植物还原法制备负载型金纳米催化剂催化乙醇选择氧化反应

采用侧柏叶提取液还原氯金酸制备负载型金纳米催化剂,通过乙醇选择氧化反应,筛选出催化性能较好的TiO2载体。以TiO2载体为载体,考察了Au负载量、焙烧温度、催化剂用量、碳酸氢钠添加量及催化剂反应条件(时间、温度、压力)等因素对乙醇选择氧化反应的影响。结果表明,1.5%Au/TiO2催化剂(Au负载量为1.5%,质量分率,下同)催化乙醇选择氧化反应性能最佳,产物为乙醛、乙酸乙酯和缩醛,0.5%碳酸氢钠添加剂可抑制缩醛的生成,并可显著提高乙醇转化率和乙酸乙酯选择性。通过优化催化反应条件(1.5%Au/TiO2催化剂焙烧温度为400℃、用量为0.4 g、反应温度为100℃、氧气压力为3 MPa、反应时间为3 h时),乙醇转化率为47.9%,乙酸乙酯选择性为89.1%。     

负载型金催化剂催化乙醇选择氧化反应

选择不同氧化物(Al2O3,SiO2,TiO2,MgO)和H-ZSM-5分子筛作为载体,以尿素为沉淀剂,采用沉积-沉淀法制备了一系列负载型金催化剂.采用X射线衍射、电感耦合等离子体发射光谱、程序升温还原、NH3程序升温脱附和透射电镜等技术对催化剂样品进行了表征,并测定了催化剂对乙醇选择氧化反应的催化性能.选择Au/Al2O3催化剂,考察了金负载量、反应条件(温度、压力、时间)和添加剂对乙醇选择氧化反应的影响.结果表明,所制备的Au/Al2O3催化剂的金负载率较高,金粒子较小(3～4 nm)且分布均匀.载体对金催化剂催化乙醇氧化反应有显著影响,主要产物为乙醛、乙酸乙酯和缩醛.以TiO2为载体时,乙醇转化率较高.以Al2O3为载体时,乙酸乙酯选择性较高;少量碱性添加剂可抑制缩醛的生成,并可提高乙醇转化率和乙酸乙酯选择性.在优化的条件下,乙醇转化率可达4.7%,乙酸乙酯选择性可达93.5%.     

新型纳米介孔二氧化锆担载的镍基催化剂甲烷干气重整性能评价

采用固体反应．模板剂晶化法合成出纳米介孔二氧化锆，并以其为载体通过浸渍法制备了Ni基催化剂，考察了载体性质对催化剂活性和稳定性的影响．结果表明，以四方晶相纳米二氧化锆为载体的催化剂性能更佳，并对其影响因素进行了分析．     

乙酸乙酯的可视化制备

在基础教学实验中引入可视化实验理念以强化酯化反应操作,对乙酸乙酯的制备实验进行了综合改进。以乙酸和乙醇为原料,硫酸氢钠为催化剂、变色硅胶为吸水剂、甲基紫为可视化试剂,实现了乙酸乙酯可视化制备,解决了试剂限购和碳化等问题。气相色谱分析结果表明乙酸几乎完全转化,并通过氢核磁共振(1H NMR)证实了乙酸乙酯产物结构。利用颜色明显变化进行化学反应过程可视化教学,让学生在视觉上感知酯化反应的动态过程,从而增强学生学习有机化学的兴趣,活跃学生的思维以及提高学生学习效率。     

金属掺杂γ-MnO_2在乙醇气相选择氧化和CO氧化中的构效关系（英文）

二氧化锰(MnO_2)因具有制备简单、Mn~(4+)/Mn~(~(3+))/Mn~(~(2+))混合的金属价态、可调变的晶型结构(如α,β,γ,δ等)、丰富的表面氧缺陷和活泼的晶格氧等特点,在多相催化领域被广泛用作需氧氧化催化剂.MnO_2催化气相氧化主要集中在催化燃烧或完全氧化,催化性能最佳的MnO_2晶型因反应底物不同会有所差异.由于其氧化催化活性较高、选择性难于控制, MnO_2这类结构丰富、价廉易得的催化剂在气相选择氧化制高附加值化学品中面临着机遇和挑战.乙醇气相选择氧化制乙醛符合绿色和可持续性化学工业的发展需求,被认为是替代传统高污染、高成本的乙烯瓦克氧化工艺的最佳选择.MnO_2在催化乙醇燃烧中应用广泛,不同晶型MnO_2中α-MnO_2的活性最高.我们已经报道了非变价金属离子掺杂α-MnO_2 (M-OMS-2),特别是具有最强表面碱性和可还原性的Na-OMS-2在乙醇气相选择氧化中获得了高达66%的乙醛产率和与贵金属催化剂相接近的催化效率.然而,不同晶型MnO_2对乙醇气相选择氧化催化性能的影响,以及选择氧化和完全氧化所需的MnO_2晶型和结构性质是否一致尚不清楚.这些问题的阐明无疑能够指导更高性能MnO_2选择氧化催化剂的设计合成.本文首先制备了四种晶型(α,β,γ,δ)MnO_2,并将其应用于气相乙醇选择氧化和CO氧化,惊喜地发现γ-MnO_2在这两类反应中均表现出最高的催化活性,这与之前报道的乙醇催化燃烧和CO氧化结果明显不同,证明了MnO_2的晶型结构和反应条件对其催化氧化性能有重要影响.为了深入研究γ-MnO_2在乙醇气相选择氧化和CO氧化中的构效关系,通过一锅水热法制备了金属掺杂的M-γ-MnO_2 (M=Cu~(2+), Zn~(2+), Mg~(2+), Co~(2+), Ni~(2+), Ca~(2+), Al~(3+), Fe~(3+), La~(3+)).采用多种表征手段证明了金属掺杂能够有效地调变γ-MnO_2的结构组成、表面酸碱性和可还原性.制得的M-γ-MnO_2催化剂在CO和乙醇氧化中显示出不同的活性顺序,发现CO氧化中催化剂的酸碱性更加重要.具有最高表面碱性/酸性位点摩尔比的Zn-γ-MnO_2在CO氧化中活性最佳,其表面锰物种和氧物种的氧化态在反应前后基本不变,表明M-γ-MnO_2上的CO氧化遵循基于晶格氧的Mars-vanKrevelen机理.与之不同的是,催化剂的可还原性是影响乙醇气相选择氧化性能的更主要因素.具有最高表面可还原性的Cu-γ-MnO_2于200°C获得了最高75%的乙醛产率和较好的催化稳定性,这归因于其在较低温度下存在更多的Mn~(2+)/Mn~(3+)缺陷位和氧空位,这有利于O_2和乙醇的低温活化.进一步的动力学研究表明, O_2和乙醇浓度对反应速率影响不大,而空速的增大能够大幅度提高乙醛的时空收率.同位素效应证明醇羟基断裂仍然是反应的速控步骤,因此表面晶格氧和吸附氧物种均参与了乙醇活化.     

金催化顺丁烯二酸酐的选择加氢反应

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了一系列担载纳米金催化剂,用以催化顺丁烯二酸酐(简称顺酐,MA)的选择加氢反应．模板剂的引入改变了催化剂载体的结构,从而提高了其催化活性和对加氢产物丁二酸酐(SA)以及丁二酸二乙酯(DFAS)的选择性．同时考察了反应温度、溶剂、催化剂制备方法对顺酐选择加氢反应的影响以及催化剂的重复使用性能．实验结果表明,以焙烧处理除去模板剂十八胺的Au／SiO2-O(C)为催化剂时,顺酐选择加氢制取丁二酸酐和一步加氢酯化制取丁二酸二乙酯的效果最佳,其转化率以及产物选择性均大于99．5％．     

多金属氧酸盐催化苯甲醇的选择性氧化：一个绿色可循环的高效催化氧化体系

以Keggin结构的几类杂多酸和三乙胺（TEA）为原料,通过简单的酸碱反应合成了相应杂多酸的TEA盐。 并以它们作为催化剂,30％H2O2作氧化剂,在不使用长链相转移剂的条件下,研究了它们催化苯甲醇选择氧化制备苯甲醛的反应性能。 结果表明,该类催化剂在苯甲醇的选择氧化反应中具有比相应杂多酸更高的催化活性或选择性。 其中[TEAH]H2PW12O40为最佳催化剂,在适宜的反应条件下,该催化剂上苯甲醇转化率可达99.5％以上,苯甲醛选择性达~100％。 催化剂可以被分离和循环使用多次,活性、选择性基本不变。 用水作溶剂,避免了有机溶剂的使用,是一个高效、绿色的苯甲醛选择氧化体系。     

介孔纳米 MoPO-AlPO4 的制备及其对异丁烯选择氧化的催化性能

 分别采用溶胶-凝胶法和等体积浸渍法制备了 MoPO-AlPO4 催化剂, 考察了钼物种存在状态对催化剂晶格氧活性以及异丁烯选择氧化反应性能的影响. N2 吸附-脱附、X 射线衍射、高分辨透射电镜、X 射线光电子能谱、傅里叶变换红外光谱、程序升温还原和微反实验结果表明, 与浸渍法制备的催化剂相比, 溶胶-凝胶法制备的 MoPO-AlPO4 催化剂为介孔纳米材料, 其比表面积和孔数量均有较大程度的提高. 在浸渍法制备的催化剂中, 钼物种以四面体 MoO42− 和八表面体 MoO66− 形式存在; 而在溶胶-凝胶法制备的催化剂中钼物种主要以四面体 MoO42− 的形式存在, 并有部分钼物种嵌入到了 AlPO4 骨架中. 钼物种的种类对异丁烯选择氧化反应的活性和选择性有较大影响, 溶胶-凝胶法制备的催化剂由于嵌入 AlPO4 骨架中钼物种的存在, 异丁烯选择氧化反应性能得到较大提高.     

新型孔结构渣油催化裂化催化剂

高温短接触FCC工艺和原料的重质化要求FCC催化剂具有大孔，以增加大分子烃在催化剂中的扩散速度，提高催化剂的反应性能。在不改变催化剂组成的前提下，采用聚苯乙烯微球为模板剂在催化剂基质中引入适量的、尺寸可控的大孔；通过SEM、N2吸附等对催化剂的形貌和孔结构进行了表征；以大庆常压渣油为原料，测定了催化剂的反应性能。实验表明，大孔催化剂中孔体积和比表面积随模板剂用量的增加而增加；在模板剂用量相同时，模板剂粒径越小孔体积和比表面积增加越多。模板剂的引入不仅增加了催化剂中的大孔孔体积，使得催化剂中微孔部分的体积和比表面积也有了一定增加。模板颗粒法合成的催化剂，扩散阻力小，重油转化率高，轻油收率高。     

Cu／ZnO／Al_2O_3／ZrO_2催化剂上乙醇脱氢合成乙酸乙酯Ⅰ．催化反应性能及机理

研究了经ＺｒＯ２改性的Ｃｕ／ＺｎＯ／Ａｌ２Ｏ３的催化性能，考察了操作条件、ＺｒＯ２含量及不同原料的影响．发现经共沉淀法制备的Ｃｕ／ＺｎＯ／Ａｌ２Ｏ３／ＺｒＯ２具有最佳的反应活性及选择性．以９５％乙醇为原料，在２６５℃，ＷＨＳＶ１．５ｈ－１时，乙醇转化率为６９．０％，乙酸乙酯选择性为７０．２％．使用无水乙醇为原料要好于９５％乙醇，使用乙醛或醇醛混合原料，亦有乙酸乙酯生成．乙醇在此催化剂上的反应机理为乙醇先在Ｃｕ上脱氢为乙醛，然后乙醛在酸碱双中心上发生Ｃａｎｎｉｚａｒｒｏ反应生成乙酸乙酯．还讨论了ＺｒＯ２的作用及催化剂活性降低的原因     

固体酸催化合成马来酸二丁酯

制备了固体酸催化剂Zr(SO4)2/SiO2,并用于合成马来酸二丁酯,考察了Zr(SO4)2负载量、焙烧温度、焙烧时间等催化剂制备条件对催化活性的影响。采用FTIR、XRD、TG等方法对催化剂进行了表征分析。通过正交实验设计优化了固体酸Zr(SO4)2/SiO2催化合成马来酸二丁酯的工艺条件。实验结果表明,Zr(SO4)2/SiO2是合成马来酸二丁酯的良好催化剂,适宜的催化剂制备条件为:硫酸锆负载量57%,焙烧温度400℃,焙烧时间2 h。适宜的催化合成反应条件为:酐醇物质的量比为1∶2.5,催化剂用量为马来酸酐质量的6%,带水剂甲苯8 mL,反应时间2.0 h。在此条件下马来酸二丁酯的酯化率为98.5%。     

Electronic Effect of Carbon Support on Pt Catalyst Supported on Graphite Intercalation Compound

Graphite intercalation compounds(GIC) were tested as an experimental model for studying the electronic effect of carbon support on the catalytic activity and poisoning tolerance of Pt catalyst for direct methanol fuel cells. The GIC samples with different intercalation degrees were prepared by electrolyzing graphite flake in H2SO4 for varying the periods of time. The GIC-supported Pt catalyst was deposited electrochemically. The catalytic activity and poisoning tolerance of the GIC-supported Pt catalysts were evaluated. It was found that GIC with sulfate anion as intercalate was able to catalyze methanol electrooxidation, which could be related to the positive charges generated on the graphite layer upon intercalation. As intercalation degree increased, the catalytic activity of the GIC-supported Pt catalyst decreased while the poisoning tolerance improved. This suggests that electron donation from support to catalyst had great effect on both catalytic activity and poisoning tolerance of Pt catalyst. And intercalation can be adopted as another important way to make modification on carboneous catalyst support.     

氯化钕配合物在4—乙烯吡啶聚合反应中的催化作用

氯化钕配合物是双烯烃聚合催化剂组分之一 ,与烷基铝所构成的二元体系对丁二烯聚合具有较佳活性 [1,2 ] ,但用氯化钕配合物催化极性单体的聚合反应尚未见报导 .极性单体的聚合是人们感兴趣的课题 ,例如 Benito等 [3 ]用过渡金属化合物 (VCl3-Al Et3)体系催化聚合 4-乙烯吡啶 (4VPy)极性单体 .但是它的催化活性较低 ,催化效率为 3.1×1 0 -4 kg· mol-1· h-1.我们研究了将含少量的氯化钕配合物催化剂用于该聚合反应 ,催化活性得到很大提高 ,催化效率达到 50 .71 Kg· mol-1· h-1.表明氯化钕配合物催化体系不仅对双烯烃而且对极性单体聚…     

Organoaluminum–cyclic ether-cyclic imide catalysts for the polymerization of epoxides

A catalyst for the polymerization of epoxides consisting of trialkylaluminums, cyclic ethers, and cyclic imides has been investigated. Various catalyst components were examined to reveal that the combination of triisobutylaluminum, dioxane, and succinimide gives the most active catalyst. The catalytic activity is greatly enhanced with aging in which the change in color from pale yellow to dark red takes place. The polymerization data show that the dioxane provides a pathway for the catalyst components to form an active species. The dioxane-containing catalyst is likely to be different in structure from that of the dioxane-free catalyst. It was shown that the catalyst solution is electrically conductive. A parallel correlation seems to exist between the electrical conductivity and the catalytic activity, suggesting that the catalytic species may be of an ionic character.     

Ni/Zr-MOF催化剂的制备及其在生物质热解中的应用

通过均匀沉淀法制备了以锆-金属有机骨架化合物(Zr-metal organic framework,Zr-MOF)为载体的Ni/Zr-MOF催化剂,并用于湿污泥和秸秆混合催化热解实验。采用元素分析、X射线荧光光谱(XRF)、热重分析(TG)、X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)和N_2吸附-脱附等温(BET)对载体和催化剂进行表征分析,通过一系列实验来探讨热解温度、秸秆添加量和Ni负载量对于湿污泥和秸秆混合催化热解制备富氢合成气的影响。结果表明,Zr-MOF载体颗粒均匀呈八面体,比表面积高达805.93 m~2/g,平均孔径为20.14 nm,为介孔结构。Ni/Zr-M OF催化剂具有较高的热稳定性和催化活性。与不添加催化剂相比,使用Ni/Zr-MOF催化剂在500℃下热解,H_2的产量从0.39 mol/kg显著提高到12.65 mol/kg。随着热解温度的升高,催化剂出现团聚现象,同时在反复使用之后其表面产生了少量的积炭,导致催化剂催化活性逐渐降低。因此,Ni/Zr-MOF催化剂适用于生物质低温催化热解。     

Development of atom-economical catalytic asymmetric reactions under proton transfer conditions: construction of tetrasubstituted stereogenic centers and their application to therapeutics

The development of atom-economical catalytic asymmetric reactions based on two distinct sets of catalyst, a rare earth metal/amide-based ligand catalyst and a soft Lewis acid/hard Br?nsted base catalyst, is reviewed. These catalytic systems exhibit high catalytic activity and stereoselectivity by harnessing a cooperative catalysis through hydrogen bond/metal coordination and soft-soft interactions/hard-hard interactions, respectively. The effectiveness of these cooperative catalysts is clearly delineated by the high stereoselectivity in reactions with highly coordinative substrates, and the specific activation of otherwise low-reactive pronucleophiles under proton transfer conditions. The rare earth metal/amide-based ligand catalyst was successfully applied to catalytic asymmetric aminations, nitroaldol (Henry) reactions, Mannich-type reactions, and conjugate addition reactions, generating stereogenic tetrasubstituted centers. Catalytic asymmetric amination and anti-selective catalytic asymmetric nitroaldol reactions were successfully applied to the efficient enantioselective synthesis of therapeutic candidates, such as AS-3201 and the β(3)-adrenoreceptor agonist, showcasing the practical utility of the present protocols. The soft Lewis acid/hard Br?nsted base cooperative catalyst was specifically developed for the chemoselective activation of soft Lewis basic allylic cyanides and thioamides, which are otherwise low-reactive pronucleophiles. The cooperative action of the catalyst allowed for efficient catalytic generation of active carbon nucleophiles in situ, which were integrated into subsequent enantioselective additions to carbonyl-type electrophiles.     

碳纳米管/FeS类Fenton催化剂的制备及催化性能

以浮动催化热分解法制备碳纳米管(CNTs), 采用氧化-还原-硫化的方法制备了CNTs/FeS催化剂, 采用X射线衍射(XRD)、 透射电子显微镜(TEM)和热重(TG)分析等技术对催化剂进行了结构表征. 将CNTs/FeS作为类Fenton催化剂用于水中环丙沙星的去除, 研究了降解过程中H₂O₂浓度、 CNTs/FeS催化剂的投加量、 环丙沙星浓度及pH等因素对催化降解性能的影响. 结果表明, CNTs/FeS类Fenton催化反应在H₂O₂浓度为20 mmol/L和CNTs/FeS催化剂的投加量为10 mg的条件下具有最优的降解效果, 其催化反应过程符合一级动力学方程, 且具有更加宽泛的pH适应范围(pH=3~8), 同时, CNTs/FeS类Fenton催化剂在使用寿命方面也具有一定的优势.     

改性菱铁矿催化剂的催化脱硝活性及抗硫性研究

采用混合搅拌法制备了Ce、Zr掺杂改性的菱铁矿SCR脱硝催化剂,研究了Ce、Zr共同掺杂对催化剂催化脱硝性能及抗硫性的影响。结果表明,3%Ce+3%Zr掺杂菱铁矿催化剂(Ce_(0.03)/Zr_(0.03)-菱铁矿)具有优异的催化脱硝活性,在180-330℃,催化脱硝效率均在92%以上,该催化剂同时具有良好的抗SO_2性能,在210℃下通入体积分数为0.01%的SO_2,8 h后仍有95%以上的催化脱硝效率。通过XRF、BET、XRD、NH_3-TPD、TG等实验手段对催化剂成分、微观孔结构、晶相等进行表征。表征结果显示,Ce、Zr的掺杂能明显提高催化剂的比表面积以及表面结晶分散度,增强催化剂的表面酸性,促进硫酸铵盐在催化剂表面的分解。因此,催化剂具有优异的中低温催化脱硝活性及抗硫性。     

Effect of diluent and reaction parameter on selective oxidation of propane over MoVTeNb catalyst using nanoflow catalytic reactor

The selective oxidation of propane to acrylic acid over an MoVTeNb mixed oxide catalyst, dried and calcined before reaction has been studied using high-throughput instrumentation, which is called nanoflow catalytic reactor. The effects of catalyst dilution on the catalytic performance of the MoVTeNb mixed oxide catalyst in selective oxidation of propane to acrylic acid were also investigated. The effects of some reaction parameters, such as gas hourly space velocity （GHSV） and reaction temperature, for selective oxidation of propane to acrylic acid over diluted MoVTeNb catalyst have also been studied. The configuration of the nanoflow is shown to be suitable for screen catalytic performance, and its operating conditions were mimicked closely to conventional laboratory as well as to industrial conditions. The results obtained provided very good reproducibility and it showed that preparation methods as well as reaction parameters can play significant roles in catalytic performance of these catalysts.     

Catalytic,theoretical, and biological investigation of an enzyme mimic model

Artificial catalyst studies were always stayed at the kinetics investigation level, in this work bioactivity of designed catalyst were shown by the induction of biomineralization of the cells, indicating the possible use of enzyme mimics for biological applications. The development of artificial enzymes is a continuous quest for the development of tailored catalysts with improved activity and stability. Understanding the catalytic mechanism is a replaceable step for catalytic studies and artificial enzyme mimics provide an alternative way for catalysis and a better understanding of catalytic pathways at the same time. Here we designed an artificial catalyst model by decorating peptide nanofibers with a covalently conjugated catalytic triad sequence. Owing to the self-assembling nature of the peptide amphiphiles, multiple action units can be presented on the surface for enhanced catalytic performance. The designed catalyst has shown an enzyme-like kinetics profile with a significant substrate affinity. The cooperative action in between catalytic triad amino acids has shown improved catalytic activity in comparison to only the histidine-containing control group. Histidine is an irreplaceable contributor to catalytic action and this is an additional reason for control group selection. This new method based on the self-assembly of covalently conjugated action units offers a new platform for enzyme investigations and their further applications. Artificial catalyst studies always stayed at the kinetics investigation level, in this work bioactivity of the designed catalyst was shown by the induction of biomineralization of the cells, indicating the possible use of enzyme mimics for biological applications.