Design studies on a 500 kV DC gun photo-injector for the BXERL test facility

BXERL is a proposal for a test facility(Beijing X-ray Energy Recovery Linac),which requires its injector to provide an electron beam of 5 MeV,77 pC/ bunch at a repetition rate of 130 MHz(average current of 10 mA).In this paper,we present the design of the injector,which consists of a 500 kV photocathodeDC gun equipped with a GaAs cathode preparation device,a 1.3 GHz normal conducting RF buncher,two solenoids,and one cryomodule containing two 1.3 GHz 2-cell superconducting RF cavities as the energy booster.The detailed beam dynamics show that the injector can generate electron bunches with a RMS normalized emittance of 1.49 7rmm-mrad,a bunch length of 0.67 mm,a beam energy of 5 MeV and an energy spread of 0.72%.     

用于PKU-FEL注入器的腔式BPM的设计

 设计了用于PKU-FEL注入器的腔式位置诊断装置。该BPM腔采用的偶极模TM₁₁₀模的频率与PKU-FEL主加速器的基模频率一致，都是1.3 GHz；通过在圆形腔上镶入两个完全一致的矩形腔解决了腔式BPM的Cross-Talk问题。 根据PKU-FEL的设计要求，所设计的BPM腔的最小位置响应约10 mm,动态范围大于30 mm，时间响应小于束团间距。还估算了该BPM腔引起的束团功率损耗。结果表明，BPM腔引起的束团功率损耗是可以忽略的。     

Status of the IHEP 1.3 GHz superconducting RF program

The 1.3 GHz superconducting radio-frequency (SRF) technology is one of the key technologies for the ILC and future XFEL and ERL projects in China. With the aim to develop 1.3 GHz SRF technology, IHEP has started a program to build an SRF Accelerating Unit. This unit contains a 9-cell 1.3 GHz superconducting cavity, a short cryomodule, a high power input coupler, a tuner and a low level RF system. This program also includes the SRF laboratory upgrade, which will permit the unit to be built and tested at IHEP. The unit will be used for the 1.3 GHz SRF system integration study, high power horizontal test and possible beam test in the future. In this paper, we report the recent R&D status of this program. The first large grain low-loss shape 9-cell superconducting RF cavity made by IHEP reached 20 MV/m in the first vertical test in July, 2010. The prototype tuner and low level RF (LLRF) system are under test. The high power input coupler and cryomodule are under fabrication. Several key SRF facilities for 9-cell cavity surface treatment and pre-tuning were successfully commissioned and are in operation.     

BEPC Ⅱ注入器相控系统的设计

 以2.856GHz频率上相位控制达到±2°为目标，阐述北京正负电子对撞机重大改造工程注入器相控系统设计思路，提出相应的系统实现结构。在分析相控过程的基础上，分解系统指标，把它作为相控系统详细设计和关键部件测试的依据。最后，针对相位测量这一关键问题，给出了具体的实现方法。     

Thermocathode radio-frequency gun for the Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics free-electron laser

A radio-frequency (RF) gun for a race-track microtron-recuperator injector driving the free-electron laser (FEL) (Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics) is being tested at a special stand. Electron bunches of the RF gun have an energy of up to 300 keV and a repetition rate of up to 90 MHz. The average electro-beam current can reach 100 mA in the continuous operation regime. The advantages of the new injector are as follows: long lifetime of the cathode for high average beam current; simple scheme of longitudinal beam bunching, which does not require an additional bunching resonator in the injector; absence of dark-current contamination of the injector beam; and comfortable RF gun operation due to the absence of a high potential of 300 kV at the cathode control circuits. In this study we describe the RF gun design, present the main characteristics of the injector with the RF gun, and give the results of testing.     

TRIUMF ARIEL 电子直线加速器设计

 TRIUMF 的三期升级工程(ARIEL) 计划建造一个 50 MeV 平均流强为10 mA的电子直线加速器作为注入器,通过光裂反应生成放射性核素。电子直线加速器包括两个主要部分：注入器和后加速器,注入器完成电子能量从100 keV到10 MeV的转换,随后的后加速器将电子能量从10 MeV加速到50 MeV。电子源拟采用重复频率为650 MHz的热电子枪提供初始能量为100 keV,束长为 171 ps的电子束。束流动力学模拟了几种不同的设计方案以获得最优化的设计,模拟显示通过对腔体以及聚焦元件的仔细设计以及电子枪出射电子的参数选择, 电子束能量在达到50 MeV时束长可以被聚焦到 11.75 ps (对应于1.3 GHz 频率下5.5°) ,并且可以使电子束在超导低温柜中的尺寸保持在1.26 cm以下。     

Study on the 1.3 GHz low loss shape superconducting cavities at IHEP

As part of the international research program on the superconducting cavity for the International Linear Collider (ILC) R&D on the 1.3 GHz low loss superconducting cavities has been carried out at the Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP) since 2005. A design of 1.3 GHz low loss cavity shape was proposed and six single-cell cavities of different niobium material were successfully fabricated with standard technology. In this study our priority was on large grain (LG) cavities. The two LG cavities were treated with complete procedures of surface treatments based on chemical polishing (CP) without electro polishing (EP) at IHEP. The two LG cavities and a fine grain cavity were sent to KEK for vertical testing. All the three cavities reached accelerating gradients higher than 35 MV/m and the maximum gradient of 40.27 MV/m was achieved in the LG cavity. This paper presents the process of the vertical RF tests and the comparison of the LG and fine grain cavities's performance.     

165 GHz, 1.5 MW-coaxial cavity gyrotron with depressed collector

A further step in the development of a coaxial-cavity gyrotron operated in the transverse electric TE_-31,17 mode at 165 GHz is presented. The gyrotron has been equipped with a quasi-optical output system consisting of a Vlasov launcher with a single cut and two mirrors, one with a quasi-elliptic and the other with a nonquadratic phase correcting surface. The radio frequency (RF) power is transmitted through a single output window. A maximum output power of 1.7 MW has been achieved. At the nominal operational parameters an RF power of 1.3 MW with an efficiency of 27.3% has been measured. The efficiency increases to 41% in operation with a single-stage depressed collector     

光阴极RF腔注入器束流发射度研究

 分析了光阴极RF腔注入器中的RF场效应和空间电荷效应，给出了电子在加速腔中束流发射度的解析表达式，它说明在加速过程中束流发射度是振荡变化的。利用SUPERFISH和GPT程序模拟计算了光阴极1+1/2腔注入器输出束流发射度与加速场强、注入相位、束团大小和形状、束团电荷的关系。适当选择这些条件，可以获得横向发射度小于2πmm·mrad 的输出束流。     

HOMs simulation and measurement results of IHEP02 cavity

In accelerator RF cavities, there exists not only the fundamental mode which is used to accelerate the beam, but also higher order modes(HOMs). The higher order modes excited by the beam can seriously affect beam quality, especially for the higher R/Q modes. 1.3 GHz low-loss 9-cell superconducting cavity as a candidate for ILC high gradient cavity, the properties of higher order mode has not been studied carefully. IHEP based on existing low loss cavity, designed and developed a large grain size 1.3 GHz low-loss 9-cell superconducting cavity(IHEP02cavity). The higher order mode coupler of IHEP02 used TESLA coupler's design. As a result of the limitation of the mechanical design, the distance between higher order mode coupler and end cell is larger than TESLA cavity.This paper reports on measured results of higher order modes in the IHEP02 1.3 GHz low-loss 9-cell superconducting cavity. Using different methods, Q e of the dangerous modes passbands have been obtained. The results are compared with TESLA cavity results. R/Q of the first three passbands have also been obtained by simulation and compared with the results of the TESLA cavity.     

基于PDH技术的微波谐振环稳频

北京大学高功率耦合器谐振环锻炼平台是对北京大学1.3 GHz超导加速器的耦合器进行高功率测试和锻炼的平台,通过谐振环与信号源谐振来产生高功率。在谐振环工作过程中,由于外界扰动会使其共振频率发生变化,故需要对谐振环路进行频率锁定,从而维持其与信号源的共振。将PDH(Pound-Drever-Hall)技术应用在此锻炼平台上,用以锁定微波信号源与谐振环的频率。实验验证表明,该PDH反馈系统能有效维持谐振环的高增益。     

光阴极微波电子枪优化设计的考虑

对光阴极微波电子枪进行了优化设计 ,给出了光阳极微波腔的形状、电参数和电场分布 .电子束团初始参数对束流横向发射度的影响 ,用 Parmela程序对其进行了优化 ,得到了一组最优参数 .考虑了补偿线圈对束流发射度的影响 ,对线圈的位置和电流的大小做了优化 .经过优化后得到腔出口处的横向发射度为 1 .39πmm.mrad,达到了设计时的要求. A 1.3 GHz photocathode RF gun is under study in peking University. The photocathode RF gun, composed of gun cavity, photocathode and Laser system, is expected to deliver a electron beam with a normalized transverse rms emittance of 1π mm·mrad at a charge of 1nC. Its performance has been studied by the space-charge tracking code PARMELA. The influences of the initialized electron beam were also studied. The emittance compensation technique is employed. After optimization of the parameters was...     

Physics design for the C-ADS main linac based on two dif f erent injector design schemes

The China ADS（C-ADS） project proposes to build a 1000 MW Accelerator Driven sub-critical System around 2032. The accelerator will work in CW mode with 10 mA in beam current and 1.5 GeV in final beam energy. The linac is composed of two major sections： the injector section and the main linac section. There are two diferent schemes for the injector section. The Injector-scheme is based on a 325 MHz RFQ and superconducting spoke cavities of the same RF frequency and the Injector-scheme is based on a 162.5 MHz RFQ and superconducting HWR cavities of the same frequency. The main linac design will be diferent for diferent injector choices. The two diferent designs for the main linac have been studied according to the beam characteristics from the diferent injector schemes.     

Cold RF test and associated mechanical features correlation of a TESLA-style 9-cell superconducting niobium cavity built in China

The RF performance of a 1.3 GHz 9-cell superconducting niobium cavity was evaluated at cryogenic temperatures following surface processing by using the standard ILC-style recipe. The cavity is a TESLA-style 9-cell superconducting niobium cavity, with complete end group components including a higher order mode coupler, built in China for practical applications. An accelerating gradient of 28.6 MV/m was achieved at an unloaded quality factor of 4×10⁹. The morphological property of mechanical features on the RF surface of this cavity was characterized through optical inspection. Correlation between the observed mechanical features and the RF performance of the cavity is attempted.     

射频离子源束流特性分析

介绍了为HL-2A 装置设计的引出束功率为1MW 的射频离子源研制情况。目前,在测试平台上,该离子源已经成功引出了束能量和束电流分别为35keV 和12.4A、束质子比为79%、脉宽为100ms 的氢离子束,达到了其设计束功率的44%。用红外热成像的方法测量了离子束能量密度分布。结果表明,在距离引出系统地电极 1.3m 处,束密度分布遵循高斯分布。引出束的最佳导流系数为1.689×10^–6A•V^-3/2 左右,随射频功率改变有较小的变化。根据这些实验结果,采取了相关改进措施来改善离子源的引出束性能。     

30GHz RF Pulse Stretcher

RF Pulse stretcher is an antiphrasis of RF pulse compressor. It is used to convert short high power RF pulse to long low power RF pulse. The Power Extraction and Transfer Structure (PETS) in CTFⅡ(Compact Linear Collider Test Facility Phase two) can provide 280MW 16ns pulse. It is desirable to use it to get longer pulse to study the pulse length dependence of maximum achievable surface gradient in one of the 30GHz copper accelerating structures. The 30GHz RF pulse stretcher was designed, manufactured, tuned, installed and successfully operated in CTFⅡ .     

Thermal simulation and analysis of the STF cryomodule

STF is a superconducting RF test facility constructed at the high energy accelerator research organization of Japan (KEK), as a main part of a R&;D project for the proposed International Linear Collider (ILC) in Asia. Thermal study of the STF 1.3 GHz 9-cell cavity cryomodule was carried out within a collaboration between China and Japan. Static and dynamic thermal behaviors of the STF cryomodule were simulated and analyzed with the FEM method, and some simulation results were compared with the available experimental data. This paper presents the details.     

Design study of a L-band photocathode RF injector

In the proposal of the Beijing Advanced Light Source, a compact combination of XERL and XFEL using a common SC linac is being considered. In the meantime, an ERL-FEL test facility is being proposed and will be used for THz radiation. In this test facility, a L-band photocathode RF injector is needed. In this paper, we give the physical design of the L-band photocathode RF injector for the test facility.     

Development of 1.3GHz high-T-c rf SQUID

A new high-T_c (HT_c) rf SQUID working at around 1.3GHz has been developed to avoid electromagnetic interference such as growing mobile communication jamming. This new system works in a frequency range from 1.23 to 1.42GHz (centred at 1.3GHz), which is not occupied by commercial communication. The sensor used in the 1.3GHz rf SQUID is made of a HT_c coplanar superconducting resonator and a large-area HT_c superconducting film concentrator. We have achieved in the 1.3GHz HT_c rf SQUID system a minimal flux noise of 2.5×10^{-5}Φ_0/\sqrt{Hz} and a magnetic field sensitivity of 38fT/\sqrt{Hz} in white noise range, respectively. The effective area of the concentrator fabricated on a 15×15mm^2 substrate is 1.35mm^2. It is shown that the 1.3GHz rf SQUID system has a high field sensitivity. Design and implementation of 1.3GHz HT_c rf SQUID offers a promising direction of rf SQUID development for higher working frequency ranges.     

加速器高频幅度稳定系统

用于ＨＩＲＦＬ注入器上的回旋加速器高频机幅度稳定系统完成于１９８８年，得到了成功应用和明显效果。其电路可等效为一个负反馈闭环回路，依靠其负反馈的作用，可使得加速器高频电压瞬时稳定度在１０－４量级。