Catalytic combustion of toluene over manganese-substituted hexaaluminate catalysts

采用共沉淀法制备了系列锰掺杂六铝酸镧LaMnxAl12-xO19催化剂.XRD表征发现,只有在锰掺杂量为2.0 ～2.5时,经1 200℃焙烧处理得到的催化剂中才有完整的六铝酸盐晶相.由UV-vis漫反射、H2-TPR和BET比表面积分析表明,掺杂的锰离子主要以Mn3+形式取代六铝酸盐八面体位置的Al;同时随锰掺杂量增多,催化剂中Mn3+/Mn2+比例变大,而比表面积却相应减小.O2-TPD表征也进一步发现,随锰掺杂量增多,催化剂上化学吸附晶格氧量增加,而物理吸附氧分子量减少.在甲苯催化燃烧净化反应中,锰掺杂六铝酸镧催化剂表现出良好的低温催化活性,且锰掺杂量为2.0～2.5时活性最优.推测该反应是遵循Mars- van Krevelen机理,由Mn3+和Mn2+的协同作用共同促进晶格氧的流动性.     

铁取代六铝酸盐的制备及其对甲烷燃烧的催化性能

 采用共沉淀-水热处理法制备了铁取代六铝酸盐(BaFexAl12-xO19-δ,x≤3)催化剂,并用XRD,SEM,UV-Vis和BET等技术对催化剂进行了表征. 结果表明,经1000 ℃焙烧后催化剂开始出现少量六铝酸盐相,1100 ℃焙烧后六铝酸盐相为主要的晶相,当x＞3时催化剂中的杂质相不可忽略. Fe取代六铝酸盐中的Fe主要为Oh配位. 在x≤3范围内,随着Fe取代量的增加,催化剂对甲烷燃烧的催化活性逐渐升高,其中BaFe3Al9O19-δ的起燃温度最低(515 ℃); 继续增加Fe含量,催化剂的高温活性反而下降. 向Fe单取代六铝酸盐晶格中引入La制得的Ba0.5La0.5FeAl11O19-δ催化剂,其起燃活性与BaFeAl11O19-δ的基本相同,但高温活性有较大提高. 反应气组成对催化剂的活性有显著影响,提高O2分压可以降低催化剂的起燃温度,但对高温活性的影响不大. BaFe2Al10O19-δ催化剂在800 ℃下运行100 h没有发生失活现象.     

BaMn_xAl_(12-x)O_(19-δ)六铝酸盐催化剂上甲烷催化燃烧性能

采用共沉淀-超临界干燥法制备了六铝酸盐甲烷燃烧催化剂(BaMnxAl12-xO19,x≤4),利用XRD(X射线衍射),BET(BET比表面积测定),TEM(透射电子显微镜)和TPR(程序升温还原)等表征方法对催化剂进行了表征,并在微型固定床反应器中考察其对甲烷的催化活性.结果表明,经过1200℃焙烧后,六铝酸钡(BaAl12O19)中仍有铝酸钡(BaAl2O4)相存在,经Mn离子取代后可以得到单一的六铝酸盐相,过量Mn的加入(当x=4时),催化剂中又出现了杂质相,且XRD的衍射峰强度变小.TPR表征结果表明,Mn在六铝酸盐结构中以 2和 3混合价态存在,Mn3 离子的比例随x的增大而增多.实验结果表明:与普通干燥法相比较,超临界干燥法可大大提高催化剂的比表面积,它对甲烷燃烧的催化活性也有增加.未取代活性离子的六铝酸钡基质对甲烷燃烧催化活性很低,经Mn离子取代后活性大大提高,当x=3时催化活性最高.     

BaMnxAl12-xO19-δ六铝酸盐催化剂上甲烷催化燃烧性能

采用共沉淀-超临界干燥法制备了六铝酸盐甲烷燃烧催化剂（BaMnxAl12-xO19,x≤4）,利用XRD（X射线衍射）,BET（BET比表面积测定）,TEM（透射电子显微镜）和TPR（程序升温还原）等表征方法对催化剂进行了表征,并在微型固定床反应器中考察其对甲烷的催化活性。结果表明,经过1200~C焙烧后,六铝酸钡（BaAl12O19）中仍有铝酸钡（BaAl2O4）相存在,经Mn离子取代后可以得到单一的六铝酸盐相,过量Mn的加入（当x=4时）,催化剂中又出现了杂质相,且XRD的衍射峰强度变小。TPR表征结果表明,Mn在六铝酸盐结构中以＋2和＋3混合价态存在,Mn^3＋离子的比例随x的增大而增多。实验结果表明：与普通干燥法相比较,超临界干燥法可大大提高催化剂的比表面积,它对甲烷燃烧的催化活性也有增加。未取代活性离子的六铝酸钡基质对甲烷燃烧催化活性很低,经Mn离子取代后活性大大提高,当x=3时催化活性最高。     

CaxLa1-xMnAl11O19 六铝酸盐催化剂上甲烷的催化燃烧

以共沉淀法制备了CaxLa1-xMnAl11O19系列六铝酸盐催化剂,考察了Ca2 部分取代La3 对LaMnAl11O19六铝酸盐的甲烷催化燃烧活性和稳定性的影响以及活性与物理化学性能的关系,用X射线衍射、N2吸附、程序升温还原和透射电镜对其进行了表征.结果表明,当Ca2 加入量过高时,Ca2 不能进入到六铝酸盐骨架中,过量的Ca2 形成CaAl4O7杂相.当x=0.2时,催化剂活性最高,起燃温度为723 K,也提高了样品的热稳定性,1 373 K煅烧后比表面积为26.1 m2/g.Ca2 的加入使六铝酸盐晶粒变薄,这使材料的抗烧结性能增强,比表面积增大,同时Ca2 部分取代La3 使活性Mn3 的含量增加,这两方面的综合作用使得催化剂活性显著提高.对Sr2 ,Ca2 和K 部分取代La3 的六铝酸盐的比较实验结果表明,Ca2 部分取代La3 的样品具有最低的起燃温度.     

CeO2/BaMnAl11O19-α催化剂制备及甲烷催化燃烧研究

采用反相微乳液法制备了BaMAl11O19-α (M=Mn, Co, Ce)催化剂,研究了M对催化剂相组成、比表面积和甲烷催化燃烧活性的影响.Mn促进六铝酸盐的形成,Mn基催化剂比表面积虽低,甲烷燃烧活性却较高.Ce 基催化剂的热稳定性高,比表面积大幅度增加,但甲烷催化燃烧活性比Mn基催化剂低.Ce和Mn的共同作用使CeO2/BaMnAl11O19-α催化剂不仅比表面积较大,而且具有较高的甲烷燃烧活性.在100 h连续试验中,CeO2/BaMnAl11O19-α催化剂活性稳定,有望成为催化热汽轮机燃烧器的潜在催化剂之一.     

La取代Ba对Ba1-xLaxMn3Al9O19-α催化剂结构及甲烷催化燃烧性能的影响

采用以尿素水解为基础的水热合成法制备了La和Mn取代的六铝酸盐催化剂(Ba1-xLaxMn3Al9O19-α).在Mn含量达到阈值时,研究了不同量的La取代Ba对Ba1-xLaxMn3Al9O19-α的相组成、结构、热稳定性及甲烷催化燃烧活性的影响.当x≥0.4时,水热合成过程中生成的La2(CO3)3在530-580℃分解,800-900℃时与-γAl2O3反应生成LaAlO3钙钛矿相,可抑制由BaCO3分解而生成的Ba2+的固相扩散,从而阻止了BaAl2O4尖晶石相的生成,使Ba2+在固相中保持较高的分散性,促进了六铝酸盐(-βAl2O3)相的形成.当x<0.4时,BaAl2O4尖晶石相的存在引起催化剂比表面积和催化燃烧活性的降低.La3+取代Ba2+后,六铝酸盐结构发生一定程度的扭变.这种扭变越大,所形成的六铝酸盐催化剂的热稳定性越差.Ba1-xLaxMn3Al9O19-α催化剂的甲烷催化燃烧活性随x的增大而增加,x=0.8时催化剂的活性最佳.     

CeO2／BaMnAl11O19-a催化剂制备及甲烷催化燃烧研究

采用反相微乳液法制备了BaMAl11O19-a(M=Mn，Co，Ce)催化剂，研究了M对催化剂相组成、比表面积和甲烷催化燃烧活性的影响．Mn促进六铝酸盐的形成，Mn基催化剂比表面积虽低，甲烷燃烧活性却较高．Ce基催化剂的热稳定性高，比表面积大幅度增加，但甲烷催化燃烧活性比Mn基催化剂低．Ce和Mn的共同作用使CeO2／BaMnAlO19-a催化剂不仅比表面积较大，而且具有较高的甲烷燃烧活性．在100h连续试验中，CeO2／BaMnAl11O19-a催化剂活性稳定，有望成为催化热汽轮机燃烧器的潜在催化剂之一．     

过渡金属对燃烧法制MgO负载 Cu2O催化剂的改性研究

本文以柠檬酸燃烧法制备MgO(B)载体,采用浸渍还原法以水合肼为还原剂制备Cu2O/MgO(B)催化剂,以环己醇脱氢制环己酮为探针反应,考察了过渡金属Fe、Co、Ni、Mo、Mn的添加对Cu2O/MgO(B)催化性能的影响;采用X射线衍射(XRD)、程序升温还原(TPR)、二氧化碳程序升温脱附(CO2-TPD)以及环己醇、环己酮程序升温脱附(环己醇/环己酮-TPD) 等手段对催化剂进行了表征.研究结果表明,Mn-Cu2O/MgO(B) 、 Ni-Cu2O/MgO(B)的催化性能优于Cu2O/MgO(B).其原因主要是Mn、Ni的添加使Cu2O的抗还原能力增强,Cu2O更稳定;同时,Mn和Ni的添加使Cu2O/MgO(B)催化剂对反应物和产物的吸附强度减弱;这些都有利于脱氢反应的进行.所有催化剂都呈碱性,是其具有高环己酮选择性的原因之一.     

过渡金属二取代三元杂多酸盐的制备和表征

在水中由Na2 WO4 ·2H2 O ,Na2 MoO4 ·2H2 O和KH2 PO4 ·2H2 O反应生成具有半Dawson结构的钨钼混配杂多阴离子Na9PW6Mo3O34 ·1 0H2 O。以阴离子和过渡金属硝酸盐为原料在水溶液中合成了一系列过渡金属二取代的具有Keggin结构的杂多酸四丁基铵盐 [TBA]4 Hn[PW7Mo3M2 O38(H2 O) 2 ]·C3H6O(n =1 ,M =Fe3+;n =3,M =Mn2 +,Co2 +,Ni2 +,Cu2 +) ,用元素分析和波谱进行了表征。     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Acid hydrolysis of carboxymethylcellulose of low degree of substitution

Cotton cellulose was swollen in a sodium hydroxide solution and carboxymethylated by a two-bath method for different periods of time for each process. The kinetics of acid hydrolysis and the crystallinity of the swollen and carboxymethylated samples were measured. The proportion of broken bonds, rate constants for hydrolysis, and permeability of cellulose to hydrolyzing agents were calculated. The susceptibility of glycosidic linkages to acid hydrolysis was improved by carboxymethylation more than by swelling in alkali. The increased accessibility of carboxymethylcellulose to acid was regarded as a consequence of increased intra-and intercrystalline swelling and of the glycosidic bonds' weakness caused by the electron-attracting carboxymethyl group on the C-6 position.     

恶臭嗅辨实验室建设探讨

针对恶臭测试的环境影响问题,提出了解决的实例方案,并对方案的要点及优缺点进行讨论,此方案在实际操作中具有较好的效果。     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Estimation of Kinetic Parameters of Thermal Oxidation of Ilmenite

The aim of the presented work was the investigation of thermal oxidation of ilmenite in static air atmosphere. The investigations were carried out by use of a derivatograph (MOM, Hungary). The changes of crystallographic structure of investigated samples were identified by X-ray diffractometry on Philips PW-1710 diffractometer. In temperature above 500°C appears structure of hematite Fe₂O₃. On the basis of the thermogravimetric measurements, the contracting area and contracting volume models were found as the best fitting experimental data. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Mechanism of action of base-catalyzed oxygenation of phenol derivatives

Cyclopropyl derivative of 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol is synthesized as a probe to investigate the mechanism of base-catalyzed autooxidation of phenol derivatives. Our study indicates that one electron reduction of molecular oxygen from phenolate gives phenoxyl radical 3, a key intermediate of autooxidation. The coupling of phenoxyl radical and superoxide radical gives peroxylate anion 4 and produces the final epoxy alcohol adduct 6.