯乙烷和甲醇含量的改变以及不同极性调节剂的使用对分离的影响。优化的流动相组成为Ｖ（正己烷）∶Ｖ（１,２－二氯乙烷）∶Ｖ（甲醇）＝６８∶２６∶６,并在探讨分离机理的同时比较了阿替洛尔、噻利洛尔和普萘洛尔３种β－受体阻滞剂在酰胺型手性固定相上拆分的结果     

Urea bonded cyclodextrin derivatives onto silica for chiral HPLC

Several structurally well-defined perfunctionalised cyclodextrin chiral stationary phases (CD CSPs) for high performance liquid chromatography have been successfully prepared by immobilisation of perfunctionalised cyclodextrins on silica through urea linkage(s) using the Staudinger reaction. These CSPs show high chiral recognition efficiency and are utilised in the resolution of various types of racemic compounds. This paper reviews the development of sixteen perfunctionalised cyclodextrin-based CSPs, their preparation, and their application to enantioseparation of seventy-seven racemic compounds under a range of separation conditions.     

Comparing cyclodextrin derivatives as chiral selectors for enantiomeric separation in capillary electrophoresis

A total of 26 different cyclodextrin (CD) derivatives with different functional groups and degrees of substitution were tested against 35 basic pharmaceutical compounds in an effort to investigate their effectiveness as chiral selectors for enantiomeric separation in capillary electrophoresis (CE). Testing was performed under the same conditions using a low pH buffer (25 mM phosphate buffer at pH approximately 2.5). Five CD derivatives, namely, highly sulfated-beta-CD, highly sulfated-beta-CD, hydroxypropyl-beta-CD (degree of substitution approximately 1), heptakis-(2,6-O-dimethyl)-beta-CD, and heptakis(2,3,6-O-trimethyl)-beta-CD were identified to be most effective for enantiomeric separations and have a wide range of enantiomeric selectivity towards the model compounds. Over 90% of the model compounds were enantiomerically resolved with the five identified CD derivatives, at a minimum resolution of 0.5. An additional 20 compounds were also tested to demonstrate the validity of the identified CD derivatives. The five CD derivatives were recommended as the starting chiral selectors in developing enantiomeric separation methods by CE.     

Enantioseparation Of Aromatic Dipeptides Using Carboxymethyl-β-Cyclodextrin Polymer As Chiral Selector By Capillary Electrophoresis

ABSTRACT

Chiral separation of peptides is of interest because of the different biological activity of enantiomers. In this report, several underivatized dipeptides with benzene moieties were optically resolved by employing carboxymethyl-β-cyclodextrin polymer(CM-β-CD polymer) as chiral selector. The effects of different cyclodextrin types, selector concentration, buffer pH, and organic additive were examined. Selector concentration and buffer pH played significant roles in resolution. Enantioseparation was found to be negatively influenced by adding the organic additive into running buffer and even completely lost at the organic additive content of 16%. It was also noted that the dipeptides with short chain in the vicinity of the second chiral carbon atom showed better chiral resolution by using CM-β-CD polymer than by using either carboxyethyl-β-CD or succinylated-β-CD. Simultaneous chiral separation of a mixture of DL-Ala-DL-Phe and DL-Leu-DL-Phe was also obtained using 27 mg/ml CM-β-CD polymer in the running buffer at pH5.12.