关于橡胶弹性热力学公式的讨论

在高分子物理课的教学中关于橡胶弹性热力学公式的推导是一个重要的内容,通过热力学推导可以得到橡胶的外力与其内能改变、熵改变间存在关系式:     

从Gibbs热函推导橡胶弹性热力学公式——兼与徐和昌老师商榷

一、问题的引出从数学上证明用Gibb_8热力学函数导出橡胶弹性热力学公式是完全可行的。在橡胶弹性热力学理论中,有一个重要的公式,即: r=(((?)U)/((?)L))_(T·V)-T(((?)S)v/((?)L))_(T,V) (1-1)式中f、U、T、S和L分别为张力,内能、温度、熵和橡皮长度。此式描写了橡胶在外力作用下的行为,说明了橡胶张力产生的主要原因。然而,要从实验上研究橡胶的性能运用(1—1)式是不方便的。因此,人们总是把上式中     

核磁共振波谱法测定聚环戊烯橡胶的微观结构

采用核磁共振波谱法对聚环戊烯橡胶进行一维氢谱和碳谱分析,结合二维核磁HSQC(Heteronuclear Single Quantum Coherence)方法,对聚环戊烯橡胶顺反异构体核磁谱峰进行归属。建立了聚环戊烯橡胶顺反异构体含量计算公式,根据该公式计算得到聚环戊烯橡胶顺反异构体含量。将本方法定量结果与红外法定量结果进行比对,结果显示,核磁共振波谱法更适合于聚环戊烯橡胶顺反异构体定量分析。     

聚合物共混物脆韧转变性能研究：Ⅳ.橡胶粒子的分布对PVC／NBR共混物…

根据作者已建立的准网络形态模型和推导出的基体层厚度公式，从实验上研究了橡胶粒子的分布对聚氯乙烯／丁氰橡胶共混物脆韧转变的影响。结果表明，不仅无规形态ＰＶＣ／ＮＢＲ共混物存在脆韧转变主曲线，而且准网络形态ＰＶＣ／ＮＢＲ共混物也存在脆韧转变主曲线，但是条主曲线明显不重合，表明橡胶粒子分布对ＰＶＣ／ＮＢＲ共混物脆韧转变有显著影响，而且准网络形态ＰＶＣ／ＮＢＲ共混物的临界基体层厚度比无规形态ＰＶＣ／ＮＢＲ     

一种新型硅藻土填充橡胶纳米复合材料研究

橡胶的填料问题一直是人们的研究热点,针对炭黑和白炭黑在橡胶生产中存在的污染问题,本文选用成分结构与白炭黑类似的硅藻土来填充各种橡胶。首先对硅藻土进行了改性,并对不同改性剂改性硅藻土用于填充橡胶进行了研究。结果表明2.5份偶联剂Si69的改性效果最佳。通过机械共混法制备了改性硅藻土/橡胶纳米复合材料,通过力学性能测试确定了比较适合硅藻土填充的橡胶是氟橡胶、三元乙丙橡胶和丙烯酸酯橡胶。绿色环保且价格低廉的硅藻土可以替代白炭黑增强填充氟橡胶、三元乙丙橡胶和丙烯酸酯橡胶。     

导热橡胶研究进展北大核心CSCD

橡胶是热的不良导体,但在实际应用中,许多领域需要橡胶具备一定的导热性能,以满足使用要求。因此,人们对于橡胶导热的研究越来越重视。本文概述了导热填料种类、形状、粒径、界面结合状态以及填料在橡胶基体中的分散性等因素对橡胶复合材料导热性能的影响,从实验角度分析了填充型导热橡胶的导热机理,阐述了目前研究中人们所建立的各种物理和数学模型,浅析了这些模型的优缺点及适用范围,并将其应用于橡胶材料导热性能的预测,最后介绍了导热橡胶的应用领域,以及导热橡胶未来的发展方向。     

橡胶的老化机理及老化行为的研究进展

橡胶制品在使用过程中会受到热、氧、热氧、光、辐照及机械应力等因素影响,会产生降解、交联等老化行为.不同种类橡胶因其使用环境和要求不同,其老化机理也各不相同.本文介绍了橡胶老化的化学机理、研究方法及预测方法和模型,综述了近年来不同品种的橡胶及橡胶/橡胶并用体系的老化行为研究进展.通过对橡胶老化行为和机理的综述,有助于系统...     

氯醚橡胶的合成催化剂体系及应用的研究进展

氯醚橡胶的问世较早,由于其具有优异的性能使其迅速的发展,已经在汽车、电子及航空航天等领域得到广泛应用。近几年,其独特的导电性在办公自动化机器上的广泛应用而成为研究热点。本文从氯醚橡胶的分子结构入手,分析了各种类型氯醚橡胶的结构性能与应用状况并简单解释了橡胶导电的机理;综述了氯醚橡胶的研究现状,着重分析比较了合成氯醚橡胶的各种催化体系的组成、特点及研究进展,并在此基础上对氯醚橡胶发展前景进行了展望。     

利用静电界面制备高性能蒙脱石/氢化丁腈橡胶

将甲基丙烯酸(MA)和烷基胺改性蒙脱石(MMT)混合成浆料后, 加入到氢化丁腈(HNBR)橡胶中, 通过热硫化工艺, 制备了MMT/HNBR橡胶复合材料. 采用扫描电子显微镜、 透射电子显微镜、 小角X射线衍射仪、 傅里叶变换红外光谱仪和转矩流变仪研究了MA改性的MMT与橡胶间的界面及分散性, 并对复合材料的各种性能进行分析. 结果表明, 在热硫化过程中, 不仅形成了橡胶的交联网络, 而且也促使MA在橡胶中发生原位聚合. 生成的聚甲基丙烯酸与MMT表面的烷基胺形成离子对, 从而在橡胶和MMT间构筑了强的静电界面. 同时MA在MMT层间发生聚合反应, 提高了MMT在橡胶中的分散性. 动态机械性能和200%应变的应力松弛实验表明, 良好分散的MMT和静电界面有效约束了橡胶分子链在力学拉伸过程中的运动. 与纯橡胶相比, MMT/HNBR橡胶复合材料具有更大的拉伸强度和韧性. 此外, 橡胶复合材料还具有良好的N₂气阻隔性能. 因此, 配制MA/MMT浆料是一种简单方便的MMT改性方法, 制备的MMT/HNBR橡胶复合材料可用于制造具有高强韧性和气体阻隔性要求的橡胶产品.     

橡胶硫化促进剂的研究进展

作为橡胶加工成形过程中最重要的步骤之一,橡胶硫化直接影响橡胶制品的性能。与单用硫黄相比,少量的促进剂与硫磺配合可以极大地提高硫化速率,改善硫化胶的性能。但目前橡胶硫化促进剂普遍具有潜在的人类健康和环境风险问题,同时硫化促进效能较低、功能单一。因此,开发无毒、无或少氧化锌、高效、多功能的新型硫化促进剂对橡胶工业具有非常重要的意义。本文首先简要介绍了橡胶硫化促进剂的发展历程,然后综述了近年来新型橡胶硫化促进剂的研究进展(包括离子液体促进剂、新型二硫代氨基甲酸盐类促进剂、稀土促进剂、以及含新型副促进剂的硫化并用体系等),并对橡胶硫化促进机理、新型橡胶硫化促进剂的设计进行了展望。     

Improving Elasticity of Conductive Silicone Rubber by Hollow Carbon Black

Carbon black-based conductive rubber composites have important impacts on electromagnetic interference(EMI) shielding applications. However, an excessive amount of carbon black in the recipes of these conductive rubbers has caused their weak elasticity. Herein, hollow carbon black(HCB) particles were used to tune the elasticity of conductive rubber composites. Unique hollow morphology produced a better compression recovery of HCB than other solid carbon black, such as acetylene black. When the coupling agent was bonded to HCB, their conductive silicone rubber composites were featured by high stretching resilience, a fast compression recovery and excellent conductivity to satisfy the electromagnetic interference shielding requirements. Importantly, the rubber composites with coupling HCB had extremely low variations of mechanical property, conductivity and EMI shielding effectiveness after thermal accelerated aging tests. It is therefore revealed that the elasticity of HCB and its interfacial chemical coupling with rubber chains both play crucial roles in adjusting the elasticity of conductive rubber to sever long-term EMI protection.     

Prediction of the internal energy contribution of polydimethylsiloxane during elongation

The aminolysis can effectively introduce primary amine (NH2) groups onto polyester materials, enabling a variety of subsequent surface biofunctionalization reactions. However, less attention has been paid to the basic knowledge of aminolysis reaction in terms of reaction kinetics and its influences on materials properties. In this study, taking the widely used poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) as a typical example, the influences of diamines and solvent property on the surface -NH 2 density are firstly assessed by using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and colorimetric analysis. Results show that smaller diamine molecules and nonpolar alcohols could accelerate the reaction. The reaction kinetics with 1,6-hexanediamine is further investigated as a function of temperature, reaction time, and diamine concentration. During the initial stage, the reaction shows a 1 st order kinetics with the diamine concentration and has an activation energy of 54.5 kJ/mol. Ionization state of the NH 2 groups on the PCL surface is determined, revealing that the pK a of NH 3 + (<5) is much lower than that of the corresponding diamine molecules in solution. After aminolysis, surface hydrophilicity of PCL membrane is significantly enhanced, while surface elastic modulus and average molecular weight are decreased to some extent, and others such as weight, surface morphology and bulk mechanical strength are not apparently changed. The introduced NH 2 groups are found to be largely lost at 37 o C, but can be mostly maintained at low temperature.     

Unique Damping Properties of Modified Eucommia Ulmoides Gum Bearing Polar and Branched Pendants

Chinese Journal of Polymer Science - Eucommia ulmoides gum (EUG) was a biobased hard rubber with the prospected broad applications in rubber products, whereas possessed poor elasticity and weak...     

Nonlinear elasticity of rodlike macromolecules in condensed state

The finite deformation elasticity of gels of stiff rodlike polymer chains is discussed theoretically. Unlike a rubber composed of flexible polymer chains, the elasticity of this system is energetic, and arises from the elastic deformation of the stiff chains which are forced to bend under macroscopic strain. The stress-strain curve of this system is shown to be nonlinear even if the bending of the rods is small, and has a characteristic S-shaped form which is unlike that of a rubber. The effect of orientational order is also discussed.     

A new relaxation process in the high-elastic state at low temperatures

A new relaxation process, explaining the change of elasticity in rubberlike polymers at critical stress (0.1?0.5 kgf/cm²) has been discovered. This process is characterized by the low value of activation energy (weak temperature dependence of relaxation times) and large sizes of kinetic units (strong dependence of relaxation time on stress). Critical stress depend on temperature and for rubberlike polymers turns to zero at 40°?60°C. Mechanism of the phenomena can be explained by the existence of the ordered molecular microregions, creating additional crosslinking points of nonchemical nature with free chains of the network, breaking up at critical stress. Observed phenomena is analogous to the process of forced rubber elasticity of those polymers in glassy state. Critical stress is analogous to the limit of forced rubber elasticity below glass transition temperature.     

Modification of epoxy polymers with epoxy thiirane derivative of benzimidazolone-2

An epoxy thiirane derivative of benzimidazolone-2 was synthesized. An addition of epoxy thiirane derivative of denzimidazolone-2 to epoxy rubber and epoxy composites was shown to increase their thermal stability, elasticity modulus, and cohesion and adhesion strengths, especially at higher test temperatures. The effect depends on the concentration of additive, hardening temperature, type of rubber, and other factors.     

天然橡胶制备无毒有机乒乓球拍面粘合胶水的研究

以天然橡胶作为原材料,进行不同程度的机械塑炼,通过改变其平均分子量,对其构性关系进行研究。机械塑炼后的天然橡胶,平均分子量下降,塑性增加,在有机溶剂环己烷里的溶解度显著提高,最高溶解度接近29%。在相同固含量时,随着橡胶平均分子量的下降,溶液粘度增加。天然橡胶溶液的良好的粘合性能可以使胶板和胶片间形成有效的粘连,且其弹性会增加,从而制备一种具有弹性、无毒、环保的有机乒乓球拍面粘合胶水,粘接性能优于传统无机胶水。     

一种古老而又年轻的天然高分子—杜仲胶

本文简述了杜仲胶的开发史及资源情况。指出,杜仲胶高弹性体的出现,是其研究开发进入新阶段的标志。指出临界交联度是杜仲胶获得高弹性的关键概念。这种由有序柔性链组成的大分子网络,其高弹性不宜用分子链无规线团的贡献来解释,而是由于大分子网络的整体无序性。     

天然橡胶分子链双键中引入环氧基对其性能的影响

天然橡胶在乳液状态下与过氧乙酸反应，在主分子链双键中引入环氧基团，可显著提高分子极性，但其高强伸性能基本保持不变；玻璃化温度上升，冲击弹性下降，耐油性、气密性、粘合性显著改善。