Design studies on a 500 kV DC gun photo-injector for the BXERL test facility

BXERL is a proposal for a test facility (Beijing X-ray Energy Recovery Linac), which requires its injector to provide an electron beam of 5 MeV, 77 pC/ bunch at a repetition rate of 130 MHz (average current of 10 mA). In this paper, we present the design of the injector, which consists of a 500 kV photocathode DC gun equipped with a GaAs cathode preparation device, a 1.3 GHz normal conducting RF buncher, two solenoids, and one cryomodule containing two 1.3 GHz 2-cell superconducting RF cavities as the energy booster. The detailed beam dynamics show that the injector can generate electron bunches with a RMS normalized emittance of 1.49 πmm·mrad, a bunch length of 0.67 mm, a beam energy of 5 MeV and an energy spread of 0.72%.     

Design studies on a 500 kV DC gun photo-injector for the BXERL test facility

BXERL is a proposal for a test facility(Beijing X-ray Energy Recovery Linac),which requires its injector to provide an electron beam of 5 MeV,77 pC/ bunch at a repetition rate of 130 MHz(average current of 10 mA).In this paper,we present the design of the injector,which consists of a 500 kV photocathodeDC gun equipped with a GaAs cathode preparation device,a 1.3 GHz normal conducting RF buncher,two solenoids,and one cryomodule containing two 1.3 GHz 2-cell superconducting RF cavities as the energy booster.The detailed beam dynamics show that the injector can generate electron bunches with a RMS normalized emittance of 1.49 7rmm-mrad,a bunch length of 0.67 mm,a beam energy of 5 MeV and an energy spread of 0.72%.     

BXERL photo-injector based on a 217 MHz normal conducting RF gun

The Beijing X-ray Energy Recovery Linac (BXERL) test facility is proposed in Institute of High Physics (IHEP). In this proposal, the main linac requires the injector to provide an electron beam with 5 MeV energy and 10 mA average current. An injector based on DC gun technology is the first candidate electron source for BXERL. However, the field emission in the DC gun cavity makes it much more difficult to increase the high voltage to more than 500 kV. Another technology based on a 217 MHz normal conducting RF gun is proposed as the backup injector for this test facility. We have designed this RF gun with 2D SUPERFISH code and 3D MICROWAVE STUDIO code. In this paper, we present the optimized design of the gun cavity, the gun RF parameters and the set-up of the whole injector system. The detailed beam dynamics have been done and the simulation results show that the injector can generate electron bunches with RMS normalized emittance 1.0 uppi mmcdotmrad, bunch length 0.77 mm, beam energy 5.0 MeV and energy spread 0.60%.     

双微波馈入热阴极微波电子枪实验研究

中国工程物理研究院紧凑型自由电子激光太赫兹源装置采用了两路微波独立调谐热阴极微波电子枪作为注入器,一路由首腔馈入激励首腔和实现阴极表面建场并引出电子,另一路由后续腔馈入并通过腔间耦合激励各腔,两路微波互不耦合。对于这种微波激励方式,微波电子枪首腔的电场相位和幅度在实验中均可调节,因此可以通过实验研究来优化微波电子枪的工作参数,从而减小热阴极微波电子枪的电子反轰效应,提高束流品质。介绍了该热阴极微波电子枪热测实验研究的最新结果,通过BCT测得微波电子枪出口处束流强度超过400mA,电子反轰效应随着首腔电场的相位和幅度调节发生显著变化,这些指标和实验现象与理论研究结果较为吻合。     

热阴极微波电子枪预测式自适应前馈控制系统

 北京自由电子激光装置采用热阴极微波电子枪作为电子直线加速器的注入器,在较长脉冲工作条件下, 热阴极微波枪固有的反轰效应使束流强度随时间增加, 能量因束负载效应而降低, 导致束流能散度变差, 并在随后的加速过程中因注入束流的纵向发射度的扩大而进一步变坏, 最终降低自由电子激光的性能。实验表明, 采用带预测的自适应前馈控制克服束负载效应以及提高微波枪束流质量切实可行。     

W–band光注入器的模拟研究

模拟研究了1.6个腔、高梯度的W-band光阴极微波电子枪系统,该系统能产生和加速300pC的电子束团.设计系统由频率91.392GHz光阴极微波电子枪以及频率91.392GHz行波加速结构组成.基于射频直线加速器标度律与数值模拟结果,设计系统能产生能量1.74MeV,电量300pC,束团长度0.72ps,归一化横向发射度0.55mm·mrad的电子束团.研究了高频、高梯度下的束流动力学.由于高梯度,有质动力效应在束流动力学中起重要作用,且由于横向与纵向之间的耦合,在基次空间谐波的情形下,仍然存在着有质动力聚焦效应.     

高能同步辐射光源直线加速器初期调束取得重要进展

高能同步辐射光源（HEPS）是中国第一台第四代高能同步辐射光源,其加速器由直线加速器、增强器、储存环及输运线组成。报道了HEPS直线加速器的初期束流调试重要进展。HEPS直线加速器是一台500 MeV S波段常温直线加速器,由热阴极电子枪、聚束系统、主直线加速器构成。在按时完成设备加工、安装和老练的基础上,于2023年3月9日启动束流调试,当天实现束流全线贯通。3月14日束流能量达到500 MeV,束团电荷量达到2.5 nC。经过测量,直线加速器出口束流能散0.4%,能量稳定度0.06%,水平和垂直几何发射度分别为233 nm和145 nm。目前直线加速器束团电荷量可达到7.0 nC,相关束流调试正在进行。     

二次发射微波电子枪的模拟计算及其特性分析

 采用URMEL-T程序进行了二次发射微波电子枪的腔内电磁计算和特性分析。同时利用URMEL-T得出的腔内轴向电场及自编程序,模拟电子在该高频场作用下的运动。计算表明二次发射微波电子枪确实具有相位选择性,进而探讨了腔形尺寸、射频电场强度对相位选择性和产生二次倍增的有关条件的影响,以及输出电子的能量稳定性。模拟结果表明,这类电子枪（MPG）可得到高电流密度（5303A/cm²）及短脉冲（3.15~10ps）的电子束。     

紧凑型高平均流强光阴极注入器

根据北京大学1+1/2单元超导腔直流--超导(DC-SC)光阴极注入器的实验研究结果, 证明了这种新型光阴极注入器的可行性, 在此基础上对这种新型注入器进行了升级设计, 使之成为实用的紧凑型高平均流强的光阴极注入器, 为北京大学自由电子激光装置提供品质良好的电子束流. 给出了升级的3+1/2单元超导腔注入器的详细设计, 包括注入器核心结构的电磁场设计、束流动力学模拟、机械设计. 并对整个注入器的恒温器进行了初步设计.     

Physical design of FEL injector based on the performance-enhanced EC-ITC RF gun

To meet the requirements of high performance THz-FEL (Free Electron Laser), a compact scheme of FEL injector was proposed. A thermionic cathode was chosen to emit electrons instead of a photo-cathode with its complex structure and high cost. The effective bunch charge was improved to ～200 pC by adopting an enhanced EC-ITC (External Cathode Independently Tunable Cells) RF gun to extract micro-bunches; back bombardment effects were almost eliminated as well. Constant gradient accelerator structures were designed to improve energy to ～14 MeV, while the focusing system was applied for emittance suppressing and bunch state maintenance. The physical design and beam dynamics of the key components for the FEL injector were analyzed. Furthermore, start-to-end simulations with multi-pulses were performed using homemade MATLAB and Parmela. The results show that continual high brightness electron bunches with a low energy spread and emittance could be obtained stably.     

低反轰多腔热阴极微波电子枪物理设计

 为了开展基于自由电子激光的紧凑型太赫兹源技术研究,获得高品质（强流、低能散、低发射度）电子束,提出了一个低反轰双路微波馈入多腔热阴极微波电子枪的设计方案。用两路独立微波馈入激励微波电子枪,一路由首腔馈入激励首腔和实现阴极表面建场引出电子,另一路由后续腔馈入并通过腔间耦合激励各腔。两路微波互不耦合,通过移相器实现首腔和第2腔之间的相移连续可调。理论模拟结果表明:在一个射频周期内,热阴极微波电子枪的电子反轰功率约8 kW,平均反轰功率仅为1.2 W（重复频率25 Hz和脉宽6 μs）。     

Progress of the Injector Linac Upgrade for the BEPCⅡ Project

BEPCⅡ—an upgrade project of Beijing Electron Positron Collider (BEPC) is a factory type of e+e- collider. It requires its injector linac to have a higher beam energy (1.89 GeV) for on-energy injection and a higher beam current (40 mA e+ beam) for a higher injection rate ( 50 mA/min). The low beam emittance (1.6π mm·mrad for e+ beam, and 0.2πmm·mrad for 300 mA e- beam) and the low beam energy spread (±0.5%) are also required to meet the storage ring acceptance. Thus the original BEPC injector linac must be upgraded to have a new electron gun with its complete tuning system, a new positron source with a flux concentrator, a new RF power system with its phasing loops and a new beam tuning system with orbit correction and optics tuning devices. These new components have been designed, fabricated, tested and will be installed in their final positions in this spring and summer, which are described in this paper.     

神龙二号注入器阳极杆内电子束包络测量技术

在注入器段阳极杆内不同位置进行电子束包络的测量可以为多脉冲电子束在注入器段的传输磁场配置调试提供最直接的支撑,也是研究热阴极发射性能的重要手段,测量工作具有极为重要的意义。神龙二号采用热阴极作为多脉冲电子束源的发射体,对真空的要求极高,且加热及降温周期较长,不适合频繁地破坏真空进行测量位置的调整;针对这样的特点,设计了一套可伸缩式的测量装置,结合多幅分幅相机,在不破坏真空的情况下,可以完成多个位置的束包络的时间分辨测量,在提高测量效率的基础上进一步提高了注入器的调试效率。     

Efficient Low-Voltage Operation of a CW Gyrotron Oscillator at 233 GHz

The gyrotron oscillator is a source of high average power millimeter-wave through terahertz radiation. In this paper, we report low beam power and high-efficiency operation of a tunable gyrotron oscillator at 233 GHz. The low-voltage operating mode provides a path to further miniaturization of the gyrotron through reduction in the size of the electron gun, power supply, collector, and cooling system, which will benefit industrial and scientific applications requiring portability. Detailed studies of low-voltage operation in the TE(2) (,) (3) (,) (1) mode reveal that the mode can be excited with less than 7 W of beam power at 3.5 kV. During CW operation with 3.5-kV beam voltage and 50-mA beam current, the gyrotron generates 12 W of RF power at 233.2 GHz. The EGUN electron optics code describes the low-voltage operation of the electron gun. Using gun-operating parameters derived from EGUN simulations, we show that a linear theory adequately predicts the low experimental starting currents.     

Simulation study of a photo-injector for brightness improvement in Thomson scattering X-ray source via ballistic bunching

Increasing the peak brightness is beneficial to various applications of the Thomson scattering X-ray source. A higher peak brightness of the scattered X-ray pulse demands a shorter scattering electron beam realized by beam compression in the electron beam-line. In this article, we study the possibility of compressing the electron beam in a typical S-band normal conducting photo-injector via ballistic bunching, through just adding a short RF linac section right behind the RF gun, so as to improve the peak brightness of the scattered x-ray pulse. Numerical optimization by ASTRA demonstrates that the peak current can increase from 50 A to > 300 A for a 500 pC, 10 ps FWHM electron pulse, while normalized transverse RMS emittance and RMS energy spread increases very little. Correspondingly, the peak brightness of the Thomson scattering X-ray source is estimated to increase about three times.     

High current density results from a LaB6 thermioniccathode electron gun

A Pierce-type electron gun using a planar 1.9-cm-diameter lanthanum hexaboride cathode is being studied as a robust thermionic emitter at high cathode-current densities. The gun has been operated up to voltages of 115 kV, achieving beam current densities of 30 A/cm² . The electron gun operated dependably up to 90 kV, achieving temperature-limited currents of 50 A. Due to the high fields at the tip of the Pierce-focusing electrode, the gun would usually arc at voltages >90 kV. Ten shots were obtained at a gun voltage of 115 kV, achieving transmitted currents up to 89 A, transmitted beam power up to 10.2 MW, and transmitted power densities up to 3.4 MW/cm²     

325 MHz微波栅控高压型热阴极电子枪的设计研究

高重复频率、高平均流强的电子枪具有十分广泛的应用。设计了一台束团重复频率为325 MHz在CW模式工作的微波栅控高压型热阴极电子枪,并详细论述了该类型微波栅控电子枪的实验原理。在该类型电子枪的设计中,首先需要利用仿真模拟软件EGUN、POISSON（PoissonSuperfish）、GPT（General Particle Tracer）完成300 kV直流高压电子枪的结构设计,并进行束流动力学验证计算。为将微波馈入该直流电子枪的阴栅极之间,进行了该微波栅控电子枪的供电系统设计,完成了从射频功率源到同轴热阴极的阻抗匹配方案,设计了一种325 MHz双模式同轴供电器件,并进行了验证与分析。     

L波段强流单束团注入器的束流动力学计算

自由电子激光器要求高亮度、低能散度的电子束注入波荡器(Undulator)。本文叙述提供高亮度电子束的高频电子直线加速器中的注入器部分的设计计算。注入器由L波段(1300MHz)的十二分频和三分频两个谐振腔预聚束器和一个基波频率的变相速聚束器组成。粒子运动方程中考虑了空间电荷效应和束流负载效应。电子枪的注入参数:脉冲宽度T=4ns;电流I=5A;电子的初始动能E_0=100keV;电子束分布为高斯型。参数优化设计结果:单束团宽度小于25ps,峰值电流达400A以上,电子的平均归一化能量>4,束团内的能量差小于200keV。     

新型跑道腔式束流位置监测器

系统提出了一种新的腔式束流位置监测器(BPM),即跑道型腔式BPM,并使用微波工作室软件进行了理论研究和模拟计算,提出了通用设计方法。跑道型腔式BPM的金属腔部分具有跑道形横截面,引出束流位置偏移激励起的一对偶极模式作为束流位置信号。该方案的偶极模式极化方向固定,频率分离,可以解决随机误差产生的横向串扰问题,其理论位置分辨力可以达到15 nm。     

Emittance measurement & optimization for the photocathode RF gun with laser profile shaping

The Laser Undulator Compact X-ray source(LUCX) is a test bench for a compact high brightness X-ray generator,based on inverse Compton Scattering at KEK,which requires high intensity multi-bunch trains with low transverse emittance.A photocathode RF gun with emittance compensation solenoid is used as an electron source.Much endeavor has been made to increase the beam intensity in the multi-bunch trains.The cavity of the RF gun is tuned into an unbalanced field in order to reduce space charge effects,so that the field gradient on the cathode surface is relatively higher when the forward RF power into gun cavity is not high enough.A laser profile shaper is employed to convert the driving laser profile from Gaussian into uniform.In this research we seek to find the optimized operational conditions for the decrease of the transverse emittance.With the uniform driving laser and the unbalanced RF gun,the RMS transverse emittance of a 1 nC bunch has been improved effectively from 5.46 πmm.mrad to 3.66 πmm.mrad.