La取代Ba对Ba1-xLaxMn3Al9O19-α催化剂结构及甲烷催化燃烧性能的影响

采用以尿素水解为基础的水热合成法制备了La和Mn取代的六铝酸盐催化剂(Ba1-xLaxMn3Al9O19-α).在Mn含量达到阈值时,研究了不同量的La取代Ba对Ba1-xLaxMn3Al9O19-α的相组成、结构、热稳定性及甲烷催化燃烧活性的影响.当x≥0.4时,水热合成过程中生成的La2(CO3)3在530-580℃分解,800-900℃时与-γAl2O3反应生成LaAlO3钙钛矿相,可抑制由BaCO3分解而生成的Ba2+的固相扩散,从而阻止了BaAl2O4尖晶石相的生成,使Ba2+在固相中保持较高的分散性,促进了六铝酸盐(-βAl2O3)相的形成.当x<0.4时,BaAl2O4尖晶石相的存在引起催化剂比表面积和催化燃烧活性的降低.La3+取代Ba2+后,六铝酸盐结构发生一定程度的扭变.这种扭变越大,所形成的六铝酸盐催化剂的热稳定性越差.Ba1-xLaxMn3Al9O19-α催化剂的甲烷催化燃烧活性随x的增大而增加,x=0.8时催化剂的活性最佳.     

铁取代六铝酸盐的制备及其对甲烷燃烧的催化性能

 采用共沉淀-水热处理法制备了铁取代六铝酸盐(BaFexAl12-xO19-δ,x≤3)催化剂,并用XRD,SEM,UV-Vis和BET等技术对催化剂进行了表征. 结果表明,经1000 ℃焙烧后催化剂开始出现少量六铝酸盐相,1100 ℃焙烧后六铝酸盐相为主要的晶相,当x＞3时催化剂中的杂质相不可忽略. Fe取代六铝酸盐中的Fe主要为Oh配位. 在x≤3范围内,随着Fe取代量的增加,催化剂对甲烷燃烧的催化活性逐渐升高,其中BaFe3Al9O19-δ的起燃温度最低(515 ℃); 继续增加Fe含量,催化剂的高温活性反而下降. 向Fe单取代六铝酸盐晶格中引入La制得的Ba0.5La0.5FeAl11O19-δ催化剂,其起燃活性与BaFeAl11O19-δ的基本相同,但高温活性有较大提高. 反应气组成对催化剂的活性有显著影响,提高O2分压可以降低催化剂的起燃温度,但对高温活性的影响不大. BaFe2Al10O19-δ催化剂在800 ℃下运行100 h没有发生失活现象.     

不同金属取代六铝酸盐的制备及其对甲烷燃烧的催化性能研究

采用铝溶胶作为碳酸铵共沉淀的前驱体,结合乙醇超临界干燥制备了不同金属取代六铝酸盐催化剂(Ba0.8La0.2MAl11O19-α,M=Mn,Fe,Co,Cu),并用BET,XRD,TEM,UV-Vis和O2-TPD等技术对催化剂进行了表征。结果表明,经1200℃焙烧后,生成了具有大的比表面积(42~73 m2.g-1)的棒状六铝酸盐,比表面积由大到小的顺序是Mn>Co>Fe>Cu。XRD结果表明,除Mn取代催化剂之外,其他均含有少量-αAl2O3杂质相。Fe,Mn取代六铝酸盐中的金属离子(Fe3+,Mn3+)主要为Oh配位,而Co,Cu取代六铝酸盐中的金属离子(Co3+,Cu2+)则为Oh和Td配位。O2-TPD表明,Mn,Cu取代的催化剂中具有高的晶格氧含量。催化剂活性由高到低的顺序为Mn>Cu>Fe>Co,催化活性取决于过渡金属离子的氧化还原循环的可逆性、比表面积以及晶格氧等因素。     

Mn离子掺杂对K2MnxAl12-xO19-δ催化剂结构及其甲烷燃烧性能的影响

采用反相微乳液-金属醇盐水解法制备了K作为镜面阳离子,锰离子作为活性组分的一系列六铝酸盐催化剂K₂Mn_xAl_12-xO_19-δ(x=0、1.0、1.5、2.0、2.5、3.0) 。通过X射线衍射、差热 热重和程序升温还原等实验技术及甲烷燃烧,对催化剂的结构和性质进行了考察。主要考察了不同Mn离子的掺杂量对催化剂结构及对甲烷催化燃烧活性的影响。结果表明,K作为镜面阳离子,不但可以形成完整的六铝酸盐,而且所制备的催化剂具有较高的催化活性。不同的Mn离子掺杂对于催化剂的特性有较大的影响。当Mn的掺杂量在六铝酸盐K₂Mn_xAl_12-xO_19-δ结构式中为x=1时,制备的催化剂K₂MnAl₁₁O_19-δ具有较高的催化活性,起燃温度Tl0%为458℃,至676℃甲烷完全转化,Mn掺杂量增多导致晶体结构中出现钙钛矿杂质。     

ACo_2O_4/HZSM-5催化剂上N_2O的直接分解

分别采用柠檬酸络合燃烧法和低温络合浸渍法制备尖晶石型复合金属氧化物催化剂ACo2O4(A=Mg,Ni,Zn)和分子筛负载尖晶石型复合金属氧化物催化剂ACo2O4/HZSM-5(A=Mg,Fe,Ni,Cu,Zn,Zr,La).采用X射线衍射(XRD)、氨程序升温脱附(NH3-TPD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X射线能谱(EDS)等手段对催化剂进行表征,并在固定床微型反应器中评价其催化分解N2O活性.实验结果表明,A位离子种类影响ACo2O4/HZSM-5催化剂活性,以Ni、Fe、Zr或La为A位离子时,催化剂的活性较好,N2O分解温度低.ACo2O4/HZSM-5催化剂的活性高于ACo2O4尖晶石型复合氧化物,一方面是ACo2O4在分子筛HZSM-5载体上高度分散,使其以超细颗粒形态存在,另一方面ACo2O4/HZSM-5催化剂具有适宜的酸性,可提高催化剂的活性.     

搀杂六铝酸盐LaMxAl12-xO19+δ上甲烷催化燃烧研究

采用共沉淀法制备了系列金属Mn搀杂的六铝酸盐LaMnxAl12-xO19+δ(x分别为0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 5.0)催化剂, 采用BET, TG-DTA, XRD进行了物性表征, 并以甲烷催化燃烧为目标反应, 研究了Mn搀杂量对催化剂活性的影响. 结果表明 LaAl12O19+δ催化活性较低, 随着Mn的引入, 催化活性逐步提高. 当x=1.5时, 催化活性达到最大值, 为理想搀杂量. 焙烧温度对晶型及催化活性有重要影响, 1200 ℃时可以形成完整的六铝酸盐晶型, 并具较高的催化性能. 所得较好催化剂起燃温度T10%为418 ℃, T90%为663 ℃.     

Co-M(M=La,Ce, Fe,Mn, Cu,Cr)复合金属氧化物催化分解N2O

通过共沉淀法制备了一系列Co-M(M= La, Ce, Fe, Mn, Cu, Cr)复合金属氧化物及纯Co3O4催化剂, 考察了其催化分解N2O 的活性. 结果表明在研究的系列催化剂中, Co-Ce 复合氧化物催化剂具有最好的催化分解N2O的活性; 其活性与Ce/Co 摩尔比有直接的关系, 当Ce/Co 摩尔比为0.05 时(CoCe0.05 催化剂)催化活性最佳; 当有NO 和O2共存时, 可能在催化剂活性中心上形成表面硝酸盐或亚硝酸盐吸附物种而使其活性受到较大影响. 通过对Co-M 催化剂的XRD、BET、O2-TPD及H2-TPR 等表征结果的分析, 发现作为主要活性位的Co2+的氧化还原能力是影响催化剂活性的主要原因. 这是因为根据反应机理, N2O 的表面分解步骤与Co2+氧化成Co3+的能力相关, 而吸附氧的脱附与Co3+还原成Co2+的能力相关. 在所研究的催化剂中, 添加除CeO2之外的其它过渡金属氧化物时, 催化剂中Co3+/Co2+的氧化还原能力降低, 因此其催化性能降低. 另外, 添加不同过渡金属氧化物也改变了N2O 催化分解反应的速控步骤.     

Co-Mg/Al类水滑石衍生复合氧化物上N2O催化分解的研究

恒定二价与三价阳离子比为3((nCo+nMg)/nAl=3), 采用共沉淀法制备不同Co含量的系列类水滑石前驱物CoxMg3-xAl-HT(x=0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3), 经焙烧得到其衍生复合氧化物催化剂CoxMg3-xAlO. 采用XRD、BET、TG-DSC和TPR等表征手段考察了Co含量对材料前驱物及其衍生复合氧化物组成和结构等方面的影响, 研究了系列CoxMg3-xAlO催化剂的催化N2O分解性能; 同时探讨了反应条件, 如N2O浓度、空速、O2和H2O等因素对催化剂活性的影响. 结果表明, 所有前驱物材料均能形成完整的层状水滑石结构；经高温焙烧后形成了以Co-Al尖晶石为主相的复合氧化物, 且Co掺杂有助于尖晶石相的生成； Co含量对材料的热稳定性、比表面、可还原性和催化分解活性有显著的影响；含Co复合氧化物催化材料存在两个还原峰, 还原过程为Co3+→Co2+→Co；Mg有助于提高催化剂的热稳定性；随着Co含量增加, 催化剂比表面下降, 但比表面不是影响催化剂活性的主要因素； 500 ℃焙烧后的Co2.5Mg0.5AlO催化剂具有较好的N2O催化分解活性；提高前驱物的焙烧温度导致催化剂的活性下降；N2O浓度、空速及O2对催化剂活性的影响较小, 而H2O则对催化剂的活性有较大的影响.     

N_2O在Cu_xFe_(1-x)Fe_2O_4和Ni_xFe_(1-x)Fe_2O_4复合氧化物催化剂上的分解反应

用共沉淀法制备了一组具有尖晶石结构的Cu-Fe和Ni-Fe复合氧化物,用于有氧条件下催化分解N2O,考察了催化剂组成对催化活性的影响.用N2物理吸附(BET)、X射线衍射(XRD)、H2程序升温还原(H2-TPR)等技术对催化剂进行了结构表征.结果表明:在不同组成的Cu-Fe、Ni-Fe系列复合氧化物催化剂中,Cu Fe2O4和Ni Fe2O4对于N2O分解反应的初活性较高,这是因为Cu Fe2O4和Ni Fe2O4的比表面积较高、晶粒较小,而且其表面氧物种与金属(Cu2+、Fe3+)的化学作用较弱,氧物种易脱除、脱氧量较高.相比较而言,Ni Fe2O4催化剂上的N2O分解活化能低于Cu Fe2O4,Ni Fe2O4的初活性优于Cu Fe2O4.500℃连续反应100 h,Cu Fe2O4上的N2O转化率降至84.9%,而Ni Fe2O4上的N2O转化率一直保持99%,Ni Fe2O4有较高的催化稳定性.     

BaMn_xAl_(12-x)O_(19-δ)六铝酸盐催化剂上甲烷催化燃烧性能

采用共沉淀-超临界干燥法制备了六铝酸盐甲烷燃烧催化剂(BaMnxAl12-xO19,x≤4),利用XRD(X射线衍射),BET(BET比表面积测定),TEM(透射电子显微镜)和TPR(程序升温还原)等表征方法对催化剂进行了表征,并在微型固定床反应器中考察其对甲烷的催化活性.结果表明,经过1200℃焙烧后,六铝酸钡(BaAl12O19)中仍有铝酸钡(BaAl2O4)相存在,经Mn离子取代后可以得到单一的六铝酸盐相,过量Mn的加入(当x=4时),催化剂中又出现了杂质相,且XRD的衍射峰强度变小.TPR表征结果表明,Mn在六铝酸盐结构中以 2和 3混合价态存在,Mn3 离子的比例随x的增大而增多.实验结果表明:与普通干燥法相比较,超临界干燥法可大大提高催化剂的比表面积,它对甲烷燃烧的催化活性也有增加.未取代活性离子的六铝酸钡基质对甲烷燃烧催化活性很低,经Mn离子取代后活性大大提高,当x=3时催化活性最高.     

Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance investigation of synthetic phlogopite and lepidolite samples

In the present work, our aim is to decipher the cationic ordering in the octahedral and tetrahedral sheets of two Al-rich synthetic materials, namely, phlogopites of nominal composition K(Mg_3-xAl_x)[Al_1+xSi_3-xO₁₀](OH)_yF_2-y and lepidolites in the system trilithionite–polylithionite with composition K (Li_xAl_3-x)[Al_4-2xSi_2xO₁₀](OH)_yF_2-y, by directly probing the aluminium distribution through ²⁷Al and ¹⁷O magic-angle spinning, multiple-quantum magic-angle spinning, and ²⁷Al-²⁷Al double-quantum single-quantum nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments. Notably, ²⁷Al-²⁷Al double-quantum single-quantum magic-angle spinning NMR spectra, recorded at 9.34 and/or 20.00 T, show the spatial proximity or avoidance of the Al species inside or between the sheets. In both studied minerals, the ensemble of NMR data suggests a preference for ^[4]Al in the tetrahedral sheet to occupy position close to the ^[6]Al of the octahedral sheets.     

Optical and ESR investigations of lanthanum aluminates LaMg1−xMnxO19 single crystals with magnetoplumbite-like structure

New lanthanum aluminates LaMAl₁₁O₁₉ (M²⁺ = Ni, Co, Mn, Mg_1?xMn_x, 0 ≤ x ≤ 1), with magnetoplumbite-like structure have been obtained as single crystals. This paper is particularly devoted to the Mn²⁺ and $\text{Mg}{}^{\mathrm{2+}}\text{Mn}{}^{\mathrm{2+}}$ mixed compounds, which exhibit promising luminescent properties. Several characteristics of the crystals are given. The absorption spectra of the materials, as grown, are assigned to Mn²⁺ ions in tetrahedral sites. After annealing in air new absorptions attributed to octahedral Mn³⁺ ions, appear. The ESR spectra of Mn²⁺ in all these crystals exhibit axial symmetry. For x ≤ 0.25 they arise from isolated Mn²⁺ ions in slightly distorted tetrahedral sites and reveal a strong disorder effect. For x ≥0.5 the spectra consist of a single line, attributed to clusters of magnetically interacting Mn²⁺ ions.     

Chemical and structural transformations in manganese aluminum spinel of the composition Mn1.5Al1.5O4 during heating and cooling in air

Single phase cubic spinel of the composition Mn_1.5Al_1.5O₄ is synthesized. Its crystal structure refinement shows that 0.4Mn+0.6Al are in the octahedral sites and 0.7Mn+0.3Al are in the tetrahedral sites. High temperature X-ray diffraction is used to analyze Mn_1.5Al_1.5O₄ behavior during heating and cooling in air. In a temperature range of 600°C to 700°C, initial spinel splits into layers, and the sample represents a twophase system: cubic spinel Mn_0.4Al_2.4O₄ and a phase based on β-Mn₃O₄. Above 900°C the sample again turns into single phase cubic spinel. The role of oxidizing processes in the decomposition of Mn_1.5Al_1.5O₄ caused by oxygenation and partial oxidation of Mn²⁺ to Mn³⁺ is shown. A scheme of structural transformations of manganese aluminum spinel during heating from room temperature and cooling from 950°C is proposed.     

Ge4+、Sn4+掺杂尖晶石LiMn2O4的合成与电化学表征

使用Ge⁴⁺、Sn⁴⁺作为掺杂离子, 通过高温固相法制备四价阳离子掺杂改性的尖晶石LiMn₂O₄材料. X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)分析表明, Ge⁴⁺离子取代尖晶石中Mn⁴⁺离子形成了LiMn_2-xGe_xO₄ (x=0.02,0.04, 0.06)固溶体; 而Sn⁴⁺离子则以SnO₂的形式存在于尖晶石LiMn₂O₄的颗粒表面. Ge⁴⁺离子掺入到尖晶石LiMn₂O₄材料中, 抑制了锂离子在尖晶石中的有序化排列, 提高了尖晶石LiMn₂O₄的结构稳定性; 而在尖晶石颗粒表面的SnO₂可以减少电解液中酸的含量, 抑制酸对LiMn₂O₄活性材料的侵蚀. 恒电流充放电测试表明, 两种离子改性后材料的容量保持率均有较大幅度的提升, 有利于促进尖晶石型LiMn₂O₄锂离子电池正极材料的商业化生产.     

Farbeffekte in oxidischen and anderen Mn2+-Verbindungen – die Ligandenfeldspektren von MgO/MnO- und CaO/MnO-Mischkristallen sowie von MnAl2O4

Colour Effects in Oxidic and Other Mn²⁺ Compounds – the Ligand Field Spectra of Mixed Crystals MgO/MnO, CaO/MnO, and of MnAl₂O₄ The colour intensity and the shift of the hue is examined for mixed crystals Mg_1?xMn_x^IIO and Mn_1?y^IICa_yO in dependence of the Mn²⁺-concentration and interpreted in terms of Mn²⁺? Mn²⁺ pair interactions and variations of the Mn? O bond length, respectively. The experimental band positions (sextet-quartet transitions) could be fitted quantitatively – also in case of Mn²⁺ in tetrahedral (MnAl₂O₄) and dodecahedral oxygen coordination (Mn₃Al₂Ge₃O₁₂, MnY₂Mg₂Ge₃O₁₂) – by means of crystal field calculations. The obtained ligand field parameters are discussed in comparison with data for octahedral Mn²⁺ ions with H₂O, F^? and Cl^? as ligands.     

Crystal Structure and Property of Perovskite-Type Oxides Containing Ion Vacancy

Studies on the role of oxygen vacancy in structural change of nonstoichiometric perovskites and a property of oxygen-deficient perovskite-related K₂NiF₄ compounds are reviewed.The structural changes on which the authors focused are cation ordering and lattice distortion. The relationship between the distortion and oxygen vacancy was investigated by comparing the structures of Sr₂(Sr_1-xM_x)TaO_6-d (M = Ca²⁺ and Nd³⁺) solid solutions. It was found that distortion of a perovskite-type lattice decreased with an increasing amount of oxygen vacancies. In order to investigate the relationship between the cation ordering on octahedral sites and oxygen vacancy, structures of stoichiometric Sr_2-xLa_xCo_1-yTa_1+yO₆ and oxygen-deficient Sr_2-xLa_xMg_1-yTa_1+yO_6-d solid solutions were compared. The authors' work reveals that the cation ordering affects the amount of oxygen vacancies in addition to cation charge and size.     

Composition and electrochemical properties of LiCu xMn 2- xO 4 and LiCu 0.5- yAl yMn 1.5O 4

In order to gain a better understanding of the parameters affecting the capacity and performance of spinel electrode materials, the chemical composition and cation distribution of three members of the LiCu_xMn_2–xO₄ and LiCu_0.5–yAl_yMn_1.5O₄ series have been studied by chemical analysis, X-ray diffraction and X-ray absorption spectroscopy. The synthesis used stoichiometric and lithium-excess precursors. The results evidence that lithium is always incorporated in lower contents than expected from the nominal stoichiometry, owing to the occurrence of significant amounts of copper in the tetrahedral sites of the structure. Manganese displays an oxidation state below 4+ in all these solids, while the lithium-excess synthesis leads to a slightly higher average oxidation state. The electrochemical results evidence the lack of improvement in capacity by using lithium-excess synthesis, while a significant increase in capacity is obtained by aluminium doping, reaching values of 100 mAh/g.     

AxMn1-xFe2O4铁氧体(A=Zn,Ni)中阳离子的占位有序化行为研究

基于尖晶石晶体结构信息,本文采用热力学三亚晶格模型,将材料热力学计算和第一性原理计算相结合,研究了Zn_xMn_1-x Fe₂O₄和Ni_xMn_1-xFe₂O₄立方相中的Zn²⁺、Ni²⁺、Mn²⁺以及Fe³⁺在8a和16d亚晶格上的占位有序化行为。结果表明:在锰铁氧体中,室温下Mn²⁺完全占据在8a亚晶格上,Fe³⁺完全占据在16d亚晶格上,属于正尖晶石结构;随着热处理温度升高,在1 273 K达到热处理平衡时的占位构型为(Fe_0.09³⁺Mn_0.91²⁺)[Fe_1.91³⁺Mn_0.09²⁺]O₄,在热处理温度升至1 473 K时,达到热处理平衡时的占位构型为(Fe_0.11³⁺ Mn_0.89²⁺)[Fe_1.89³⁺Mn_0.11²⁺]O₄,均与实验结果符合较好。在锌铁氧体中,室温下Zn²⁺完全占据在8a亚晶格上,Fe³⁺完全占据在16d亚晶格上,属于正尖晶石结构;在热处理温度较高时,Zn²⁺和Fe³⁺发生部分置换,符合实验结果。在镍铁氧体中,半数的Fe³⁺在室温下占据在8a亚晶格上,Ni²⁺与剩下另一半的Fe³⁺共同占据在16d亚晶格上,仅在热处理温度较高的时候发生微弱变化,亦与已有的实验结果吻合。在此基础上,本文进一步通过热力学预测建立了立方相尖晶石结构的Zn_xMn_1-xFe₂O₄、Ni_xMn_1-xFe₂O₄复合体系中阳离子占位行为与热处理温度对占位的影响。     

Magnetic properties of Ca2F2-xMnxO5

Magnetic susceptibility of Ca₂F_2-xMn_xO₅ members crystallizing in two different structures, one having octahedral (O), tetrahedral (T) and square-pyramidal (SP) coordination of transition metal atoms (OTSP structure) and the other having octahedral and tetrahedral coordination (OT structure), has been investigated. Susceptibility behaviour of the oxides with OTSP structure is different from that of the oxides with OT structure. Ca₂Fe_1-33Mn_0-67O₅ with OTSP structure shows an antiferromagnetic ordering while the corresponding oxide with OT structure shows weak ferromagnetism. Contribution No. 398 from the Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit     

Magnetic interactions in CoM3+xGa2−xO4 spinel solid solutions: I: CoRhxGa2−xO4

The magnetic susceptibility of polycrystalline solid solutions CoRh_xGa_2?xO₄ with a spinel structure have been measured between 4.2 and 1000°K. The magnetic properties have been found to vary with the composition x as a consequence of the variation in the distribution of Co²⁺ ions among tetrahedral and octahedral sites. The low-temperature magnetic behavior reveals an antiferromagnetic order and the concomitant presence of finite clusters of exchange-coupled Co²⁺ ions and of isolated paramagnetic ions.