固相合成胸腺五肽(TP5)

采用Fmoc固相多肽合成中的活化酯方法和2,6-二氯苯甲酰氯(DCB)混合酸酐法, 对Fmoc-Tyr(t-Bu)-OH与Wang树脂反应中的反应级数和表观活化能进行了研究, 并采用常规方法和微波强化方法分别进行了胸腺五肽的合成. 实验结果表明, 活化酯方法的反应级数为1.855, 表观活化能15.24 kJ/mol, 混合酸酐法的表观活化能为35.14 kJ/mol. 与传统方法相比, 微波将缩合反应速率提高了30倍以上, 氨基酸过量倍数也从传统的三倍降低到两倍.     

CO在Ag掺杂的氧化锰八面体分子筛上吸附的TAP研究

利用产物瞬时分析反应器中进行的单脉冲实验, 考察了393～493 K温度范围内CO在Ag掺杂的氧化锰八面体分子筛上的吸附行为. 实验表明: CO在催化剂表面发生化学吸附, 并与晶格氧反应生成CO₂. 通过对该过程反应物及产物脉冲响应曲线的模拟, 得到了各基元反应的动力学参数. CO和CO₂在该催化剂表面的脱附活化能分别为83和31 kJ/mol, CO与晶格氧的反应活化能为116 kJ/mol.     

α-磷酸锆的制备及热分解非等温动力学研究

采用改进的直接沉淀氟配位法,在常温常压下制备出了α-磷酸锆(α-ZrP),XRD结果表明它的层间距为0.765 nm,结晶度较好,并以热重分析法(TG)为手段,对α-ZrP的热分解过程和非等温热分解动力学机理进行了研究。结果显示,在线性升温速率为10℃/min时,α-ZrP在131℃开始脱结晶水;脱去结晶水后形成的Zr(HPO₄)₂在453℃进行磷羟基缩合,至720℃完全分解为ZrP₂O₇。脱结晶水和分解过程的失重分别为6.24%和5.64%,与理论值基本相符。动力学研究确定了Zr(HPO₄)₂分解反应属于Avrami-Erofeev的成核和核成长为控制步骤的Al机理,热分解反应表观活化能为165.6 kJ/mol, 频率因子为3.50×10⁷ s^-1。     

微波辅助固相合成胸腺五肽的研究

在胸腺五肽的固相合成中, 引入微波辅助技术, 深入研究了微波作用下缩合试剂、溶剂、反应物浓度、反应时间和温度对产率的影响. 与传统方法相比, 微波将缩合反应速率提高了15倍以上, 氨基酸过量倍数也从传统的三倍降低到过量一倍, 减少胸腺五肽的合成成本约40%; 最终得到以吡啶/DMF为溶剂, 苯并三氮唑-N,N,N',N'-四甲基脲六氟磷酸酯为缩合试剂, 反应物浓度为0.113 mmol/L, 反应时间为4 min, 反应温度为20 ℃为最佳反应条件, 此时胸腺五肽的产率最高, 为88.7%.     

银催化剂上丁二烯环氧化宏观反应动力学的研究

考察了在Ba-Cs-Cl-Ag/α-Al2O3上以空气为氧化剂的丁二烯气相环氧化反应条件对催化剂性能的影响.宏观动力学实验结果表明,依据Langmuir-Hinselwood机理推测的动力学表达式与实验结果吻合较好,幂函数型的动力学表达式给出了在低丁二烯分压下,丁二烯的反应级数为1.9,O2的反应级数为1.1.丁二烯转化、生成乙烯基环氧乙烷及生成CO2的表观活化能分别为55.4 kJ/mol、 54.8 kJ/mol和64.6 kJ/mol.     

脱水KFI沸石中钾离子分布的模拟退火研究

基于四个固定的参量设值：阳离子位能差E_M2-E_M1=25.50 kJ/mol、 E_M3-E_M1=-10.73 kJ/mol和最近邻阳离子对互作用能W₁₂=45.6 kJ/mol、 W₁₄=0.56 kJ/mol以及一个温度依赖的参量E_M4-E<     

草酸铂与Cl-的取代反应动力学

采用高效液相色谱研究了新型铂类抗癌药草酸铂与Cl^-的取代反应动力学,并讨论了酸性条件下H⁺对取代反应的影响。结果表明,Cl^-大量存在时,体系中草酸铂与Cl^-的取代反应为优势反应,反应对草酸铂和Cl^-均为一级。根据动力学数据提出了可能的反应机理,并由此推导出反应速率r=(K_Clk_5′+K_1′k₃)[L-OHP][Cl^-],与实验结果相吻合;当H⁺也大量存在时,取代反应被加速,此时表观速率常数kobs与[H+]、[Cl^-]之间呈非线性递增,但反应对草酸铂仍为一级。在生理盐水中,反应的准一级速率常数k_obs=3.6×10^-4min^-1,1%～2%的草酸铂发生反应所需时间不足1h,因此临床使用草酸铂时要避免与Cl^-配伍。     

碱性介质中二(高碘酸根)合铜(Ⅲ)酸根氧化乙二醇独丁醚的反应动力学及机理

在25℃～40℃区间用分光光度法在碱性介质中研究了二(高碘酸根)合铜(Ⅲ)酸根配离子(DPC)氧化乙二醇独丁醚(EGB)的反应动力学。结果表明:反应对DPC为一级,对EGB是1< n_ap< 2(n_ap代表表观反应级数);在保持准一级条件([EGB]₀ 》[Cu(Ⅲ)]₀)下,表观速率常数,k_obs,在弱碱性介质中,随[OH^-]增大而减小,在较强碱性介质中随[OH^-]增大而增大,随着[IO₄^-]增加而减小;无盐效应。提出了含有自由基过程的反应机理,由假设的两种同时进行的反应机理推出的速率方程能很好的解释全部实验现象,进一步求得速控步的速率常数和活化参数。     

CuO纳米片催化H2O2氧化降解亚甲基蓝

以十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)为保护剂, 采用水热法成功制备了CuO纳米片. 将制备的CuO纳米片在H₂O₂存在下用于催化氧化降解亚甲基蓝, 探讨了其在不同反应条件(如温度、氧化剂浓度及催化剂用量)下对亚甲基蓝降解反应的影响. 该催化反应符合一级动力学模型, 活化能为54.0kJ/mol. CuO纳米片表现出非常高的催化活性, 但其稳定性与重复利用性有待于进一步提高.     

正己烷在Pt/Al_2O_3催化剂上的完全氧化

用外循环无梯度反应器研究了在Pt/Al_2O_3催化剂上内扩散对己烷完全氧化动力学的影响。当催化剂为30—40目时己烷完全氧化在动力学区域进行,当催化剂颗粒增大到4mm时反应在内扩散区域进行,催化剂有效因子在O.14—O.38之间。它表明反应严重地受内扩散阻碍。在氧分压过量时,在动力学区域已烷完全氧化的反应级数为0级,在内扩散区域它变为O.45级。动力学区域的表观活化能为19.OkJ/mol,内扩散区域的表观活化能为10.7kJ/mol,它近似动力学区域活化能及扩散活化能的算术平均值。用试射法及Euler方法计算了已烷在催化剂孔内的分压分布。     

A Microwave-Assisted Boudouard Reaction: A Highly Effective Reduction of the Greenhouse Gas CO2 to Useful CO Feedstock with Semi-Coke

The conversion of CO₂ into more synthetically flexible CO is an effective and potential method for CO₂ remediation, utilization and carbon emission reduction. In this paper, the reaction of carbon-carbon dioxide (the Boudouard reaction) was performed in a microwave fixed bed reactor using semi-coke (SC) as both the microwave absorber and reactant and was systematically compared with that heated in a conventional thermal field. The effects of the heating source, SC particle size, CO₂ flow rate and additives on CO₂ conversion and CO output were investigated. By microwave heating (MWH), CO₂ conversion reached more than 99% while by conventional heating (CH), the maximum conversion of CO₂ was approximately 29% at 900 °C. Meanwhile, for the reaction with 5 wt% barium carbonate added as a promoter, the reaction temperature was significantly reduced to 750 °C with an almost quantitative conversion of CO₂. Further kinetic calculations showed that the apparent activation energy of the reaction under microwave heating was 46.3 kJ/mol, which was only one-third of that observed under conventional heating. The microwave-assisted Boudouard reaction with catalytic barium carbonate is a promising method for carbon dioxide utilization.     

Microwave-Assisted Synthesis and Characterization of Poly(itaconic acid) Grafted Gellan Gum

Poly(itaconic acid) was grafted on GG in aqueous medium under microwave irradiation using a catalytic amount of BPO. Grafted copolymers (GG-g-PIA) were characterized by FT-IR, TGA, and SEM techniques. The influence of microwave power, exposure time, and composition of the reaction mixture on extent of grafting was studied. Conditions for obtaining the highest extent of grafting were optimized. The rate of grafting was determined from weight measurements. The overall activation energy for grafting is found to be to be 28.3 kJ/mol, indicating the possibility of occurrence of the grafting process with absorption of low thermal energy.     

Microwave-Assisted Synthesis and Characterization of Poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) Grafted Gellan Gum

Poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethylmethacrylate) was grafted on gellan gum (GG) in aqueous medium under microwave irradiation using ammonium persulfate and N,N,N′N′-tetramethylethylenediamine as the initiation system. Grafted copolymers were characterized by FT-IR, TGA, and SEM techniques. The influence of microwave power, exposure time, and composition of the reaction mixture on extent of grafting was studied. Conditions for obtaining the highest degree of grafting were optimized. The rate of grafting was determined from weight measurements. The overall activation energy for grafting is found to be 31.2 kJ/mol, indicating the occurrence of the grafting process with absorption of low thermal energy.     

A Novel Production Route for Nylon-6: Aspects of Microwave-Enhanced Catalysis

Summary: Microwave irradiation was used for the amidation of a nitrile with an amine with a freshly prepared zirconium-based heterogeneous catalyst. Microwave irradiation selectively heats the catalyst which enhances its activity as compared to conventional heating. The difference between microwave heating and conventional heating disappears when Zr(OH)₄ is used instead of ZrO₂, indicating a microwave-induced shift in the hydrolysis equilibrium, i.e. the distribution of ZrO₂, ZrO(OH)₂ and Zr(OH)₄, of the zirconium-based catalyst. The catalyst efficiently catalyzes the amidation of valeronitrile with n-hexylamine with conventional as well as with microwave heating. Zr(OH)₄ was also used for the polymerization of 6-aminocapronitrile using conventional and microwave heating. With both heating methods a relatively low molecular weight polymer with a M_n of 4000 g/mol was obtained in a sealed vessel, due to the presence of water and ammonia. A post-polymerization step under microwave irradiation, with active removal of water and ammonia shifts M_n to 10000 g/mol. Pressure decrease to facilitate water removal resulted in products with higher molecular weights. A pressure reduction to 50 Pa and operation in an argon atmosphere at 230 °C resulted in nylon-6 with a M_n of 65000 in rather short reaction times. Lower pressures led to end-biting and evaporation of the volatile ε-caprolactam at 230 °C. As a consequence the resulting product has than a much lower molecular weight. The combination of a heterogeneous zirconium based catalyst and microwave heating is promising for process intensification for nylon-6 production.     

Microwave‐assisted suzuki coupling reaction for rapid synthesis of conjugated polymer–poly(9,9‐dihexylfluorene)s as an example

Long reaction period (dozens of hours) is often required for the synthesis of conjugated polymers by palladium‐catalyzed Suzuki polymerization reaction. This work shows that microwave can accelerate Suzuki polymerization to realize the ultra‐rapid synthesis of conjugated polymers, here poly(9,9‐dihexylfluorene)s (PDHFs) as an example. The effects of reaction conditions on the polymerization have been systematically investigated, including the mode of microwave irradiation, microwave power, reaction temperature, reaction time, solvents, catalyst species, and catalyst concentrations. Compared with the conventional heating method (oil bath) for the synthesis of PDHFs (48 h, M_w = 20,000 g/mol), Suzuki polymerization under optimized microwave condition can yield PDHFs with higher molecular weight (M_w = 40,000 g/mol) in a much shorter time (14 min). The structures of obtained PDHFs samples are fully characterized spectroscopically, demonstrating well‐defined PDHFs have been prepared through microwave‐assisted (MA) Suzuki polymerization reaction. In addition, the mechanism of MA Suzuki polymerization is proposed preliminarily. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2013     

Microwave-assisted SNAr reaction of 2,4,6-trichloro-1,3,5-triazine for the rapid synthesis of C3-symmetrical polycarboxylate ligands

The microwave-assisted S_NAr reaction of 2,4,6-trichloro-1,3,5-triazine with various unprotected amino acids was developed for the synthesis of C₃-symmetrical polycarboxylate ligands which can be used as structural directing units in metal-organic frameworks. The reactions were performed in water using a domestic microwave oven as the heating device. In comparison to the reactions performed under conventional heating, the reactions under microwave irradiation proceeded much more rapidly within 20 min to afford the desired ligands in comparative yields to those obtained by conventional heating.     

Conversion of teak wood waste into microwave-irradiated activated carbon for cationic methylene blue dye removal: Optimization and batch studies

The objective of this study is to find optimum preparation conditions in converting teak wood waste into activated carbon (TWAC) and to evaluate its performance in adsorbing cationic dye of methylene blue (MB). TWAC was produced via physiochemical activation (potassium hydroxide, KOH chemical treatment, and carbon dioxide, CO₂ gasification) and heated through microwave irradiation technique. With the aid of response surface methodology (RSM), optimized TWAC was successfully synthesized at radiation power, radiation time, and impregnation ratio (IR) of 366 W, 5.30 min, and 1.15 g/g, respectively. These preparation conditions produced TWAC with MB adsorption uptakes of 66.69 mg/g and a yield of 38.23%. Characteristics of TWAC in terms of BET surface area, mesopores surface area, total pore volume, and average pore diameter were determined to be 1345.25 m²/g, 878.63 m²/g, 0.6140 cm³/g, and 2.85 nm, respectively. Isotherm studies divulged that the MB-TWAC adsorption system followed the Langmuir model with a maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of 567.52 mg/g. In terms of kinetic studies, this adsorption system fit pseudo-second order model the best whereas Boyd plot confirmed that the adsorption process was controlled by the film diffusion mechanism. Thermodynamic parameters of enthalpy change, ΔH°, entropy change, ΔS°, Gibbs free energy, ΔG° and Arrhenius activation energy, E_a were calculated to be ?4.06 kJ/mol, 0.06 kJ/mol.K, –22.69 kJ/mol and 16.03 kJ/mol, respectively. The activation and microwave heating methods employed succeeded to produce TWAC with excellent adsorption performance in removing MB dye. TWAC was also successfully regenerated for 5 cycles via microwave heating technique.     

Biaryl and Aryl Ketone Synthesis via Pd‐Catalyzed Decarboxylative Coupling of Carboxylate Salts with Aryl Triflates

A bimetallic catalyst system has been developed that for the first time allows the decarboxylative cross‐coupling of aryl and acyl carboxylates with aryl triflates. In contrast to aryl halides, these electrophiles give rise to non‐coordinating anions as byproducts, which do not interfere with the decarboxylation step that leads to the generation of the carbon nucleophilic cross‐coupling partner. As a result, the scope of carboxylate substrates usable in this transformation was extended from ortho‐substituted or otherwise activated derivatives to a broad range of ortho‐, meta‐, and para‐substituted aromatic carboxylates. Two alternative protocols have been optimized, one involving heating the substrates in the presence of Cu^I/1,10‐phenanthroline (10–15 mol %) and PdI₂/phosphine (2–3 mol %) in NMP for 1–24 h, the other involving Cu^I/1,10‐phenanthroline (6–15 mol %) and PdBr₂/Tol‐BINAP (2 mol %) in NMP using microwave heating for 5–10 min. While most products are accessible using standard heating, the use of microwave irradiation was found to be beneficial especially for the conversion of non‐activated carboxylates with functionalized aryl triflates. The synthetic utility of the transformation is demonstrated with 48 examples showing the scope and limitations of both protocols. In mechanistic studies, the special role of microwave irradiation is elucidated, and further perspectives of decarboxylative cross‐couplings are discussed.     

Heck coupling reaction using monomeric ortho‐palladated complex of 4‐methoxy‐ benzoylmethylenetriphenylphosphorane under microwave irradiation

The activity of [Pd(C₆H₄CH₂ NH₂‐κ²‐C‐N)PPh₃MOBPPY]OTf complex, A (MOBPPY = 4‐methoxybenzoylmethylenetriphenyl‐ phosphoraneylide), was investigated in the Heck–Mizoroki C? C cross‐coupling reaction under conventional heating and microwave irradiation conditions. The complex is an active and efficient catalyst for the Heck reaction of aryl halides. The yields were excellent using a catalytic amount of [Pd(C₆H₄CH₂ NH₂‐κ²‐C‐N)PPh₃MOBPPY]OTf complex in N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidinone (NMP) at 130 °C and 600 W. In comparison to conventional heating conditions, the reactions under microwave irradiation gave higher yields in shorter reaction times. Copyright © 2010 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Dechlorination of poly(vinyl chloride) by microwave irradiation I: A simple examination using a commercial microwave oven

Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) was decomposed by microwave (MW) irradiation (2.45 GHz) using a commercial MW oven. The efficiency of dielectric absorption was evaluated quantitatively from the rate of temperature increase on MW irradiation. The efficiency of dielectric heating increased at temperatures above the glass transition temperature (T_g). The decomposition on MW irradiation, monitored using the weight, depended on the initial (preheating) temperature of the sample before irradiation. The degradation time profile with various initial temperatures was shifted along the time axis and was successfully superimposed on a single curve. A pure PVC film was subjected to heating at a constant temperature from 230 °C to 310 °C, and the rate of weight decrease on heating was measured. The apparent activation energy was 84.4 kJ/mol for a single monomer unit.